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GI > Week 6 Part 1 > Flashcards

Week 6 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ketogenesis a sign of?

A

Starvation

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2
Q

What vitamins are stored in the liver?

A

Vit A, B12, E, D and K

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3
Q

Where is albumin synthesised?

A

Liver

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4
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

Liver phagocytes

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5
Q

Where is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

Between the duodenum and the common bile duct

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6
Q

What are the main components of bile acids?

A

Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids

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7
Q

What is cholelithiasis?

A

The presence of gallstones

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8
Q

What is the treatment of choice for patients with unimpaired gall bladder function having small/medium-sized stones?

A

Uresodeoxycholic acid

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9
Q

What is the analgesia of choice for biliary colic?

What should not be used under any circumstances?

A

Buprenorphine

Morphine constricts the sphincter of Oddi

Atropine and GTN can relieve biliary spasm

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10
Q

What is the name of the process which describes the reabsorption of bile salts?

A

Enterohepatic recycling

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11
Q

What is enterohepatic recycling?

A

The reabsorption of bile salts

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12
Q

What does phase I of drug metabolism in the liver do?

A

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis

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13
Q

What does phase II of drug metabolism do in the liver?

A

Adds an endogenous compound

Increases polarity

Enables it’s solubility

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14
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

Allows separation of proteins by size

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15
Q

What do plasma proteins do?

A

Maintenance of oncotic or colloid osmotic pressure

Transport of hydrophobic substances

pH buffering

Enzymatic

Immunity

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16
Q

What plasma protein transports vitamin A?

A

Alpha globulins

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17
Q

Deficiency in what vitamin causes visual impairment?

A

Vitamin A

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18
Q

What plasma protein transports iron?

A

Transferrin

beta-globulin

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19
Q

What does albumin transport?

A

Hydrophobic molecules

Fatty acids

Bilirubin

Thyroid hormones

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20
Q

Iron is stored in cells bound to what substance?

A

Ferritin

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21
Q

How is copper transported in the blood?

A

Bound to ceruloplasmin

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22
Q

What disease is associated with copper deficiency?

A

Wilson’s disease

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23
Q

What does HDL do?

A

Removes excess cholesterol from cells

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24
Q

What organ is the only organ capable of metabolising and excreting cholesterol?

A

The liver

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25
What is the main component of gallstones?
Cholesterol
26
Is cholesterol soluble in water?
No
27
How is HMG-CoA reductase stimulated?
fasting
28
What drug lowers cholesterol?
Statins
29
What are some products of cholesterol?
Vitamin D Steroid hormones Bile salts
30
What are antimicrobials?
All agents that act against microorganisms. namely bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa
31
What are antibacterials?
Only act on bacteria including antibiotics
32
What is an antibiotic?
A drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
33
What does MDR mean?
That bacteria is not susceptible to at least 1 agent in 3 or more antimicrobial categories Multi drug resistant
34
What does XDR mean?
A bacteria is not susceptible to at least 1 agent in all but 2 or fewer antibitcrobial categories (antibiotic only susceptible to 1/2 antibiotic categories) Extremely drug resistant
35
What does PDR mean?
Not susceptible to any antibmicrobial categories Pandrug resisitant
36
What are the four Ds of AMS(antimicrobial stewardship)?
Drug Dose Duration De-escalation
37
What are the 3 main factors of liver cirrhosis?
Reduced liver blood flow Reduced metabolic function Reduced plasma proteins
38
What causes potassium loss, sodium retention and water retention?
Angiotensin II Aldosterone SNS ADH
39
What does aldosterone and endothelin do to the kidney?
Renal vasoconstrictor Renal prostaglandin Contributes to hepatorenal syndrome
40
What are the consequences of moderate hepatic impairment?
Decreased renal clearance Gut oedema Liver and kidney congestion Ascities
41
What is the treatment for liver cirrhosis?
NSAIDs Paracetamol Opiate
42
What should NSAIDs always be prescribed with?
PPIs
43
For ascites due to the liver e.g. portal hypertension, what drug should be used?
Sprinolactone
44
What antibiotic reduces drug metabolism?
Metronidazole
45
What does renin do?
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
46
What stimulates the release of renin?
Low albumin/low plasma volume
47
What condition gives micronodular cirrhosis of the liver?
Alcoholism
48
What condition causes Caput medusa Haemorrhoids Oesophageal varices
Portal hypertension
49
What causes spider naevi?
Hyperoestrogenism
50
What hepatitis is transmitted through faecal to oral spread?
Hepatitis A
51
Describe hepatitis A
Short incubation period Patients make a full recovery Faecal-oral spread
52
Describe hepatitis B
Spread by blood, blood products, sexually, vertically (in utero) Long incubation period Liver damage is by antiviral immune response Outcome is variable
53
Describe hepatitis C
Spread by blood Possibly spread sexually Often assymptomatic Short incubation period Tends to become chronic
54
What conditions can cause chronic hepatitis?
Hep B Hep C Primary biliary cirrhosis Autoimmune hepatitis Drug induced hepatitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis
55
What gender does primary biliary cirrhosis commonly occur in?
Females (90%)
56
What test is used to stage primary biliary cirrhosis?
Biopsy
57
What is primary sclerosing cholangitis and what population is it more common in?
Chronic inflammatory process affecting intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts Leads to periductal fibrosis, duct destruction, jaundice and fibrosis Associated with UC Males Increased risk of malignancy
58
What is haemochromatosis?
Excess iron within the liver Genetic condition (inherited autosomal recessive condition) Primary: Increased absorption of iron Secondary: Iron overload from diet
59
Describe Wilson's disease?
Copper accumulates in liver and brain Inherited autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism Can cause chronic hepatitis and neurological deterioration Low serum caeruloplasmin KAYSER-FLEISCHER RINGS
60
What are Kayser Fleischer rings a sign of?
Copper deposition in the liver WILSON'S DISEASE
61
What does alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency cause?
Empysema and cirrhosis
62
What is alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency?
Inherited autosomal recessive disorder of production of an enzyme inhihbitor

GI (22 decks)

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