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GI > Week 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nutcracker oesophagus?

A

Hypertensive peristalsis

Contractions of the oesophagus occur in a normal sequence but at an excessive amplitude

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2
Q

What is achalasia?

A

When the lower muscles of the oesophagus fail to relax and allow food to pass to the stomach

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3
Q

What is a paralytic ileus?

A

An obstruction of the intestine due to paralysis of intestinal muscles

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4
Q

What is Hirschprung’s syndrome?

A

Birth defect

Prevents bowel movements as there are missing nerve cells in the lower part of the colon

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5
Q

Put these in order of most internal to most external:

Submucosa

Serosa

Muscularis externa

Mucosa

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa

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6
Q

What are the three bands of longitudinal muscle surrounding the colon called?

A

Taeniea coli

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7
Q

What is a syncytium?

A

Set of adjacent smooth muscle cells that are coupled by gap junctions

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8
Q

Do all slow waves in the intestine trigger contraction?

A

No

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9
Q

The myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus regulates what?

A

Motility and sphincters in the GI tract

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10
Q

The submucous (Meissner’s) plexus regulates what?

A

Mainly modulates epithelia and blood vessels

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11
Q

Is the enteric nervous system intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

Intrinsic but can be influenced by extrinsic nerves and hormones

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12
Q

What nervous system co-ordinates muscular, secretive and absorptive activities via:
Sensory neurones
Interneurones
Effector neurones?

A

The enteric nervous system

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13
Q

Parasympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract stem from what parts of the spinal chord?

A

S2-4

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14
Q

What do local reflexes in the GI tract control?

A

Peristalsis

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15
Q

What do the short reflexes in the intestine do?

A

Inhibit muscle activity in adjacent areas

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16
Q

What do the long reflexes in the GI tract do?

A

Increase gastric activity

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17
Q

What activates sensory neurones in the GI tract which then go on to stimulate peristalsis?

A

Distension of the GI tract

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18
Q

What is segmentation in relation to the GI tract?

A

Rhythmic contractions of the circular muscle layer that mixes and divides luminal contents

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19
Q

What causes the small pockets visible in the colon?

A

Haustra

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20
Q

What is the contraction called that forces faeces into the rectum and how often does it occur?

A

Colonic mass movement

Few times a day

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21
Q

What is the Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)?

A

Powerful, sweeping contraction from stomach to terminal ileum

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22
Q

What is a tonic contraction?

A

Sustained contraction

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23
Q

What are the 6 sphincters of the GI tract? (not including the sphincter of Oddi)

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter

Lower oesophageal sphincter

Pyloric sphincter

Ileocaecal valve

Internal and external anal sphincters

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24
Q

What sphincters in the GI tract are controlled by skeletal muscle?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter

External anal sphincter

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25
What are the muscles of mastication?
Masseter Temporalis Medial and lateral pterygoids
26
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
27
Damage to which nerve will result in the patient developing a winged scapula?
XI
28
What nerve innervates the oropharynx and the back of the tongue?
IX - glossopharyngeal
29
Contractions of what propel a food bolus into the hypopharynx?
Superior and middle pharngeal constrictors | contraction of the glottis
30
Where is the swallowing centre?
Pons and medulla
31
What nerve is responsible for allowing peristalsis of the oesophagus?
Vagus (X)
32
A BMI of what is classed as morbidly obese?
>40
33
What are the major factors that can lead to obesity?
Genetics Environment
34
What is the neural centre responsible for energy balance and body weight?
Hypothalmus
35
What is satiety?
The period of time between termination of one meal and the initiation of the next
36
What is adiposity?
The state of being obese
37
What are the satiation signals?
``` CCK PYY GLP-1 Oxyntomodulin Obestatin ```
38
What does GLP-1 do?
Inhibits gastric emptying and reduces food intake
39
What does peptide YY (PYY) do?
Inhibits gastric motility, slows emptying and reduces food intake
40
What is Ghrelin?
A hunger signal
41
Name a hunger signal
Ghrelin
42
What is angiogenesis?
The development of new blood vessels
43
What is the present drug treatment for obesity?
Orlistat
44
What is xerostomia?
Dry mouth
45
What is Sjogren's syndrome?
Affects the parts of the body that produce fluid e.g. tears and saliva Causes dry eyes, dry mouth, dry skin, vaginal dryness, tiredness, muscle or joint pain e.t.c.
46
What is water brash?
A sour taste in the mouth Often occurs at night A sign of reflux
47
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
Parotid Sublingual Submandibular
48
What are the components that make up a salivon?
A secretory acinus An intercalated duct A striated duct (Serous demilunes)
49
What are the components of a salivary gland?
An external capsule Septae separating lobes and lobules
50
What do serous cells produce?
Watery secretion rich in alpha-amylase Contain small, dense, secretory granules
51
What does saliva do?
Lubricates Protects Digests
52
What gland produces a watery, alpha-amylase rich solution?
Parotid glands
53
What gland produces a mixed serous and mucous solution?
Submandibular
54
What gland produces a mucousy solutiom that is thick?
Sublingual
55
As the rate of saliva secretion increases, the concentration of what ion also increases?
HCO3-
56
As the rate of salivary secretion increases, the concentration of what ion decreases?
K+
57
Salivary secretion occurs in two stages: Primary secretion Secondary modification What cells do what stage?
Primary - acinar cells Secondary - duct cells
58
What is simple control of salivary secretion?
Chemo-mechano receptors in the mouth are activated in the presence of food Nucleus tractus solitarius
59
What is the reflex that activates the secretion of saliva when a person thinks about, sees or hears the preparation of food?
Acquired - cerebral cortex
60
What cranial nerves are used in the parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands?
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Facial (VII)
61
What autonomic nervous system stimulates a 'dry mouth' such as when a person is nervous or worried?
Sympathetic stimulation
62
What is the top of the stomach called?
Fundus
63
What is the part of the stomach called just after where the oesophagus joins the stomach?
Cardia
64
What part of the stomach is just before the pyloric sphincter and duodenum?
Antrum
65
What are the little folds in the stomach (looks like wrinkles) that promote digestion called?
Rugae
66
Pepsin and HCl help to digest what?
Proteins
67
What aids the digestion of protein in the stomach?
Pepsin and HCl
68
What contractile wave determines the escape of chyme through the pyloric sphincter in the stomach?
Antral wave
69
What cell secretes Somatostatin?
D-cell
70
What cell secretes gastrin?
G-cell
71
What does the D-cell secrete?
Somatostatin
72
What cell secretes pepsinogen?
Chief cell
73
What does the Chief cell secrete?
Pepsinogen
74
What cell secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors?
Parietal cell
75
What cell secretes histamine?
Enterochromaffin-like cell
76
What does the enterochromaffin-like cell secrete?
Histamine
77
What does the parietal cell in the stomach secrete?
Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors
78
Where is the oxyntic mucosa and what cells are present in it?
Fundus and body Parietal cells Enterochromaffin-like cells Chief cells
79
Where is the pyloric gland area and what cells are present in it?
Antrum D-cells G-cells
80
What does HCl do?
Activates pepsinogen to peptin Denatures proteins Kills most micro-organisms ingested with food
81
What does pepsinogen do?
Inactive precursor of the peptidase pepsin
82
What do intrinsic factors in the stomach do?
Bind to vitamin B12 allowing absorption in the terminal ileum
83
What does histamine do?
Stimulates HCl secretion
84
When does cephalic gastric secretion occur?
Before food reaches the stomach
85
What does the hormonal response do to stomach contractions?
Inhibits them Release of enterogastrones
86
What does omeprazole do?
Blocks proton pump by covalent modification
87
What is pirenzepine and how does it work?
Muscarinic receptor antagonist Blocks M1 competitively
88
What does ranitidine do?
H2 histamine receptor antagonist Competitive inhihibitor
89
What does aspirin do to the stomach
Blocks irreversibly cyclo-oxygenase which stops the secretion of prostoglandins
90
What do prostaglandins do?
Reduce acid secretion Increase mucus and bicarbonate secretion Increase mucosal blood flow
91
What is misoprostol and what does it do?
A stable PGE1 analogue Inhibits basal and food-stimulated gastric acid formation Maintains/increases secretion and mucus and bicarbonate
92
What is sucralfate?
Mucosal strengthener Used for stomach ulcer treatment Binds to ulcer base and forms complex gels with mucus to provide a barrier to gastric acid Increases mucosal blood flow, mucus, bicarbonate and prostaglandin production
93
What is bismuth chealate?
Mucosal strengthener Toxic towards H-pylori Adminstered with ranitidine

GI (22 decks)

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