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GI > Week 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nutcracker oesophagus?

A

Hypertensive peristalsis

Contractions of the oesophagus occur in a normal sequence but at an excessive amplitude

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2
Q

What is achalasia?

A

When the lower muscles of the oesophagus fail to relax and allow food to pass to the stomach

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3
Q

What is a paralytic ileus?

A

An obstruction of the intestine due to paralysis of intestinal muscles

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4
Q

What is Hirschprung’s syndrome?

A

Birth defect

Prevents bowel movements as there are missing nerve cells in the lower part of the colon

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5
Q

Put these in order of most internal to most external:

Submucosa

Serosa

Muscularis externa

Mucosa

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa

Serosa

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6
Q

What are the three bands of longitudinal muscle surrounding the colon called?

A

Taeniea coli

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7
Q

What is a syncytium?

A

Set of adjacent smooth muscle cells that are coupled by gap junctions

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8
Q

Do all slow waves in the intestine trigger contraction?

A

No

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9
Q

The myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus regulates what?

A

Motility and sphincters in the GI tract

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10
Q

The submucous (Meissner’s) plexus regulates what?

A

Mainly modulates epithelia and blood vessels

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11
Q

Is the enteric nervous system intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

Intrinsic but can be influenced by extrinsic nerves and hormones

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12
Q

What nervous system co-ordinates muscular, secretive and absorptive activities via:
Sensory neurones
Interneurones
Effector neurones?

A

The enteric nervous system

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13
Q

Parasympathetic nerves that supply the GI tract stem from what parts of the spinal chord?

A

S2-4

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14
Q

What do local reflexes in the GI tract control?

A

Peristalsis

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15
Q

What do the short reflexes in the intestine do?

A

Inhibit muscle activity in adjacent areas

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16
Q

What do the long reflexes in the GI tract do?

A

Increase gastric activity

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17
Q

What activates sensory neurones in the GI tract which then go on to stimulate peristalsis?

A

Distension of the GI tract

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18
Q

What is segmentation in relation to the GI tract?

A

Rhythmic contractions of the circular muscle layer that mixes and divides luminal contents

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19
Q

What causes the small pockets visible in the colon?

A

Haustra

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20
Q

What is the contraction called that forces faeces into the rectum and how often does it occur?

A

Colonic mass movement

Few times a day

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21
Q

What is the Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)?

A

Powerful, sweeping contraction from stomach to terminal ileum

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22
Q

What is a tonic contraction?

A

Sustained contraction

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23
Q

What are the 6 sphincters of the GI tract? (not including the sphincter of Oddi)

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter

Lower oesophageal sphincter

Pyloric sphincter

Ileocaecal valve

Internal and external anal sphincters

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24
Q

What sphincters in the GI tract are controlled by skeletal muscle?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter

External anal sphincter

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25
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial and lateral pterygoids

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26
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

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27
Q

Damage to which nerve will result in the patient developing a winged scapula?

A

XI

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28
Q

What nerve innervates the oropharynx and the back of the tongue?

A

IX - glossopharyngeal

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29
Q

Contractions of what propel a food bolus into the hypopharynx?

A

Superior and middle pharngeal constrictors

contraction of the glottis

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30
Q

Where is the swallowing centre?

A

Pons and medulla

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31
Q

What nerve is responsible for allowing peristalsis of the oesophagus?

A

Vagus (X)

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32
Q

A BMI of what is classed as morbidly obese?

A

> 40

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33
Q

What are the major factors that can lead to obesity?

A

Genetics

Environment

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34
Q

What is the neural centre responsible for energy balance and body weight?

A

Hypothalmus

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35
Q

What is satiety?

A

The period of time between termination of one meal and the initiation of the next

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36
Q

What is adiposity?

A

The state of being obese

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37
Q

What are the satiation signals?

A 
CCK
PYY
GLP-1
Oxyntomodulin
Obestatin
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38
Q

What does GLP-1 do?

A

Inhibits gastric emptying and reduces food intake

39
Q

What does peptide YY (PYY) do?

A

Inhibits gastric motility, slows emptying and reduces food intake

40
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

A hunger signal

41
Q

Name a hunger signal

A

Ghrelin

42
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

The development of new blood vessels

43
Q

What is the present drug treatment for obesity?

A

Orlistat

44
Q

What is xerostomia?

A

Dry mouth

45
Q

What is Sjogren’s syndrome?

A

Affects the parts of the body that produce fluid e.g. tears and saliva

Causes dry eyes, dry mouth, dry skin, vaginal dryness, tiredness, muscle or joint pain e.t.c.

46
Q

What is water brash?

A

A sour taste in the mouth

Often occurs at night

A sign of reflux

47
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

48
Q

What are the components that make up a salivon?

A

A secretory acinus

An intercalated duct

A striated duct

(Serous demilunes)

49
Q

What are the components of a salivary gland?

A

An external capsule

Septae separating lobes and lobules

50
Q

What do serous cells produce?

A

Watery secretion rich in alpha-amylase

Contain small, dense, secretory granules

51
Q

What does saliva do?

A

Lubricates

Protects

Digests

52
Q

What gland produces a watery, alpha-amylase rich solution?

A

Parotid glands

53
Q

What gland produces a mixed serous and mucous solution?

A

Submandibular

54
Q

What gland produces a mucousy solutiom that is thick?

A

Sublingual

55
Q

As the rate of saliva secretion increases, the concentration of what ion also increases?

A

HCO3-

56
Q

As the rate of salivary secretion increases, the concentration of what ion decreases?

A

K+

57
Q

Salivary secretion occurs in two stages:

Primary secretion

Secondary modification

What cells do what stage?

A

Primary - acinar cells

Secondary - duct cells

58
Q

What is simple control of salivary secretion?

A

Chemo-mechano receptors in the mouth are activated in the presence of food

Nucleus tractus solitarius

59
Q

What is the reflex that activates the secretion of saliva when a person thinks about, sees or hears the preparation of food?

A

Acquired - cerebral cortex

60
Q

What cranial nerves are used in the parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Facial (VII)

61
Q

What autonomic nervous system stimulates a ‘dry mouth’ such as when a person is nervous or worried?

A

Sympathetic stimulation

62
Q

What is the top of the stomach called?

A

Fundus

63
Q

What is the part of the stomach called just after where the oesophagus joins the stomach?

A

Cardia

64
Q

What part of the stomach is just before the pyloric sphincter and duodenum?

A

Antrum

65
Q

What are the little folds in the stomach (looks like wrinkles) that promote digestion called?

A

Rugae

66
Q

Pepsin and HCl help to digest what?

A

Proteins

67
Q

What aids the digestion of protein in the stomach?

A

Pepsin and HCl

68
Q

What contractile wave determines the escape of chyme through the pyloric sphincter in the stomach?

A

Antral wave

69
Q

What cell secretes Somatostatin?

A

D-cell

70
Q

What cell secretes gastrin?

A

G-cell

71
Q

What does the D-cell secrete?

A

Somatostatin

72
Q

What cell secretes pepsinogen?

A

Chief cell

73
Q

What does the Chief cell secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

74
Q

What cell secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors?

A

Parietal cell

75
Q

What cell secretes histamine?

A

Enterochromaffin-like cell

76
Q

What does the enterochromaffin-like cell secrete?

A

Histamine

77
Q

What does the parietal cell in the stomach secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors

78
Q

Where is the oxyntic mucosa and what cells are present in it?

A

Fundus and body

Parietal cells
Enterochromaffin-like cells
Chief cells

79
Q

Where is the pyloric gland area and what cells are present in it?

A

Antrum

D-cells
G-cells

80
Q

What does HCl do?

A

Activates pepsinogen to peptin

Denatures proteins

Kills most micro-organisms ingested with food

81
Q

What does pepsinogen do?

A

Inactive precursor of the peptidase pepsin

82
Q

What do intrinsic factors in the stomach do?

A

Bind to vitamin B12 allowing absorption in the terminal ileum

83
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Stimulates HCl secretion

84
Q

When does cephalic gastric secretion occur?

A

Before food reaches the stomach

85
Q

What does the hormonal response do to stomach contractions?

A

Inhibits them

Release of enterogastrones

86
Q

What does omeprazole do?

A

Blocks proton pump by covalent modification

87
Q

What is pirenzepine and how does it work?

A

Muscarinic receptor antagonist

Blocks M1 competitively

88
Q

What does ranitidine do?

A

H2 histamine receptor antagonist

Competitive inhihibitor

89
Q

What does aspirin do to the stomach

A

Blocks irreversibly cyclo-oxygenase which stops the secretion of prostoglandins

90
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

Reduce acid secretion

Increase mucus and bicarbonate secretion

Increase mucosal blood flow

91
Q

What is misoprostol and what does it do?

A

A stable PGE1 analogue

Inhibits basal and food-stimulated gastric acid formation

Maintains/increases secretion and mucus and bicarbonate

92
Q

What is sucralfate?

A

Mucosal strengthener

Used for stomach ulcer treatment

Binds to ulcer base and forms complex gels with mucus to provide a barrier to gastric acid

Increases mucosal blood flow, mucus, bicarbonate and prostaglandin production

93
Q

What is bismuth chealate?

A

Mucosal strengthener

Toxic towards H-pylori

Adminstered with ranitidine

GI (22 decks)

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