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Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is alendronic acid and what is it used for?

What is a side effect?

A

Bisphosphonates

Prevent bone loss and used in osteoporosis

Stomach irritation so must be taken 30mins before food and patient must not lie down for at least 30mins

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2
Q

What is the treatment for allergic oesophagitis?

A

Steroids

Chromoglycate

Montelukast

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3
Q

What is sulfasalazine?

A

5-ASA

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4
Q

What is sulfasalazine used to treat?

A

Ulcerative colitis

can be used in conjunction with other therapies in Crohn’s

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5
Q

What are mesalazine, osalazine and basalazide all examples of?

A

5-ASA

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6
Q

What type of drugs can be used in IBD?

A

Aminosalicylates (5-ASA)
Glucocorticoids
Immunosuppressants
Biological agents

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7
Q

What are some examples of glucocorticoids that can be used in the treatment of UC and Crohn’s?

A

Prednisolone

ORAL

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8
Q

Are glucocorticoids used as a long term treatment of IBD?

A

No, used until remission is induced

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9
Q

What is azathioprine and what is it used in?

A

Immunosuppresant used in IBD

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10
Q

What does azathioprine do?

A

Inhibits T-lymphocyte function

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11
Q

What is ciclosporin and what is it used for?

A

Immunosuppressant in IBD

NOT FIRST LINE

Renal toxicity

Poor oral efficacy

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12
Q

What is infliximab

A

Biological agent used in IBD

Monoclonal antibodies

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13
Q

What drugs can be given for IBS?

A

Antispasmodics

Laxatives (not lactulose)

Antimotility

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14
Q

What is the first line antimotility drug given in IBS?

A

Loperamide

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15
Q

What is loperamide and what is it used to treat?

A

Antimotility

IBS

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16
Q

What are some examples of antispasmodic drugs used in IBS?

A

Antimuscarinic compounds e.g. dicycloverine hydrochloride

Direct smooth muscle relaxants e.g. alverine

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17
Q

What is amitriptyline and what is it used to treat?

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

Used to treat IBS (lower than antidepressant dose)

Used when antispasmodics fail to relieve pain and cramps

Reduces visceral hypersensitivity

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18
Q

What can be used to treat visceral hypersensitivity in IBS?

A

Antidepressants e.g. amitriptyline

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

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19
Q

What types of bacteria have a short incubation time (1-6hrs)?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Bacillus cereus

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20
Q

What is the name of the bacteria that has a short incubation period and is heat resistant to spores?

A

Bacillus cereus

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21
Q

What bacteria is found in improperly cooked/refrigerated rice?

A

Bacillus cereus

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22
Q

What types of bacteria have a medium incubation period (12-48hrs)?

A

Salmonella

C.perfringens

23
Q

What type of symptoms do bacteria that have long incubation periods usually give?

A

Diarrhoea - often bloody

Due to invasion/toxins in gut

24
Q

What is the commonest bacterial GI infection?

A

Campylobacter

25
What is the second commonest bacterial GI infection?
Salmonella
26
What tests do all stools that get sent to the lab get?
Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter E.coli 0157 Cryptosporidium
27
What do all stools from patients over the age of 15 recieve?
Testing for C.diff
28
How long does it take to get a culture result?
48hrs
29
What is the incubation period of campylobacter?
16-48hrs
30
Where does campylobacter usually come from?
Poultry | raw milk
31
What class of antibiotics is campylobacter treated with?
Macrolides e.g. clarythromycin
32
What is an example of a macrolide?
Azithromycin Clarythromycin
33
Which pathogen is this? Risk of bacteraemia Can seed Can be sustained or intermittent (sickle cell, AIDS)
Salmonella
34
What is the incubation period for salmonella?
12-48hrs
35
Where is salmonella found?
Poultry Meat Raw egg Animal gut where it multiplies in food
36
What are the commonest groups of salmonellae locally?
B C D
37
What bacteria produces cytotoxins?
E.coli verotoxins
38
What type of agar do they use for EHEC typing (testing for E.coli)?
McConkey agar
39
What do verotoxins/shiga-like toxins do?
Bind to receptors found on renal cells, RBC, and others Inhibits protein synthesis Causes cell death
40
What are the common symptoms of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS)?
``` Abdo pain Fever Pallor Petechiae Oliguria Bloody diarrhoea Most patients under 16yrs old ```
41
A patient's bloods come back. They have: ``` High white cells Low platelets Low HB Red cell fragments LDH > 1.5 x normal ``` What do they have?
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome
42
What investigations do you perform on someone who you suspect has HUS?
Send stool culture samples (all patients with bloody faeces) Send U&Es, FBC, film, LFT, clotting, urine, dipstick/micro, lactate, dehydrogenase
43
What is the treatment for HUS?
Close monitoring Admission NO antibiotics No anti-motility agents No NSAIDS
44
You must notify the health protection unit (HPU) if a patient has what 2 diseases?
HUS E.coli 0157
45
What type of common bacteria produces a shiga toxin?
E.coli
46
What type of bacteria can be invasive (bacteraemia) in immunosuppressed patients?
Campylobacter Salmonella
47
What virus is commonest in kids under 3 and has symptoms such as: Vomiting then mild NON-BLOODY diarrhoea Moderate fever Symptoms lasting around a week
Rotavirus
48
What virus is classically known as the 'winter vomiting disease'?
Norovirus
49
How long does norovirus last?
2-4 days
50
What is the treatment for rotavirus and norovirus?
Hydration
51
What is the treatment for Severe C.diff?
Vancomycin PO +/- metronidazole
52
What is the treatment for non-severe C.diff?
Metronidazole PO
53
What is the treatment for severe proven spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?
Piperacillin/Tazobactam IV Then step down to Co-trimoxazole PO
54
What is the treatment for mild spontaneous bacterial peritonitis?
Co-trimoxazole

GI (22 decks)

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