Week 1 Part 2 Flashcards by Lucy Ann

What nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

Trigeminal
V
(specifically madibular division of trigeminal nerve, V3)

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What muscle(s) are responsible for closing the mouth?

3 muscles

Temporalis

Masseter

Medial pterygoid

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What muscle(s) aer responsible for opening the mouth?

1 muscle

Lateral peterygoid

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What nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

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What nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Hypoglossal (CNVII)

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Where are the foliate papillae?

Sides of the tongue

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Where are the vallate papillae?

The massive taste buds at the back of the mouth

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What is the name of the taste buds in the centre of the tongue?

Fungiform papillae

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What is the name for the taste buds on the end of the tongue and what do they do?

Filiform papillae

Touch and temperature

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Where does the facial nerve pass through in the skull?

Stylomastoid foramen

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The superior part of the mouth is innervated by which cranial nerve?

The inferior part of the mouth…?

V2 (superior)

V3 (inferior)

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Which foramen do the sensor fibres of CN V2 travel through?

Foramen rotundum

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Which foramen do the glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) pass through?

Jugular foramen

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What nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

Vagus (X)

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What nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue?

Hypoglossal (XII)

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What nerve innervates the muscles of the pharynx?

Vagus (X)

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What are the muscles of the tongue?

Extrinsic - Palatoglossus + Styloglossus

Intrinsic - Genioglossus + Hypoglossus

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Where is the vagus nerve inserted into on the pharynx?

Midline raphe

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Are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx the inner layer or the outer layer?

Inner

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What nerves innervate the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

CN X and IX

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What is the name of the circular muscle around the mouth/libs?

Obicularis oris

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What muscles shorten the pharynx and raise the larynx to assist with swallowing?

Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

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Are the muscles involved in swallowing skeletal or smooth?

Skeletal

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Where does the oesophagus begin?

Inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle

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What is the name of the upper oesophageal sphincter?

Cricopharyngeus

What is the line that signifies the end of oesophageal mucosa and the beginning of the stomach mucosa?

Z-line

What is steatorrhoea?

Fat in the faeces

What is Hartnup disease?

Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder Affects the absorption of nonpolar amino acids

What is cystinuria?

Inherited autosmoal recessive disease High concentrations of amino acid cystine in the urine Leads to the formation of cytstine stones in the kidneys, ureter and bladder

What is luminal digestion mediated by?

Pancreatic enzymes secreted into the duodenum

What is membrane digestion mediated by?

Enzymes situated at the brush border of epithelial cells

What is assimilation?

Digestion and absorption

What does sucrose need to be broken down into in order to be absorbed?

Glucose and fructose

What alpha linkages does amylopectin have?

Alpha-1,6 and alpha-1,4

What must dietary carbohydrate be converted to in order to be absorbed by the intestine?

Monosaccharides

What does amylase do?

Converts starch to oligosaccharides

What do lactase and maltase do?

Convert oligosaccharides to monosaccharides

What does amylase break down?

Linear, internal alpha-1,4 linkages

How are glucose and galactose absorbed?

Secondary active transport mediated by SGLT1

How is fructose absorbed in the gut?

Facilitated diffusion mediated by GLUT5

How do monosaccharides exit the cell?

Facilitated diffusion medited by GLUT2

How does SGLT1 work in very basic terms?

2Na+ binds to the transporter which increases the transporter's affinity for glucose. Glucose binds, the gate opens and botht he 2Na+ and the glucose enters into the cell membrane

What is pepsin and what does it do?

Endopeptidase Cleaves proteins into peptides

What is trypsin?

Endopeptidase

What is elastase?

Endopeptidase

How are amino acids transported into enterocytes?

5 Na+ co-transporters - secondary active transport - neutral amino acids 2 Na independant - cationic amino acids

Di-, tri- and tetra-peptides are transported via what?

H+ dependant mechanism at brush border

What further hydrolyses olgiopeptides to amino acids?

Peptidases at the brush border

How do amino acids exit the enterocyte?

Na+ independent mechanisms

What causes night-blindness?

Vitamin A deficiency

What is haemochromatosis?

Build up of iron in the blood

What causes scurvy?

Vitamin C deficiency

Are lipids soluble in water?

Some are insoluble and some are poorly soluble

What is the main digestive enzyme in the duodenum?

Pancreatic lipase

What do bile salts do?

Act as detergents to emulsify large lipid droplets to small droplets

Are bile salts hydrophilic, hydrophobic or both?

Amphipathic

What happens if bile salts are not secreted?

Lipid malabsorption leading to steatorrhoea Secondary vitamin deficiency

What does colipase do?

Binds to lipase and bile salt to allow lipase to work

What are triglycerides digested into?

2-monoglyceride and two free fatty acids

Where do short chain and medium chain fatty acids go after they've diffused into the enterocyte?

Exit through the basolateral membrane and enter the villus capillaries

What happens to long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides in the intestines?

Resynthesized to triglycerides in the endoplasmic reticulum and are subsequently incorporated into chylomicrons

How are chylomicrons formed?

Monoglycerides and fatty acids are turned into triglycerides Triglycerides enter the endoplasmic reticulum and are synthesised into cholesterol esters Nascent chylomicron is formed and binds with an apoliopoprotein to form a Chylomicron

What is the absorption of calcium regulated by?

calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

How is calcium absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum?

Active transport

How is calcium absorbed in the small intestine?

Passive transport

What is one of the major controls on iron absorption?

Ferroportin

Why is the absorption of vitamin B12 a 'special case'?

It is present in minute amounts in the diet so efficient and selective absorption is required

What organs are included in the foregut?

Oesophagus to mid duodenum Liver Gall bladder Spleen 1/2 of the pancrease

What structures are included in the midgut?

Mid duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of the transverse colon 1/2 pancreas

What is included in the hindgut?

Distal 1/3rd of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal

Where is the right hypochondrium?

Right upper region

Where is the left lumbar?

Middle left region

What type of peritoneum is in touch with the organ?

Visceral

Name 5 retro-peritoneal organs

Kidneys Adrenal gland Pancreas Ascending colon Descending colon

What is the name of the mesentery that is attached to the appendix?

Mesoappendix

What is the name of the space behind the liver and infront of the spine called?

Lesser sac

What is the name of the space infront and in between the intestines called?

Greater sac

How many layers is the greater omentum made up of?

How many layers is the lesser omentum made up of?

Which omentum has a free edge?

Lesser omentum

What is the hole called that allows the communication of the greater and lesser sacs?

Omental foramen (foramen of Winslow)

What is the name of the one pouch formed between the bladder and the rectum in a male called?

The rectovesical pouch

What are the names of the two pouches formed between the bladder and the uterus and the uterus and the rectum called?

Bladder + uterus - Vesico-uterine pouch Uterus + Rectum - Recto-uterine pouch

What is the procedure called that drains asctitc fluid called?

Paracentesis

What does visceral pain feel like?

Dull, achy and nauseating

What does pain coming from the body wall (somatic) pain feel like?

Sharp and stabbing

What type of nerves are visceral afferents?

Sensory nerves

The nerves that supply the abdominal organs leave the sympathetic chain at what levels?

T5 - L2

Where do the sympathetic nerves that supply the abdominal organs synapse?

At the prevertebral ganglia anterior to the aorta

Where is the periarterial plexus located?

On top of the abdominal aorta?

What do the nerves on top of the abdominal aorta make up?

The periarterial plexus

Where do the sympathetic nerves for the adrenal gland leave the spinal chord?

T10 - L1 THEY SYNAPSE DIRECTLY ONTO CELLS

What are the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

S2, 3 and 4

Where do the visceral afferent nerve fibres for the foregut, enter the spinal chord?

T6-T9

Where do the visceral afferent nerve fibres for the midgut enter the spinal chord?

T8 - T12

Where do the visceral afferent nerve fibres for the hindgut enter the spinal chord?

T10 - L2