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GI > Week 1 Part 2 > Flashcards

Week 1 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal
V
(specifically madibular division of trigeminal nerve, V3)

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2
Q

What muscle(s) are responsible for closing the mouth?

A

3 muscles

Temporalis

Masseter

Medial pterygoid

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3
Q

What muscle(s) aer responsible for opening the mouth?

A

1 muscle

Lateral peterygoid

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4
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

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5
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal (CNVII)

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6
Q

Where are the foliate papillae?

A

Sides of the tongue

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7
Q

Where are the vallate papillae?

A

The massive taste buds at the back of the mouth

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8
Q

What is the name of the taste buds in the centre of the tongue?

A

Fungiform papillae

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9
Q

What is the name for the taste buds on the end of the tongue and what do they do?

A

Filiform papillae

Touch and temperature

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10
Q

Where does the facial nerve pass through in the skull?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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11
Q

The superior part of the mouth is innervated by which cranial nerve?

The inferior part of the mouth…?

A

V2 (superior)

V3 (inferior)

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12
Q

Which foramen do the sensor fibres of CN V2 travel through?

A

Foramen rotundum

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13
Q

Which foramen do the glossopharyngeal nerves (IX) pass through?

A

Jugular foramen

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14
Q

What nerve innervates the palatoglossus?

A

Vagus (X)

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15
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal (XII)

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16
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of the pharynx?

A

Vagus (X)

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17
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue?

A

Extrinsic - Palatoglossus + Styloglossus

Intrinsic - Genioglossus + Hypoglossus

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18
Q

Where is the vagus nerve inserted into on the pharynx?

A

Midline raphe

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19
Q

Are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx the inner layer or the outer layer?

A

Inner

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20
Q

What nerves innervate the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

CN X and IX

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21
Q

What is the name of the circular muscle around the mouth/libs?

A

Obicularis oris

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22
Q

What muscles shorten the pharynx and raise the larynx to assist with swallowing?

A

Longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

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23
Q

Are the muscles involved in swallowing skeletal or smooth?

A

Skeletal

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24
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin?

A

Inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle

C6

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25
Q

What is the name of the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

Cricopharyngeus

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26
Q

What is the line that signifies the end of oesophageal mucosa and the beginning of the stomach mucosa?

A

Z-line

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27
Q

What is steatorrhoea?

A

Fat in the faeces

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28
Q

What is Hartnup disease?

A

Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder

Affects the absorption of nonpolar amino acids

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29
Q

What is cystinuria?

A

Inherited autosmoal recessive disease

High concentrations of amino acid cystine in the urine

Leads to the formation of cytstine stones in the kidneys, ureter and bladder

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30
Q

What is luminal digestion mediated by?

A

Pancreatic enzymes secreted into the duodenum

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31
Q

What is membrane digestion mediated by?

A

Enzymes situated at the brush border of epithelial cells

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32
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Digestion and absorption

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33
Q

What does sucrose need to be broken down into in order to be absorbed?

A

Glucose and fructose

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34
Q

What alpha linkages does amylopectin have?

A

Alpha-1,6 and alpha-1,4

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35
Q

What must dietary carbohydrate be converted to in order to be absorbed by the intestine?

A

Monosaccharides

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36
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Converts starch to oligosaccharides

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37
Q

What do lactase and maltase do?

A

Convert oligosaccharides to monosaccharides

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38
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

Linear, internal alpha-1,4 linkages

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39
Q

How are glucose and galactose absorbed?

A

Secondary active transport mediated by SGLT1

40
Q

How is fructose absorbed in the gut?

A

Facilitated diffusion mediated by GLUT5

41
Q

How do monosaccharides exit the cell?

A

Facilitated diffusion medited by GLUT2

42
Q

How does SGLT1 work in very basic terms?

A

2Na+ binds to the transporter which increases the transporter’s affinity for glucose. Glucose binds, the gate opens and botht he 2Na+ and the glucose enters into the cell membrane

43
Q

What is pepsin and what does it do?

A

Endopeptidase

Cleaves proteins into peptides

44
Q

What is trypsin?

A

Endopeptidase

45
Q

What is elastase?

A

Endopeptidase

46
Q

How are amino acids transported into enterocytes?

A

5 Na+ co-transporters - secondary active transport - neutral amino acids

2 Na independant - cationic amino acids

47
Q

Di-, tri- and tetra-peptides are transported via what?

A

H+ dependant mechanism at brush border

48
Q

What further hydrolyses olgiopeptides to amino acids?

A

Peptidases at the brush border

49
Q

How do amino acids exit the enterocyte?

A

Na+ independent mechanisms

50
Q

What causes night-blindness?

A

Vitamin A deficiency

51
Q

What is haemochromatosis?

A

Build up of iron in the blood

52
Q

What causes scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency

53
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

Some are insoluble and some are poorly soluble

54
Q

What is the main digestive enzyme in the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic lipase

55
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

Act as detergents to emulsify large lipid droplets to small droplets

56
Q

Are bile salts hydrophilic, hydrophobic or both?

A

Amphipathic

57
Q

What happens if bile salts are not secreted?

A

Lipid malabsorption leading to steatorrhoea

Secondary vitamin deficiency

58
Q

What does colipase do?

A

Binds to lipase and bile salt to allow lipase to work

59
Q

What are triglycerides digested into?

A

2-monoglyceride and two free fatty acids

60
Q

Where do short chain and medium chain fatty acids go after they’ve diffused into the enterocyte?

A

Exit through the basolateral membrane and enter the villus capillaries

61
Q

What happens to long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides in the intestines?

A

Resynthesized to triglycerides in the endoplasmic reticulum and are subsequently incorporated into chylomicrons

62
Q

How are chylomicrons formed?

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids are turned into triglycerides

Triglycerides enter the endoplasmic reticulum and are synthesised into cholesterol esters

Nascent chylomicron is formed and binds with an apoliopoprotein to form a Chylomicron

63
Q

What is the absorption of calcium regulated by?

A

calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

64
Q

How is calcium absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum?

A

Active transport

65
Q

How is calcium absorbed in the small intestine?

A

Passive transport

66
Q

What is one of the major controls on iron absorption?

A

Ferroportin

67
Q

Why is the absorption of vitamin B12 a ‘special case’?

A

It is present in minute amounts in the diet so efficient and selective absorption is required

68
Q

What organs are included in the foregut?

A

Oesophagus to mid duodenum

Liver

Gall bladder

Spleen

1/2 of the pancrease

69
Q

What structures are included in the midgut?

A

Mid duodenum to proximal 2/3rds of the transverse colon

1/2 pancreas

70
Q

What is included in the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3rd of transverse colon to proximal 1/2 of anal canal

71
Q

Where is the right hypochondrium?

A

Right upper region

72
Q

Where is the left lumbar?

A

Middle left region

73
Q

What type of peritoneum is in touch with the organ?

A

Visceral

74
Q

Name 5 retro-peritoneal organs

A

Kidneys

Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Ascending colon

Descending colon

75
Q

What is the name of the mesentery that is attached to the appendix?

A

Mesoappendix

76
Q

What is the name of the space behind the liver and infront of the spine called?

A

Lesser sac

77
Q

What is the name of the space infront and in between the intestines called?

A

Greater sac

78
Q

How many layers is the greater omentum made up of?

A

4

79
Q

How many layers is the lesser omentum made up of?

A

2

80
Q

Which omentum has a free edge?

A

Lesser omentum

81
Q

What is the hole called that allows the communication of the greater and lesser sacs?

A

Omental foramen (foramen of Winslow)

82
Q

What is the name of the one pouch formed between the bladder and the rectum in a male called?

A

The rectovesical pouch

83
Q

What are the names of the two pouches formed between the bladder and the uterus and the uterus and the rectum called?

A

Bladder + uterus - Vesico-uterine pouch

Uterus + Rectum - Recto-uterine pouch

84
Q

What is the procedure called that drains asctitc fluid called?

A

Paracentesis

85
Q

What does visceral pain feel like?

A

Dull, achy and nauseating

86
Q

What does pain coming from the body wall (somatic) pain feel like?

A

Sharp and stabbing

87
Q

What type of nerves are visceral afferents?

A

Sensory nerves

88
Q

The nerves that supply the abdominal organs leave the sympathetic chain at what levels?

A

T5 - L2

89
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves that supply the abdominal organs synapse?

A

At the prevertebral ganglia anterior to the aorta

90
Q

Where is the periarterial plexus located?

A

On top of the abdominal aorta?

91
Q

What do the nerves on top of the abdominal aorta make up?

A

The periarterial plexus

92
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves for the adrenal gland leave the spinal chord?

A

T10 - L1

THEY SYNAPSE DIRECTLY ONTO CELLS

93
Q

What are the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

S2, 3 and 4

94
Q

Where do the visceral afferent nerve fibres for the foregut, enter the spinal chord?

A

T6-T9

95
Q

Where do the visceral afferent nerve fibres for the midgut enter the spinal chord?

A

T8 - T12

96
Q

Where do the visceral afferent nerve fibres for the hindgut enter the spinal chord?

A

T10 - L2

GI (22 decks)

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