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GFP :0 > Week 6 Legumes and MSS > Flashcards

Week 6 Legumes and MSS Flashcards

1
Q

White clover (Trifolium repens)

1- What sort of leaves?

2- What do leaflets do?

3- What do they serrate?

4- What do they usually have in terms of markings?

5- What size are the leafs?

6- What sort of growth habit do they have and what does this mean for them?

A

1* Trifoliate leaves
2* Leaflets ovate or circular
3* Minutely serrate margins
4* Usually, whitish leaf markings on the
upper mid surface
5* Type and cultivar leaf sizes vary (S,M,L,XL)
6* Stoloniferous growth habit makes it capable of colonising bare
spaces in swards

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2
Q

What sort of leaves are recommended for sheep grazing?
What dort of leaves are recommended for beef and dairy grazing?
(white clover)

A

Small leaf white clovers are recommended for sheep grazing
Medium leaf white clovers for dairy or beef cattle grazing

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3
Q

What is the story with white clover and different sized cultivars?
Give examples

Medium leaf size:

Large leaf size:

A

Cultivars with different leaf sizes have different
management needs

Medium leaf size-
* Moderate stolon density
* e.g. Chieftan, Avoca,
Crusader.
Frequent,
close grazing

Large leaf size
* Longer petioles and
fewer stolons
* e.g. Aran
Lax, rotational
grazing

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4
Q

What are florets on white clover swards?

A

Florets are white, often tinged pink, becoming
deflexed with age.

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5
Q

White clover physiology , where are leaves?

The basis of management decisions, photosynthesis rate:

In winter / Closing -***

A
  • leaves hide in
    base sward
  • lower photosynthesis rate than grasses
  • uses autumn stolon/root reserves
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6
Q

White clover physiology, whats the stolon like?

The basis of management decisions, photosynthesis rate:

In spring (3)

A
  • fragmented stolons
  • lower leaf photosynthesis rate than grasses
  • uses autumn stolon/root reserves
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7
Q

White clover physiology

The basis of management decisions:

In summer (3)

A
  • N2 fixation
  • higher leaf photosynthesis rate than grasses
  • higher feeding value
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8
Q

White clover physiology

The basis of management decisions:

Autumn (1)

A
  • rebuilds stolon/root reserves
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9
Q

What are the 6 Benefits of
White Clover:

A
  • Nitrogen Fixation
  • Lower N requirement
  • Increased herbage
    quality
  • Increased DMI
  • Increased animal
    performance
  • Enhance biodiversity
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10
Q

When is white clover dormant?

A

November-April

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11
Q

When is white clover prominent?

A

May-October

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12
Q

White clover growth - in Solohead

A

35% of production May - end of October

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13
Q

When is the highest establishment of white clover sward content ?

A

August - November

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14
Q

What is the average annual Sward white clover content?

A

20-25%

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15
Q

1- What is the most common legume in Ireland?

2- What the average inclusion rate of this legume /ha in the majority of seed mixtures

3- For high clover establishment inclusion what is the level?

4- Does permanent pasture in Ireland contain white clover?

5- how much N/ha/year can White Clover fix?

A

1- White Clover

2- 1Kg/ha

3- 3-6kg/ha

4- Permanent pasture in Ireland rarely contains > 5% WC on a
DM basis

5-Can fix up to 100-150 kg N/ha/year
* Rhizobia bacteria present in root nodules

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16
Q

Biological Nitrogen fixation
Kgs N/ha per day supplied by clover at what %?

A

25%

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17
Q

Biological nitrogen fixation from a grass clover sward with an average sward white clover content of 25% equates to how many kg N/ ha fixed annually?

A

100kg

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18
Q

Grazing manageent of white clover:
Spring (3)

A

frequent rotational or
continuous stocking
target early spring grazing & avoid damage

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19
Q

Grazing management of white clover:
Summer (3)

A

pre-grazing herbage mass between 1,300
and 1,600 kg DM/ha
reduce chemical N

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20
Q

Grazing management of white clover:
Autumn (3)

A

Close paddocks with a high sward white
clover content (i.e. > 30%) towards the end
of the final rotation

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21
Q

Grazing management of white clover:

Winter : (1)

A

recovery 100-150 days

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22
Q

Nutrient management of White Clover

1- When does white clover have the ability to fix N?

2- Whats clover growth like in spring?

3-As clover content increases, what can be reduced?

A

1* Does not have the ability to fix N for the first 12 to 18
months post-sowing

2* Clover – slow growth in Spring
Requirement for pasture in early spring - N fertiliser
must be applied at similar rates to PRG swards

3* As clover content increases N application can be
reduced (May onwards)

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23
Q

Slide 17 -Nitrogen application strategies (Dairy/Drystock)

A
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24
Q

he effect of chemical N on white
clover content=

A

‘2 fold’

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25
Q

Fertilizer N input to grass-only and grass-
clover swards and pasture DM production
and nutritive value
Slide 19 Table

A
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26
Q

Whats the Nutritional advantages of white clover in the sward? (3)

A

1* ***Clover maintains its digestibility throughout the season
* OMD increases from 80 to 82% in PRG v PRG/WC
* CP increases from 17 to 21%
* @ 60 kg N/ha PRG/WC increased DM production 55% v PRG

2* Intakes are increased
* PRG/WC swards vs PRG/high N fertiliser swards
Mineral content is increased vs PRG/high N fertiliser swards

3* Reduced need for mineral supplementation

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27
Q

1- Whats the potential of White Clover?

2- Does white clover have higher or lower persistence than PRG?

3- What needs to happen with white clover sward ?

4- What are detrimental to survival?

5- Whats the life expectancy?

A

1* Potential to contribute 150kg N/ha year

2* Lower persistency than PRG

3* Needs to be continually replenished in the sward
* Mix pelleted clover seed with P,K fertiliser
* Spread after 1st cut silage
* 1/5th is seeded every year

4* Herbicides and fertiliser N are detrimental to survival

5* Life expectancy of 5 years under good grazing practice

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28
Q

List the problems with clover? (7)

A
  • Persistence
  • Seasonal supply
  • Silage quality – higher BC
  • Bloat
  • Poaching
  • Dock control
  • Herbicides and fertiliser N are detrimental to survival
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29
Q

Bloat Prevention:
1-What must you avoid switching between?

2-What should you keep post grazing sward height at?

3- When entering a grass-white clover paddock in riskey conditions , what should you do?

4- What should you provide to the animals?

5- When should you check cows?

A

1* Avoid switching between grass-only and grass-white clover
swards.

2* Keep post-grazing sward height at 4 cm, not below.

3* When entering a grass-white clover paddock in risky
conditions (high white clover content / hungry animals / wet
morning/very lush pasture) provide a small area in the
paddock for the first 2-3 hours after turn-out to prevent the
initial gorging on white clover.

4* Provide anti-bloating agent in the water supply – starting the
day prior to entering the risky paddock.

5* Check cows after initial turnout and regularly for first three
hours of grazing during high-risk periods

30
Q

What are the 3 ways of increasing the WC content of the sward?

A

(1) Direct reseeding

(2) Over sowing

(3) Promoting the existing sward
* Cut out fertilizer N from mid-late April onwards
* Tight grazing particularly in autumn, winter and spring
* No herbicides

31
Q

Slide 29 White Clover Variety Choice

A
32
Q

What grasses to sow with white clover ?

A

Clover blend :

Long grazing season better suited to clover system

Remember to look for inclusion level of WC
1.5kg WC/ 12 kg bag seed =
4.63 kg WC/ha

33
Q

What is oversowing?

A

Oversowing: clover is introduced to an
existing sward and conditions are then
optimised for the establishment of
clover in the sward

34
Q

White clover establishment blueprint

1-Reseed what % per year?

2- Oversow what % per year?

3- Year 1:
Year 2:
Year 3:
Year 4:
Year 5+

4- Commercial farm establishment:

A

1* Reseed approx. 10% per year

2* Over sow approx. 15% per year

3* Year 1- reseed 10% & over sow 15% = 25%
* Year 2- reseed 10% & over sow 15% = 25% (50%)
* Year 3 – reseed 10% & over sow 15% = 25% (75%)
* Year 4 - reseed 10% & over sow 15% = 25% (100%)
* Year 5 + - on-going process

4* Commercial farm establishment: Clover 150 programme

35
Q

When oversowing clover:

1- What should you ensure?

2- When should you sow?

3- What should you spread/acre?

4- What should you mix?

5- What is not advisable?

A

1-* Ensure soil fertility is correct

2* Sow after silage or a tight grazing late May/early June

3* Spread 2kg/acre (5-6 kg/ha) with 1 bag 0:7:30

4* Mix seed and fertiliser in the field

5* Not advisable to carry >3 acres (1.2 ha) worth of
mixture – separation

36
Q

What should post establishment management of white clover be?

1-Any fertiliser?

2- When should you graze at what cover?

3- What do you need to avoid?

4- When should you only graze?

A

1* No fertilizer N

2* Graze first between 600-1000 kg DM/ha

3* Next 3 grazing’s to low pre-grazing covers of <1100 kg
DM/ha

4* Avoid shading of the clover plants - close off with a low
cover

5* Only graze during the first full year of establishment

37
Q

Weed control in directly reseeded
swards:

1- What spray is more expensive?

2- When should you spray?

3- What age is best to kill docs?

4- Dock germination is…

5- Adult dock gives how many seeds/year

6- 1 dock/m2 is how many docks/ha?

A

1* Clover safe post emergence sprays more expensive
* E.g. Pro-Clova

2* Spray before weeds reach 10cm and after clover seedlings
have reached the trifoliate leaf stage

3* Best to kill docks before 100 days of age

4* Dock germination is sporadic

5* Adult dock = 60,000 seeds/year!

6* 1 dock/m2 = 10,000 docks/ha

38
Q

Soil type and clover

Favourable:

A

Favorable:
Fertile soils
High soil moisture during summer
Warm soils
High lime status
Med – free draining soils (pore spaces)

39
Q

Soil type and clover

Unfavourable

A

Water-logged/ very wet
Poaching
Cold soils
Acidic
Peaty soils

40
Q

What type of soils will you get the best productivity with white clover?

A

Max. productivity on medium to free-draining
loam soils
= majority of soils in Ireland

41
Q

What is the Clover 150 Programme

-How many years?

-How many commercial farms?

Whats the objectives?

A
  • 5-year programme
  • 36 commercial farms
  • Objectives
    ➢ Maintain herbage production > 14 T DM/ha
    ➢ Reduce N fertiliser - < 150 kg N/ha
    ➢ Reduced N surplus - < 130 kg N/ha and NUE to >40%
    ➢ Increase clover content - >20%
    ➢ Maintain farm feed self-sufficiency
42
Q

Ryegrass Monocultures

1- What’s the preferred species from the mid-20th century?

2- What has this coincided with?

A

1* Ryegrass – preferred species from mid 20th Century

2* Coincided with the large scale development of the
fertiliser industry

43
Q

Most indigenous grasses and herbs cannot compete with white clover why is that? (3)

A
  • Competitive asymmetry
  • Exclusion of slower growing less invasive species
  • Competition for light, nutrients etc.
44
Q

Whats the Possible limitation of Ryegrass? (3)

A
  • Hungry – high level of nutrient input required
  • Low levels of fibre
  • High levels of easily digestible sugars
  • Lowering of rumen pH (rumen acidosis)
  • Laminitis
  • Ability to provide macro and micro-nutrients is questionable
45
Q

Whats the Reasons for changing species? (8)

A
  1. Desire for better seasonal distribution of herbage
    production
  2. Better nutritive value/ grazing preference
  3. Greater persistency/ wear tolerance
  4. Improved pest and disease tolerance
  5. Specialist pasture mixes
  6. Opportunity provided by cultivation to remove
    unwanted species
  7. POLICY
  8. Costs of fuel, fertilizer and feed
46
Q

Why Multispecies Swards? (7)

A

Multispecies swards are swards with combinations of a high level
of multi-functionality by the use of diverse plant communities

  • Increasing species richness has been shown to increase biomass
    production
  • N fixation by legumes in the mixture
  • Higher biomass yield from lower N input
  • Niche complementarity
  • Rooting depth
  • Enhanced usage of available nutrients
  • Timing of growth
  • Biodiversity
  • Sustainable
47
Q

What are included in multi species sward?

What are the characterised by?

How many species ?

A

e.g., grasses, legumes, and forage
forbs

Characterized by functionally
different, but compatible species

Range of 3-12 species

48
Q

Agronomic Benefit of grasses: (3)

A

High digestibility
High yield
Positive response to defoliation
High in CHO
Carry high SR

49
Q

Agronomic Benefits of legumes : (6)

A

1-Biological Nitrogen Fixation
2-Improved seasonal distribution of herbage
3-Reduction in fertiliser N
4-High OMD
5-Intakes are increased
6-Biodiversity is enhanced

50
Q

Agronomic Benefits of Forbs (herbs) (8)

A

Improve resource utilization
Deep rooting
Rich in minerals Reduce parasitic burden
Reduce N losses Diet variety
Soil structure and composition

51
Q

7 Characteristics of multispecies sward mix?

A
  • Seasonality
  • Persistency
  • Nutritive value
  • Weed control
  • Establishment
  • Grazing management
52
Q

What is an alternative grass that isnt most commonly used?

A

Dense tussocks up to 1m high

Broad flat leaf with smooth
surface,

Duller green than PRG

Deep root system

Drought tolerant

Inflorescence is a panicle

Lower nutrient value

Palatable

High yielding

Responds well to fertiliser

Intolerant of wet conditions

53
Q

Whats the role of cocksfoot in pasture mixes? (9)

A
  • Greater summer and autumn production vs PRG
  • Inferior nutritive value vs PRG
  • More widely used as a component of a pasture
  • Tight grazing important
  • Deep roots make it suitable for dry land, hill, light
    soils
  • Sown with lucerne – improve dryland production
  • 22t DM/ha with irrigation and high N
  • 2-3kg/ha mixtures
  • 6-10kg/ha as sole grass + clover
54
Q

Timothy (Phleum pratense)

A

Found in seed
mixtures for heavier
more challenging soil
types (e.g. peat).
Horse mixtures
Deep root system
Winter hardy
Early season growth
High yield

55
Q

Role of Timothy in pasture mixes (5)

A
  • High nutritive value – retains feed quality even
    when in the seedhead stage
  • Late to start spring growth but much later
    flowering than PRG
  • Traditionally used for haymaking in NA and
    Northern Europe
  • Grows best in heavy, highly fertile soils in colder,
    summer-moist areas
  • Poor tolerance of dry conditions
56
Q

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

A
  • Productive perennial grass suited to fertile, deep, heavy
    or wetter soils
  • Extensive root system – tolerant to drought and
    periodical waterlogging
  • Summer active group (continental types) cultivars that
    can grow vigorously in summer, moderately in winter
  • Summer dormant group (Mediterranean types) little
    summer growth but strong winter growth
  • Grazing control in spring should be frequent – prevent
    excessive seedhead development
  • Stemmy pastures = poor quality feed
  • Seedheads difficult to
    remove by grazing
  • 15-30kg/ha + clover
57
Q

Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)

A

Not very
common

Does not respond well
to chemical N
Wide leaves produce
high quality hay

58
Q

What is Festulolium?

A
  • Fescue x Perennial Ryegrass
  • Hybrid performs better than individual components
  • Versus PRG – winter frost, drought and disease
    tolerance
  • Versus Fescue – feed value improvement
59
Q

List the Forbs/Pasture Herbs?

A
  • Chicory (Cichorum intybus L.)
  • Ribgrass/ribwort plantain (Plantago
    lanceolata L.)
  • Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.)
  • Burnet (Sanguisorba minor Scop.)
  • Sheep’s parsley [Petroselinum crispum
    (Mill.) Fuss]
  • Cat’s ear dandelion (Hypochoeris
    radicata L.)
60
Q

What are pasture herbs normally referred to?

A

The plants which are normally referred to as herbs
are the non-gramineous and non-leguminous plant
in a sward mixture. Certain herbs, in particular
chicory (Cichorium intybus), plantain/ribgrass
(Plantago lanceolata), salad burnet (Poterium
sanguisorba), sheep’s parsley (Petro crispum) and
yarrow (Achillea millefolium) are regarded as being
mineral rich and deep rooting, thereby adding
essential variety to the animals diet and improving
soil structure and composition.

61
Q

Plantain (Plantago Ianceolata)

A
  • Narrow leaf plantain is a perennial herb
  • Deep tap root
  • Rosette of broad leaves produced from
    crown
  • Seedheads produced in summer – low
    palatability
  • Good establishment – 1-2kg/ha in pasture
    mix
  • Similar yield to PRG – winter activity
  • Possible anthelmintic properties
  • High mineral content
  • Reduce N excretion
62
Q

Pasture cover, growth rates, stocking rates and lamb
and ewe LW changes when stocking rates were
adjusted to achieve constant pasture cover

Slide 64

Slide 65

Slide 66

A
63
Q

“The results confirm that at least what % plantain in the diet is
required to reduce urinary N excretion and concentration,
without reducing dry matter intake or milk production”

A

30%

64
Q

Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

A
  • Short lived perennial herb
  • Tap root
  • Large leaves
  • Flowering stem is 1.5 – 2m tall
65
Q

List the agronomy factors (13)

A
  • Early Spring/summer growth and activity and dormant in winter
  • 10 t/ha leaf mass
  • High energy crop (high feeding value)
  • Leaf 85% DMD
  • Stem 50-64% DMD
  • Pasture mix 1kg/ha
  • Requires high fertility soils (N)
  • Grows well with white clover and red clover
  • Persists best in light free draining soils
  • Drought resistant and can tolerate higher temperatures
  • Associated with reducing faecal egg counts
  • Mineral rich
  • Persists for 2–4 years
66
Q

Herbage Accumulation of MSS (6)

A
  • Produce similar or greater herbage DM yields at
    reduced N
  • Greater resource use efficiencies
  • Varies depending on species mixture
  • Inclusion of herbs e.g. Chicory
  • Increasing the number of species ≠ increased herbage
    accumulation
67
Q

The effect of sward
type on the annual,
seasonal,
grazed grass and
silage production

A

“PRGWC, 6S and 9S swards
produced similar annual
herbage DM from lower N
inputs to PRG swards”

68
Q

Multispecies swards outperform perennial
ryegrass under intensive beef grazing

Slide 77

A

+2.6 t

69
Q

Better nutritive value/ grazing
preference
Mean cow preference time=

A

(min spent over 1 hour)

70
Q

Whats the Animal performance from MSS? (7)

A
  • Milk production was significantly increased +1.20 kg/d
  • Milk solids yield increase from between +11-24 kg MS/cow with inclusion of
    clover and herbs
  • Lambs suckling ewes (grazed 6 species sward) + 18% higher GR AND 2.4kg
    higher liveweight at weaning
  • Lambs slaughtered 2 weeks earlier
  • Lower parasitic loads in lambs and reduced dosing requirements
  • Cattle grazing had increased ADG and finished 4-5 weeks earlier
  • Reduced carbon footprint by 15%
71
Q

Whats the challenges of MSS? (4)

A

1-* Weed management
➢ No available herbicide for MSS
➢ Pre sowing control, dense swards

2-* Forage conservation and quality
➢ Herbs have low DM concentration
➢ Poorer fermentation and nutritive value when analysed*

3-* Plant animal interactions
➢ Animal species preference (over/under grazing)
➢ Grazing management practices
➢ Bloat

4-* Forb persistence
➢ 3 years
➢ Re-establishment options
➢ Development of grazing tolerant herb species

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