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Lecture 11 Alternative Forage Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the cost of production of forages, based on specific yields and high quality?

Maize Silage €/t utilised DM 2023

Maize Silage €/t utilizable DM 2024

A

2023- €187

2024- €142

This is a reference yield

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2
Q

Whats the difference between maize crop and whole crop silage?

A

Maize- Maize silage

Whole crop- Any cereal silage

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3
Q

Whats the difference between fodder beet and the rest of the feedstuff?

A

Requires specialised equipment- a lot of specific machinery that you need.

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4
Q

Whats the DM yield from maize?

A

30DM

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5
Q

Whats the greatest driver of feed costs?

A

Yield variability is the greatest driver of feed crop cost

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6
Q

Driving costs of alternative forages:(4)

A
  • Yield variability is the greatest driver of feed crop cost
  • Soil nutrient status and testing is important
  • Plastic important – WCM quality
  • There are a range of winter feeds competitive on a DM
    basis
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7
Q

What are the range of factors affect the choice of feed crops
(4)

A

– Cost
– Farm system
– Farm layout
– Available facilities and labour

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8
Q

How do we grow maize in ireland?

A

Under plastic wrap

84 growing degree days per leaf of maize,
but maize under plastic was given an extra 12 days

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9
Q

Slide 7 Maize Structure

A
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10
Q

Parts of Maize crop:(5)

A

-Tassle
-Silk
-Ear
-Hust
-Brace Roots

Maize crop gives alot of biomass yielding crop

Massive crop for AD plant because is gives a huge biomass yield

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11
Q

What is the tassle?

A

the male part of the corn plant that contains the pollen. The
tassel is on top of the corn plant.

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12
Q

What is the silk ?

A

a hollow tube that comes from the female part (ovary) on the
ear. The silk grows outside of the husk until the pollen lands on the
silk and then moves down silk tube to fertilize the ovary to form the
seed. Each ear has one silk strand for each kernel on the ear

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13
Q

What is the ear?

A

the structure that contains the kernels that are forming after
fertilization. The female part of the corn plant.

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14
Q

What is the husk

A

leaf like structure that wraps around the ear for protection.

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15
Q

What is the Brace roots?

A

develop from aerial stem nodes and can remain aerial or
grow into the ground. Function of these roots is to brace the plant.

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16
Q

How much is distribution worldwide?

What countries is the main place for it?

Whats maize turned into?

A
  • c.141 m ha world wide
  • Produces 238 m tonnes
  • Main food source of Mexico, Latin America,
    Africa and Asia
  • Food, animal feed and alcohol production,
    biofuels
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17
Q

Is maize generally sown to produce grain?

A

Maize is not generally sown to produce grain in
Ireland

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18
Q

What is forage maize?
Is it suited everywhere in ireland?

A
  • Forage maize – whole crop is harvested and
    converted to silage
  • Only suited to certain areas and sites of the country
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19
Q

What does maize silage production entail?

Whats its storage based on ?

A

Chopping and packing of the whole plant

Based on preservation under anerobic conditions from the growth of lactic acid bacteria which promots a natureal fermatation that lowers the PH to a level at which clostridial and most mould growth is inhibited

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20
Q

What conditions does maize like to grow in?

A

30 degrees celcius

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21
Q

Is Maize high labour crop?

A

No- Low labor input

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22
Q

List 9 advantages of Maize?

A
  • Relatively easy, low labor input crop
  • Effective break crop
  • It spreads and reduces the work-load in spring
    and autumn
  • It can be grown anywhere in the rotation
  • Single harvest crop – fragmentation
  • Use of organic fertilizers
  • High yielding/ energy crop
  • Increase forage intake
  • Consistent quality
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23
Q

What are the challenges with Maize in ireland?

A
  • Maize in the open is typically very variable from year to year
  • Poor seed bed, laying of film, general agronomy practices lead to
    poor crops
  • Trading between grower and livestock farmer
  • Suitable varieties on NRL is limited – small market
  • Herbicides limited – small market
  • Majority is now grown with film which brings its own challenges with
    regards to suitable varieties, herbicide etc
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24
Q

What are factors affecting maize production in Ireland? (10)

A
  • Site
  • Sowing date
  • Variety
  • Seeding rate
  • Plastic cover
  • Weed control
  • Fertiliser
  • Foliar disease
  • Harvest date
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25
If you have pig slurry....
You can make maize silage for pennies.
26
Maize , is it consistent through a silage pit?
Maize has a consistent quality throughout the silage pit, unlike grass silage.
27
Slide 22 Forage Crop Margin Slide
28
What is a critical factor for Maize?
Site suitability
29
What is an ideal site suitability? (6)
– South facing – Fertile – Good shelter – Without excessive shade – Good access to roadway – Dry for early April planting and October harvest
30
What can be an issue in wet harvesting wet conditions?
Compaction
31
What is an 'excellent site' for maize? (4)
-0.50m above sea level -Free draining -South facing -Sheltered
32
What is an 'good' for maize? (4)
-50-75m above sea level -Good soil condition -Southerly aspect -reasonable shelter
33
What is an 'marginal site' for maize? (4)
-75-100m above sea level -Heavy ground -Late sowing/early harvest -Exposed site
34
Whats the seeding rate for maise?? Whats the inches between Maize plants?
38,000 plants per acre 30 inches between each plant
35
What disease can be a problem in maize but not in ireland?
Folliar Disease
36
What do you need t ensure when you are picking maize for your site?
Look for a very suitable variety for your site
37
Late maturing varieties... what to know about them? What do they tend to product?
Shoulent be sown late higher yields
38
Whats the story with early maturing varities?
Lower yield but high starch (better for grain production)
39
Sowing date of Maize:
Recommended to sow when soil temperature reaches 10oC at 10 cm depth Late April , early may
40
What does sowing under plastic elevate?
Sowing under plastic elevates temperature and brings forward sowing date
41
What does early sowing increase?
Early sowing increase cob, grain and starch content
42
If sowing temps are too low for maize,,,
If sowing temps are too low during the phase of grain maturation - limit grain development
43
Slide 27 Look at graph
44
Varities, where do you find them? What are a necessity for early maturing ?
* +/- plastic? * Listed according to performance with plastic in Dept recommended list * For more marginal areas early maturing types are a necessity
45
Covering Maize with plastic
Covering with plastic is a very beneficial thing to do Mature crop
46
From 2012-2014 what were the control varities?
Beethoven, Beacon, Density in 2013 and Beethoven, Beacon in 2014
47
What does plastic cover increase?
Lead to increase in maize in Ireland * Not necessary in all conditions * Creates a micro-climate to promote growth and development * Film reduces the variability in crop yield from year to year – more predictable * Degradable mulch film can increase – DM yield – Whole plant DM% – Grain content – Starch content
48
What does plastic increase soil temperatures by? What % of maize was sown without plastic in 2022?
3 degrees in may and june 1.5 degrees in july * Increases germination and site filling * 10% maize in 2021 grown without plastic
49
Are open and film treatments harvested on the same date?
yes
50
Slide 37 graph
51
Are you allowed to use plastic covers in ireland now?
yes - compostable alternatives
52
Whats the compostible alternatives made from? Is it applied the same way? When should you plant? What does this alternative do? Is it cheaper or more expensive?
* Compostable alternatives * Made form plant starch that is broken down by bugs and M/O * Used and applied in the same way as the traditional plastic * Delay planting until after 20th April * Absorbs moisture and creates a drier climate * More expensive
53
Whats the plastic film called?
Oxo-degradable Plastic
54
Whats the aim for weed control in Maize?
eliminate weeds before they begin to complete – between 2-5 leaf stage of maize growth
55
Whats the options for herbicide application?
– Pre and during /post sowing – Post emergence – Timing will dictate herbicide choice – Cropping/ weed history – Emerged weeds dictate post emergence
56
What are the different diseases in Maize?
-Eyespot -Northern Corn Leaf Blight
57
List the 7 pests in Ireland for Maize?
* Wireworm * Leatherjackets * Slugs * Frit fly * Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica) * Birds * Badgers
58
Delay in harvest of Maize=
Delaying harvest increases DM, grain and starch contents – result from grain development
59
As Maize plant matures: 3
– WSC ↓ – Starch ↑ – Fibre ↓
60
Target for maize silage
30% DM 30% Starch
61
When growing maize for corn when do you harvest...
'100% of kernal hard, harvest Immediately'
62
Slide 27 nutritive value for maize
63
Positives of maize: 5
Improved milk yield during winter period Increased annual milk yield/ ha Consistent feedstuff? Reduced reliance on concentrates AFBI work shows MS can have a conc. sparing effect of up to 3.2 kg/cow/d High quality buffer feed
64
Negatives to Maize(4)
Reduced total forage production? Lower proportion of grazed grass in diet – higher cost Cost/risk of growing 22% area as maize Poor growing season
65
If your maize is less than 20% and >30% starch what happens to your feed?
Feeding value dependent on slower digestibility
66
Does maize give higher output?
gives higher milk yield, milk solids, milk fat and protein
67
Slide 51

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