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MCQ Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the function of PPO (polyphenol oxidase)?
A

Inhibition of post-harvest proteolysis by inhibiting activity of the plants proteases in the silo

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2
Q
  1. How much white clover should be included per hectare?
A

4.63 kg/ha

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3
Q

How much grass is sown per ha?

A

14kg/ha for diploid

16kg/ha for tetraploid

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4
Q
  1. If a plant has a caespitose growth habit, what does this mean?
A

Grows in tufts

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5
Q
  1. How much N can White Clover fix annually?
A

100-150 kgN/ha

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6
Q

What are characteristics of varieties with large leaves?

A
  • Longer petioles and fewer stolons
  • Suitable for lax, rotational grazing
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7
Q
  1. When does white clover have a lower leaf photosynthesis rate than grasses?
A
  • Spring
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8
Q
  1. When does white clover have a higher leaf photosynthesis rate than grasses?
A
  • Summer
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9
Q
  1. When does white clover rebuild its stolon/root reserves?
A
  • Autumn
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10
Q
  1. Over the summer period, which animals should be grazed on white clover ground?
A
  • Priority Stock
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11
Q
  1. What would the crude protein content of a white clover/PRG sward be?
A
  • 21%
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12
Q
  1. How many seeds does an adult dock produce per year?
A
  • 60,000
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13
Q
  1. In a high sward density, how many tillers will be present?
A
  • 30,000/m²
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14
Q
  1. During periods of continuous rain, what should you estimate grass DM as?
A
  • 12-15%
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15
Q
  1. During the first rotation in the spring or in periods of drier weather, what should you estimate grass DM as?
A
  • 18-19%
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16
Q
  1. During drought conditions, what should you estimate grass DM as?
A
  • 22-23
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17
Q
  1. A post-grazing sward height of 3.5-4cm represents a post-grazing residual of:
A
  • 0-50kg DM/ha
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18
Q
  1. What is grass Organic Matter Digestibility used to calculate?
A
  • Energy content/ UFL,UFV value
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19
Q
  1. Grazing swards with medium pre-grazing yields instead of high pre-grazing yields should result in:
A
  • Higher grass utilisation
  • Better sward quality
  • Higher leaf content
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20
Q
  1. Target Average Farm Cover during main grazing season:
A
  • 450-600kg DM/ha
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21
Q
  1. Stocking rate for adequate feeding of cows at pasture at required allowance:
A
  • 4.5 cows/ha
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22
Q
  1. What % of live leaf should you aim to maintain in the sward immediately ahead of the cows?
A
  • ˃65%
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23
Q
  1. At a stocking rate of 2.6 cows/ha, how much of the grazing area can be closed off for first cut silage?
A
  • 45-50%
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24
Q
  1. For each kg of grass silage fed as supplement, how much grass DM is replaced in the diet?
A
  • 0.9 kg DM
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25
Q
  1. What is the maximum ratio of field sides in grazing systems?
A
  • 4:1
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26
Q
  1. In early grazing, which animals should be let out first?
A
  • Lighter cattle
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27
Q
  1. What is the target number of days ahead at different stages of the season?
A
  • April-June: 12-14 days
  • July-August: 16-18 days
  • September-Closing: ˃25 days
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28
Q
  1. What is the usual amount of grass DM that a lactating ewe will eat daily?
A
  • 2.4kg DM
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29
Q
  1. Forward creep grazing of lambs can increase weaning weight by:
A
  • 2kg
30
Q
  1. What is the target weight gain of a lamb on grass post weaning?
A
  • 150g/day
31
Q
  1. How much of long established horse pasture is grazed?
A
  • 10%
32
Q
  1. After rejuvenation, how much of a horse pasture will be grazed?
A
  • 20-30%
33
Q

With horses, when should grazing occur?

A
  • Just before the rate of grass leaf growth declines
34
Q
  1. Why should hay be made from paddocks that have been previously grazed by horses?
A
  • Parasite control
35
Q
  1. What depth does shallow compaction go down to?
A
  • 10cm
36
Q
  1. What is the normal seeding rate for horse psature?
A
  • 11-15kg/acre
37
Q
  1. In laminitis, what causes endotoxins and exotoxins to be absorbed into the bloodstream?
A
  • Increased gut permeability, caused by irritation of the gut lining by increased acidity
38
Q
  1. What is the consequence of endotoxaemia?
A
  • Impaired circulation, particularly in the feet
39
Q
  1. What does ragwort poisoning cause in the liver?
A
  • Inhibition of the organs normal repair and regeneration process
40
Q

What are the 2 phases of feed-out?

A
  • Degradation of preserving organic acids
  • Rise in pH/ activity of spoilage organisms
41
Q

What are the primary fermentable substrates in temperate grasses?

A
  • Glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructans
42
Q

What are the weather effects on DM and WSC?

A
  • Increasing light intensity increases DM and WSC
  • Increasing temperature increases DM and reduces WSC
  • Increasing water supply reduces DM and WSC
43
Q
  1. What is the typical Buffering Capacity in grass?
A
  • 250 -350 mEq/kg DM
44
Q
  1. What is the typical Buffering Capacity in grass silage?
A
  • 1200-1500 mEq/kg DM
45
Q
  1. Which sugars are fermented by most lactic acid bacteria?
A
  • Sucrose, hexose, pentose
46
Q
  1. Which sugars are fermented by few lactic acid bacteria?
A
  • Fructans
47
Q
  1. What action is carried out by Saccharolytic clostridia?
A
  • Fermentation of sugars and Lactic Acid to produce Butyric Acid
48
Q
  1. What action is carried out by Proteolytic clostridia?
A
  • Ferment amino acids producing amines and ammonia
49
Q

What action is carried out by Enterobacteria spp.?

A
  • Ferment carbohydrates to short chain organic acids eg acetic acid, ethanol, hydrogen
50
Q

What do Enterobacteria spp produce?

A
  • Ammonia and nitrous oxide
51
Q

2 High moisture grains:

A

crimped grain 60-70%

urea treated grain 65-72%

52
Q

What is SMCO?

A

S-methyl cysteine sulphoxide
High levels cause red water in ruminants (haemoglobinuria) ***
Results in depressed DMI and anaemia

53
Q

What are the causes of nitrate accumulation in the plant?

A

Periods of rapid growth following periods of stress
High use of N fertilisers
***>2% DM is unsafe/ toxic <1% safe to feed

54
Q

Effect of winter feed on dry cow performance at parturition?

A

Kale: 3.27 (8kg and 4kg DM grass silage)
Swedes: 3.20 ( 8 kg and 4 kg DM grass silage)
Grass in situ: 2.85 (12kg)
Silage indoors: 3.58 (grass and silage ad lib)
***66%

55
Q

White clover growth

Red clover nitrogen fixation rate:

Roots

How much dry matter/ year is yielded by a PRG X RC sward?

How much dry matter yielded from 0kg N/ha chemical fertiliser?

A

200 kg N/ha (2-4 year lifespan)

Deep tap root for drought resistance and silage sward

11-13 tonne DM/year

15 tonne DM/ha

56
Q

Shape of clover leaves

A
57
Q

Characteristics of white vs red clover

A

Red
Not toothed

Has hairs

White
Toothed

No hairs

58
Q

When cutting RC silage what is the process?

A

Avoid condition mower – leaves prone to shattering

Cut silage crop to residual 7-8cm

Wilt for 24-48 hours

DM% 25-35%

59
Q

Factors affecting nitrogen fixation

A

Drought,
low temperature,
N fertiliser application,
clover sward content,
solar radiation,
soil aeration,
nutrient availability,
disease/
weed infestation.

60
Q

Clover seed mix high establishment?

A

Inclusion level is 3-6kg/ha

61
Q

White clover growth habit :

A

Stoloniferous growth habit makes it capable of colonising bare spaces in swards

62
Q

Nitrogen applied to horse pasture?

A

25-30 kg N/ ha applied in spring time

63
Q

What helps accelerate the loss of water from plants?

A

Conditioning – disruption of the cuticle as the cuticle limits the rate of water loss from the plant after mowing

64
Q

Type of bacteria that dominates the fermentation process?

A

Epiphytic lactic acid bacteria ***
Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria
Heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria

65
Q

Silage additives

A

Acid based, sugar-based, enzymes, enzyme + salt mix, inoculants and absorbents

3 CLASSES
Fermentation promoters/ stimulants
Fermentation inhibitors
‘Shelf life’ enhancers

66
Q

What are the WSC contents of silage measured in?

A

g/L aqueous extract

67
Q

What is the buffering capacity?

A

The equivalents of acid per unit DM required to lower crop pH from 6 to 4

68
Q

What is the typical BC rang in grass?

A

250-340 mEw/kg DM

69
Q

unction of homofermentative lactic acid bacteria?

A

Ferment 1 mole of glucose/ fructosw to 2 moles of lactic acid

70
Q

Function of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria?

A

Produce lactic acid plus acetic acid ethanol or mannitol

71
Q

When is the best time to sample silage?

A

At least 6 weeks post-harvest **
Representative sample
Core samples or feed face samples

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