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GFP :0 > Lecture 6 Legumes > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Legumes Flashcards

1
Q

1- Whats the enviormental targets by 2050

2- Whats the environmental targets by 2030?

3- What is the target for the EU Farm to fork strategy?

A

1-Climate neutral economy by 2050

2-25% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030

3-The EU Farm to Fork strategy has set a target to reduce:
❖ nutrient losses by at least 50%
❖ fertilizer use by at least 20% by 2030
➢ 22-25% by 2025
➢ 27-30% by 2030 (Food Vision Dairy Group)

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2
Q

1- PRG Seed sales in Ireland:

2- What seed dominates the national recommended list and why?

A

1* 95% of seed sales in Ireland are PRG

2* PRG dominates the national recommended varieties
list
* Why?
❖High digestibility
❖High in CHO
❖High yield
❖Positive response to defoliation
❖Carry high SR
❖High responsive to nitrogen

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3
Q

Slide 10 predicted effect of 20% reduction in chemical N fertiliser on grass only swards

A
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4
Q

Why traditionally is there a low usage of clover inclusion? (6)

A

➢ Low cost of chemical N
➢ Risk of poor establishment
➢ Poor spring growth
➢ Increase in reseeding requirements
➢ Poor persistency
➢ Change to grazing management

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5
Q

Why may it be a good idea to include clover in our swards now? (5)

A
  • Environmental challenges
  • Cost of fertiliser and feed
  • DAFM Schemes – Red clover silage measure
  • Requirement under Nitrates Derogation
  • Increase NUE
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6
Q

Explain the N cycle with legumes:

A
  • Rhizobium bacteria (on roots) form a symbiotic relationship with the legume plant
  • Capable of biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation - the conversion of inert
    atmospheric N (from soil air) into nutritionally valuable plant protein for growth
    and development (N Fixation)
  • N gas is converted to ammonia in nodules present on the root – ammonium N
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7
Q

Slide 15 diagram- know where the nodules are and the tap roots. Maybe label them in a diagram on the exam?

A
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8
Q

What does the rhizobium bacteria in the soil do?

A

invade the roots of legumes and form
nodules that are the site of conversion of N from the soil air into protein

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9
Q

Whats the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobia bacteria and legume plant?

What is the rate of fixation?

A

Rhizobia bacteria provide the legume plant with N in the form
of ammonium
* Legume plant provides the bacteria with CHO (sugar) for energy
* Rate of N2 fixation = plant growth
* Factors that affect plant growth will reduce N2 fixation
Legumes can then supply N to PRG growing alongside it

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10
Q

List the 8 factors that effect N2 fixation

A
  • Drought
  • Low temperature
  • Late spring/ early summer before there will be a significant
    contribution of N to the sward from N fixation
  • Nutrient availability
  • Soil structure – aeration
  • Disease/ weed infestation
  • Clover sward content
  • N fertiliser application
  • Solar radiation
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11
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

CO2 + H2O > C6H12O6 + O2

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12
Q

Name a hybrid clover?

A

Alsike (hybrid) Clover

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13
Q

Red clover Identification (7)

A
  • Light crescent bond may or may not be present

-Leaf margin not toothed

-Usually has hairs

-Point of stipule short and sharp

-Stem is errect with hairs

-Seed is yellow to purple

-Purple flower

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14
Q

Alsike clover Identification (7)

A

-No Crescent

-Slightly Toothed

-No hairs

-Point of stipule long

-Stem erect with no hairs

-Seed light green to black

-Pinkish flower

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15
Q

White clover Identification (7)

A

-Whitosh leaf markings on the upper mid surface

-Leaf margin toothed

-No hairs

-Stipule

-Stem suns along the ground

-Seed yellow to brown

-White flower

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16
Q

Does red and white clover both have hairs?

A

NO
Red= yes

White= NO

17
Q

What type of roots does white clover have?

A

Stolon rooting system

18
Q

What type of roots does red clover have and ladoino white clover ?
Slide 25 just look at clover diagrams

A

Tap roots

19
Q

Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)

1- How long does it live

2- What sort of leaves?

3- What sort of roots?

4- How does it manage in drought situations?

5- What should you alternate with?

6- What sort of growth habit does it have?

A

1* Short-lived perennial
2* Leaves are trifoliate
3* Deep tap root
4* Drought tolerant
5* Alternate with a pale,
inverted crescent-shaped
mark on the mid-upper
surface
6* Erect growth habit

20
Q

Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)

1- How common is it?

2- Whats the N fixation rate of it?

3- Life span?

4-Whats it suited to?

5- What can it yield ?

A

1* RC is the second most common legume in Ireland

2* Higher N fixation than WC @ 200-300 kg N/ha/year

3* Shorter life span – 3-4 years

4* Suited to short term leys and silage swards

5* PRG/RC pastures can yield 11-16 t/DM/year

21
Q

Red clover diagram labelled learn it : slide 28

A
22
Q

Whats the advantages of red clover?(10)

A
  • Highly productive - 11-16 t/DM/yr
  • N fixing – 200+ kg N/ha/yr
  • Short life span of 3-4 years
  • Protein- and mineral-rich species
  • Adapted to a wide range of soil and environmental
    conditions
  • Has good winter hardiness
  • Erect growth habit makes it suitable for hay and silage
    making
  • High nutritive value and VFI characteristics lead to
    good animal performance
  • Increased animal performance
  • Valuable break crop in arable farming and organic
    farming on account of N- fixation ability and as a
    source of OM
23
Q

Management of Red clover:

1- Whos recommended list do we use?

2- What does it preform well with?

3- Whats the seed rate?

4- When should you reseed this?

5- What do you have to remember with the post emergence spray?

6- Soil ph?

7- Soil Index?

8- What should you see before first cut of silage?

9- When do you harvest?

10- When is the early harvest?

A

1* UK Recommended List
2* High performing PRG varieties from PPI
3* Seeding rate 20-22 kg/ha of grass seed and 7-
10kg/ha red clover (3-4kg/acre)
4* Spring reseed (sow April to June)
5* Clover-safe post-emergence herbicide
6* Soil pH 6.3 – 7.0 and
7-Index 3 for P and K
8* Allow to flower before first silage cut in mid-May
9* Harvest every 6-8 weeks (3 cut system)
10* Early harvest (26th May) increased clover content
total annual DM yield

24
Q

Slide 31:The effect of chemical nitrogen fertiliser on dry
matter production in red clover silage swards
Slide 32: High P and K requirement graphs

A
25
Q

Red clover management :
1- What should you avoid using?

2- What should you cut silage crop to?

3- How long should you wilt for?

4- When should herbage be cut/grazed?

5-What should you make sure not to damage?

6- Whats the optimum post grazing height?

7- What’s the optimum over winter sward height?

8- What is the risk with red clover?

9- Whats the 4 year disease break?

A

1* Avoid conditioner mower – leaves prone to shattering
2* Cut silage crop to a residual height of 7-8cms
3* Wilt for 24-36hrs to 30% DM
➢Lower DM and WSC
4* Herbage should be cut/grazed in October
5* Without any physical damage to the crowns
6* Optimum post grazing height 5-6cm
7* Optimum over winter sward height 4-6cms
8* Risk of bloat
9* 4- year disease break e.g. Clover rot (Sclerotinia)

26
Q

Red Clover silage (RCS) - Polyphenol oxidase
(PPO)

1-Increasing RCS =

2- What has it very little impact on?

3- Lower degradability of what in the silo and in the
rumen due to PPO?

4- What does PPO do for the plant?

5- What does PPO Reduce ?

A

1-Increasing RCS = Increase dietary N

2- Very little impact on NUE

3- Lower degradability of proteins
(proteolysis) in the silo and in the
rumen due to PPO

4- PPO protects plant proteins and
reduces their solubility

5- Reduces rumen ammonia-N release
and increase the partitioning of N to
faeces

27
Q

What are the disadvantages to red clover? (6)

A
  • Relatively short-lived species
  • Unsuited to intensive grazing
  • More difficult to ensile - Higher BC, longer wilt, lower WCS
  • Yields decline markedly over time
  • Bloat in ruminants
  • Reduces fertility in breeding ewes if grazed during immediate
    pre-mating and mating periods.
28
Q

When you have breeding ewes what should you not allow?

A

Dont allow them to graze red clover swards or eat red clover silage for a period of 6 weeks before and after mating to avoid any adverse effect of red clover oestrogens on lambing percentage

29
Q

Whats the best seeding rate of PRG and red clover per hectare?

A

PRG + 8kg/ha RC=
14,000 kg DM/ha

30
Q

List a popular red clover variety on the United
Kingdom (UK)
Recommended
List of Red
Clover Varieties

A

Fearga

31
Q

Whats the total annual DM yield of varieties available on
the UK Red Clover Recommend List 2020-2021?

A

Average = 100 at 11.69 t DM /ha of varieties on the UK Rec Clover Recommended List 2020-2021

32
Q

What variety have the best annual DM Yield of red clover on the recommended list in 2024?

A

Aberclaret- 15,000 kg DM/ha

Ferga 12,500 kg DM/ha

33
Q

Effect of RC on feed intake and
animal performance:
Dairy cows (2)

A
  • Increase DMI by 1.2 kg
  • Increase milk yield by 1.5
    kg
34
Q

Effect of RC on feed intake and
animal performance:

Beef Cattle:

A

beef cattle offered RC silage had an ADG of
1.04 kg vs 0.59 kg on
grass silage

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