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Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Nationally what % of land is reseeded per annum?

A

2-3%

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2
Q

Regular reseeding tool place on a **% of participants farms, **% reseed in frequently, **% never reseed
(Dairy)

A

-50%
-25%
-25%

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3
Q

Of those that reseed
-50% of participants reseed **ha/year
-20% reseed **ha/year

A

-2-4 ha/year
-<2ha/year

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4
Q

**% of participants prioritise reseeding the grazing area

A

75%

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5
Q

Whats the benefits of reseeding? (2)

A

-Increased spring/autumn DM production
-Improved sward quality

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6
Q

Whats the preferred time to reseed?
-What % in preferred time?
-What % in other time?
-What % in combination?

A

Autumn - 66% of survey participants
-13% in spring
-21% combination

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7
Q

On dairy platforms what % of participants soil test area before being reseeded?

A

-50%

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8
Q

-what % use plough
-what % use minimum cultivation
-what % use a combination of both

A

-50% plough
-20% use minimum cultivation
-30% use combination of both

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9
Q

When seeding:
-what % use fertiliser spreader
-what % use seed barrow/drill?

A

-40%
-35%

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10
Q

What % of farms used post emergence spray?

A

-50%

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11
Q

What % of participants have swards affected by docks?

A

-85%

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12
Q

Whats docks directly linked to?

A

Directly linked to low usage of post emergence spray and timing of reseeding

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13
Q

Why do we reseed?

A

-Because Permanent Grassland is composed to grass inferior to PRG
-Its important to have vigour’s sward as we need grass in early spring and late autumn

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14
Q

Definition: Vigorous Sward:

A

a sward that can grow out of season, have a high tiller density and provide adequate grass production when required
* Medium term investment = management objectives of the farm

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15
Q

If there is a lot of sward patchy and bare soil on your farm what happens? (2)

A

1-Productivity decreases due to extra weed grasses

2- Decreased root structure - soil is more easily damages

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16
Q

What is the aim for grass area on your farm?

A

Thick , leafy sward with plenty of young shoots
– A thin open sward will have a low yield of grass (low DM/h)
– A small % can be tolerated for tetraploid varieties

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17
Q

A thin open sward will have :

A

Low yield of grass (low DM/ha)

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18
Q

How long does it take silage swards to deteriorate ?
any why?

A

-Relatively short time
-Because it becomes more open
-Unsown species creep in ( creeping bentgrass/ Yorkshire fog)

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19
Q

What % ryegrass do you aim for?
-How much tonne/DM /Ha/Year vs PP
-How much more responsive is it to available nutrients?
-Losses of us to how much/ha in grass production?
-When is ryegrass less persistent ?

A

-60%
-+3 tonne DM/Ha/year vs PP
-25% more responsive to available nutrients
-Losses of up to €300/ha grass production
-Less persistent under silage harvesting (5-6 years)

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20
Q

What is detrimental to ryegrass?

A

-Late harvesting
-Low cutting heights
-Poor soil fertility

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21
Q

Where are grass weeds abundant?

A

Long term pastures

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22
Q

Are unknown species productive?

A

Alot less productive than PRG

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23
Q

-Creeping bent has only a **% production potential of PRG
-Whats the DMD ?

A

-75% Production Potential of PRG
-Lower DMD by 8 units

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24
Q

What is used to control weeds ?

A

Herbicides- but under certain conditions it may be necessary to reseed a sward

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25
Q

Grass production per month in a sward containing 15% PRG and 100% PRG - what does it show?

A

-100% PRG has higher tonnes DM/ha
-There is an extra +2.7 tonnes DM/ha

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26
Q

Where do you see benefits of increased % of PRG?
-What happens if pastures have less than 60% PRG?

A

In February:
-Pastures with less than 60% PRG will not support early or late grazing systems as insufficient grass is being produced.

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27
Q

6 advantages of reseeding :

A

1- Increased the productivity of swards- with better out of season production
2- Allow a higher level of mid - season regrowth
3-Provide swards which respond better to applied N (25%)***
4-Imporved grass quality
5-Reduce silage requirements
6-Increase carrying capacity

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28
Q

What is the benefits of Grazing newly reseeded sward: (4)

A

-More grass grown (10-20%) > productive tillers in the seed mix
-Longer growing season
-Rapid re-growth - more productive cultivars
-Higher palatability/digestibility , increased sugar/WSC

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29
Q

What are the benefits of newly reseed sward for silage ? (4)

A

-Higher quality (6+ units DMD)
-Easier to preserve (higher sugar content)
-Faster recovery
-Consistently higher yields

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30
Q

When and why to reseed?

A

Early Spring-Autumn
* Low production, regrowth, response to nutrients
* High percentage of open ground
* Low percentage of PRG
* High percentage of undesirable grasses/weeds
* Low percentage of clover
* Change of pasture species (+ other grasses/ legumes/ herbs)
* Part of rotation/ winter forage crops

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31
Q

What are the objectives of reseeding ? (4)

A

1-Increase the overall productivity of the farm
➢ Increase the carrying capacity (stocking rate)
➢ Allow higher animal output – 8% higher milk output per hectare relative to permanent pasture
➢ Increase grass quality
2-Are more responsive to fertiliser
3-Increase grass utilisation
4-Allow white clover/perennial ryegrass pastures to establish

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32
Q

Whats the target turnout time to get reseed back into production?

A

Should be 60 days (8-9 weeks)

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33
Q

How long does it take a sward to fully establish?

A

11 months

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34
Q

Autumn reseeding:
1-What sort of establishment can you get?
2-Degrees for grass seedlings and clover seedlings?
3-What is required for tillering during winter?
4-What can be an issue for Autumn reseeding (2 anwsers)?

A

1- you can get poor establishment
2- 6 degrees for grass, 8 degrees for clover
3- Early sowing is required for tillering during winter
4-Frit-fly attack
4- There is little-to-no time to apply post emergence herbicides**

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35
Q

1-For Autumn reseeding when is the most suitable month for reseeding?
2-What does reseeding early allow?
3-If clover is included what needs to be done?
4-What is the establishment like?
5-What is the soil temperature threshold like?

A

1- August
2- Allows seedlings to commence tillering before the onset of winter
3-Reseeding dates needs to be earlier
4-Longer establishment (8-10 vs 4-6 weeks)
5-Higher threshold soil temperature (8 degrees vs 6 degrees)

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36
Q

Whats the advantages of reseeding in spring: (4)

A

1- Reduced risk of low temps and frost damage
2- Risk of drought and SMD is not a factor
3- Opportunity to graze the sward that helps to promote tillering
4- Application of post emergence spray

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37
Q

Whats the disadvantages to reseeding in spring (3)

A

1- Increased damaged as cows are reaching peak lactation
2- Large areas of grassland are closed off for silage production
3- Labour

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38
Q

Why do you soil test before reseeding? (5)

A

1- Shows fertility and pH of soil
2- Correct fertiliser and lime levels
3- Work fertiliser into the seedbed
4- Lime application when not ploughing
5- Developing seedlings are very sensitive to pH

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39
Q

Definition: Soil Fertility

A

The quality of a soil that enables it to provide nutrients in adequate amounts and in proper balance for the growth of specific plants or crops

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40
Q

List 3 Essential Nutrients in Soil :

A

1-Phosphorus
2-Potassium
3-Lime

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41
Q

Why is Phosphorus essential ?(2)

A

1- Essential for root development and sward establishment
2- P is immobile in the soil

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42
Q

Why is Potassium essential? (3)

A

1- Controls the loss of water by transpiration through the leaf pores
2-Sugar formulation and root development
3-Transport of metabolites and nutrients within the plant

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43
Q

Why is lime essential? (3)

A

-Optimum pH of 6.3 for grassland
-If pH is low there will be poor establishment
-Trash can release organic acids (OA’s) as it breaks down - inhibit germination

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44
Q

Reseeding methods/ systems:

A

1- Plough , till, sow
2-Alternatives to conventional: Disking, one-pass, direct drilling
3- Shallow cultivation (Disking) (Disk Harrow)
4- Minimum Cultivation (One-pass)
5- Direct drilling/stitching in /overshowing

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45
Q

What does the Plough , Till, Sow system include:
(Steps)
What is a con of doing this?

A
  • Expensive
  • Bury trash, competitors and pests
  • Provides the basis for a level sound
    seedbed - fine, firm, level
  • Ploughing may not always be possible
  • Shallow ploughing (c.15cm)
  • Steps: Spray off old
    sward/Plough/Spread Lime/Land
    Level/ Spread Fertiliser/One pass
    with Seed/Roll
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46
Q

If you are using the conventional Plough, till, sow what steps are involved? (9)

A

-Involves ploughing
* Old sward is sprayed off – glyphosate
* Can be burnt off before harvesting (10 days)/ grazing (5-7 days)
* Plough <15cm
* Apply lime
* Land level
* Apply fertilizer
* Sow the seed
* Roll > important not to bury seeds***

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47
Q

Whats important about your seedbed?

A

Needs to be a firm , fine, level seedbed

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48
Q

What are the alternative methods to conventional ? (3)

A
  • Discing
  • One pass
  • Direct drilling
    ➢Stitching in
    ➢Undersowing
    ➢Oversowing
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49
Q

What can deep cultivation do?

A

-Bury Nutrients

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50
Q

What is the benefits of shallow cultivation?

A

keeps nutrients close to the surface <where the developing roots will be

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51
Q

What is the one pass system? for shallow cultivation ?
Whats the Aim?

A

-2-3 passes of disc harrow in angled directions, land level, lime & fertiliser, one pass with seed, roll
* Aim: produce a fine, firm, level seedbed

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52
Q

What does a firm seedbed do?

A

Conserves moisture

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53
Q

What does a loose seedbed allow?

A

Moisture to evaporate easily inhibiting germination

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54
Q

Benefits of minimum cultivation:

A

-Introduction of PRG without ploughing (reduced cost)
-Some areas are too stony to plough, topography

-One – pass: lime & fertiliser, one pass with rotary power harrow
with seed, roll
* Spray off as trash will not be buried by ploughing
* Sward is then grazed / cut to a low level
* Apply 2.5 t lime/ha to neutralize the OAs produced by the trash
before sowing**
* More weeds may occur**

55
Q

Whats the benefits of minimum cultivation ?

A

Soil disturbance is at a minimum- support traffic post establishment

Young seedlings can make use of the fertile soil at ground level, as cultivation is shallow

Machine , accuracy, setting, speed- is very important

56
Q

If the existing sward is sprayed off then you can :

A

Direct drill
Existing sward is sprayed off (round - up)

57
Q

If the existing sward remains then you can:

A

Stich in/ Oversow
Sward is supressed in some cases (Reglone) to reduce competition.
Important to keep the existing sward supressed to allow the new seedlings develop

58
Q

What can direct drilling graze with?
What do you deposit the grass slots in?
When is it most successful to direct drill?

A
  • Can graze with weanlings or sheep
  • Deposit the grass in slots 2to 5 apart
  • Most successful after a heavy cut of silage – as the
    old sward will be much more open
59
Q

List Cultivation Techniques: (4)

A

-Ploughing
-Disking
-One-pass
-Direct Drill

60
Q

What is a dont with ploughing:

A

dont plough too deep (>15cm) cloddy , loose seedbed

61
Q

What is a do with ploughing?

A

Shallow plough- develop a fine firm level seedbed

62
Q

Whats a dont with dicsing?

A

Drive with fast forward speed- rough, uneven seedbed

63
Q

Whats a do with disking ?

A

graze tight 2-3 passes in angles directions - apply lime

64
Q

Whats a dont with one-pass system?

A

Drive with fast forward speed- rough, patchy, seedbed

65
Q

Whats a do with one-pass system?

A

Graze tight , apply lime, slow forward speed at cultivation

66
Q

Whats a dont with direct drill?

A

Trashy seedbed- no seed/soil contact. Use when ground it hard and dry

67
Q

Whats a do with direct drill?

A

Graze tight apply lime and slug pellets , wait for moist ground conditions (slight cut in ground)

68
Q

What is the only thing that isn’t sprayed off with glyphosate before reseeding?

A

Chemical application of diquat to suppress existing sward (DIQ)

69
Q

If reseeding is carried out correctly is there a difference in reseeding methods?

A

No there’s no difference

70
Q

When choosing a seed mixture for reseeding what are the seed mixture questions you need to ask yourself?

A
  • Why are you reseeding?
    Open ground/ old grasses/ return from tillage etc.
  • What sort of sward do you want?
    Silage sward/ early grazing/ low N etc.
  • Are you going to include clover in the mix?
    If yes, then what varieties.
71
Q

Whats the objective of choosing a seed mixture?

A

to combine grasses of differing traits to obtain good overall DM production especially in the Spring/ Autumn periods

72
Q

When choosing a seed mixture what do you need to ensure : (9)

A
  • Good overall DM production (spring/autumn)
  • High sward density
  • Suitable to a range of enterprises
  • Heading date
  • WSC/DMD
  • Persistency
  • Combination of grasses of different traits
  • 3 to 4 varieties (min 3kg each)
  • 35 kg/ha (14kg/ac)
73
Q

What sort of leaves are you looking for for dairy / beef animals and sheep?

A
  • DAFM NRL simulated grazing – PPI value €€€
  • Seasonal growth
  • High DMD
  • Medium leaf WC for dairy/beef and small leaf
    WC for sheep
74
Q

When choosing a silage mix what are you looking for?(5)

A
  • DAFM NRL high yield varieties especially 1st cut
  • Heading date will have a big impact – small range
  • Intermediate varieties for 2-cut system (40%)
  • Reduced intermediates for 1-cut
  • Max 40% tetraploids – need to be persistent
75
Q

If you are choosing a mix for wetlands, what are you looking for?

A
  • Late heading varieties preferably diploid
    varieties should dominate
  • 15-20% highly persistent tetraploid
  • Low growth habit
  • High tiller density
  • Good mid season grass quality
76
Q

If you are choosing a mix for drylands what are you looking for?

A
  • Late heading varieties play a major role
  • Some excellent late tetraploids with high
    spring grass growth
  • Combined with high density high digestibility
    diploids
  • Tetraploids > 35 - 50%
77
Q

List the 4 important stages of sward establishment:

A
  1. Germination
  2. Emergence
  3. Root development
  4. Tillering
78
Q

Definition: Germination

A

➢ Re-growth of a seed (embryo) after a period of dormancy if environmental
conditions are suitable
➢ Growth of the seed into a new plant is fueled by using the food stored
inside the seed

79
Q

Definition : Emergence

A

➢ Shoots to emerge above ground

80
Q

Definition: Root emergence

A

➢ Access own feed supply from the soil

81
Q

Definition: Tillering

A

➢ Development of a plant that is similar to the parent plant from a bud that
is formed as each new leaf appears in the leaf axial or where the leaf joins
the stem

82
Q

What sort of germination rate does PRG seeds have ?

A

PRG seeds have a very quick germination rate, so once the temperatures are right, there is water, oxygen and seed-soil contact,
the seeds should germinate within 5 to 10 days

83
Q

Seed tissues (7)

A
  • Embryo – contains the tissues that develop into the new
    seedling plant
  • Endosperm – energy reserve
  • Cotyledon – barrier between the embryo and endosperm
  • Plumule – primary shoot
  • Radicle – primary root***
  • Coleorhiza – protective sheath for the radicle
  • Coleoptile – protective sheath for the plumule
84
Q

Whats germination dependent on?
What does the 1st stage involve ?

A

– Viable seed
– Correct environment
– Decay of seed coat

  • First stage involves the passive uptake of water - 12 to 24 hrs **
  • Cells surrounding the endosperm release enzymes that break down the starch to sugars
85
Q

What happens to the sugars when seed is germinating?

A
  • Sugars absorbed by the cotyledon and pass to the embryo
  • These supply the energy and raw materials
    necessary for the growth of the plumule and
    radicle
86
Q

in germination what appears?

A

Coleorhiza and Radicle Appear

87
Q

What is the Coleorhiza?

A

Protective covering for the primary root and emerges first
-Radicle follows soon after
-2 pairs of lateral roots follow (rootlets)

88
Q

What does the seed provide foe the shoots to emerge above ground?

A

Sufficient energy

89
Q

If seeds are buried too deep what happens ?
Whats a sufficient level to bury seeds?

A
  • If buried too deeply, seeds will not have
    sufficient energy to emerge – seedlings die
  • 1-2cm is sufficient
90
Q

Germination rate % of PRG and White clover when sown at 2cm depth:

A

PRG- 94%
White Clover- 63%

91
Q

What do seedlings depend on for energy until the roots gain their own feed supply from the soil?

A

-There own energy reserves

92
Q

What is essential for good root development?

A

Rapid and good seed soil contact =FIRM, FINE, LEVEL SEEDBED

93
Q

When is the vegetative stage for seeds?

A

Germination- Tillering

94
Q

What is tillering of a plant similar to?

A

Similar to the parent plant from a bud that is formed as each new leaf appears in the leaf axel or where the leaf joins the stem

95
Q

Definition: Tillering

A

development of a plant that is similar to the parent plant from a bud that is formed as each new leaf appears in the leaf axial or where the leaf joins the stem

96
Q

Stages of tillering:
How many tillers/plant :

A

-Parent plant - Primary tillers- Secondary tillers
-4-5 tillers/plant

97
Q

Whats PRG’s 2nd advantage when it comes to tillering ?
-When do tillers normally develop?
-Whats the seeding rate ?
-What influences tillering?
-What should you use on PRG after sowing?
-What do you need to make sure in terms of grazing?
-What does too soon silage cut lead to?

A
  • Main shoot appears above ground level – leaf
    formation should proceed rapidly
  • At 3-4 leaf stage, a tiller normally develops in
    the axial of the first leaf
  • Seeding rate of 1000 seeds/m2 > 10,000 to
    15,000 tillers/m2
  • Influenced by light and nitrogen
  • Nitrogeous fertiliser at sowing and after grazing
  • Must be grazed before closed off for silage
  • Too soon silage cut > leads to open swards/
    weeds
98
Q

What happens in the 3-4 leaf stage?

A

A tiller develops in the axial of the first leaf

99
Q

What does tillering allow the PRG plant to do?

A

Fill a paddock , increase its density and regenerate itself

100
Q

List 3 factors that affect litter production:

A
  1. Defoliation
  2. Nitrogen level
  3. Shading
101
Q

What is the number of tillers dependent on?
When is production of new tillers peaks?
When are there tiller deaths?
When is there the greatest number of tillers?

A

Management inputs- difficult to predict the number of tillers
Generally :
* Production of new tillers peaks in March/ April and again June/ July
* Tiller deaths greatest in May/ June
* Tiller no.s greatest in March-May and July- August

102
Q

What does tillering help reduce?
To encourage tillering what should you do?(4)

A

Tillering helps reduce the space available for
weeds
* To encourage tillering:
➢ Apply nitrogen 3-4 weeks after sowing
➢ Graze the reseed when it is about 6-7 cm high
➢ Continue to graze the reseed in the first year of
production
➢ Avoid cutting the new reseed for silage in the first
year (if possible)

103
Q

What is PRG vegetative structure like?
How long?
What sort of stem?
What sort of growth habit?

A
  • Growing tip is just above ground level throughout the vegetative phase
  • Very short true stem - 3cm
  • Pseudo stem that consists of leaf sheaths
  • Good grazing management does not damage the growing point
  • Tufted growth habit
104
Q

How often does a new leaf appear for PRG?

A

Every 11 days (April-September)

105
Q

How many live leaves of PRG is there at any 1 time ?

A

3 live leaves

106
Q

Whats the average leaf longevity of PRG?

A

33 days

107
Q

Whats the most important variable affecting leaf growth?

A

Light and temperature

108
Q

Whats the story with PRG tillering?

A

Freely tillering***

Tiller density is high in grazing and lower in a cutting regime

3 leaf per tiller - 3 leaf grazing

In spring 1st leaf relatively small increase in size until the maximum reached

in autumn the opposite evolution is observed

109
Q

What sort of root system foes PRG have?
What dept does it reach?

A

Fibrous root system
– Reach 1 - 1.5 m deep
– Majority in the first 15 cm
– Highly branched
– Root hairs absorb water from the soil

110
Q

When does root growth start in PRG?
When does growth slow?
How long is the root lifetime?

A

1-2 months before leaves
Slows in summer and starts back in autumn
Root lifetime 2-3 months during growing season

111
Q

Whats the primary organ for photosynthesis and transpiration in PRG leaves?

A

Leaves

112
Q

How does Photosynthesis work?

A

Light energy > chlorophyll of the leaf mesophyll cells

113
Q

What does leaves have for vascular system?

A

Veins

114
Q

What is in the Cell wall of grass?

A

NDF

115
Q

What is in the cell content of grass?

A

-Sugars
-Oil
-Protein
-Minerals
-Other

116
Q

What are essential metabolic processes that occur within the plant ? (4)

A

-Photosynthesis(Chloroplast)
2-Respiration(Cytoplasm and mitochondria)
3-Biological Nitrogen Fixation(Legumes)
4-Transpiration (Stomata)

117
Q
  • Use this energy for ALL other metabolic processes
  • Directly relates to yield
    -What is this process called?
A

Photosynthesis (Chloroplasts )

118
Q

Post establish management :
For the first 8 weeks what’s the DONTS

A

Graze at high cover >1200kg DM/Ha
Don’t Harvest for silage

119
Q

Post establish management :
For the first 8 weeks what’s the DO’s

A

Spray weeds before grazing
Graze when grass is at stage 2 leaf stage
N and P and K
Slug Pellets if required

120
Q

Post establish management :
Second grazing onwards what’s the DONTS

A

Allow high covers to develop
Graze in really dry or wet conditions

121
Q

Post establish management :
Second grazing onwards what’s the DO’s

A

Graze at 1000-1400 kg DM/Ha (6-7cm)
Respray weeds if necessary

122
Q

Post establish management :
Autumn what’s the DONTS

A

Overgraze or poach
Apply excessive slurry

123
Q

Post establish management :
Second grazing onwards what’s the DO’s

A

Keep grazing at 1200kg DM/ha
Graze off well before first winter (<4cm)
Light slurry application

124
Q

Post establish management :
Second year what’s the DONTS

A

Overgraze or poach

125
Q

Post establish management :
Second year what’s the DO’s

A

Ensure the new sward receives adequate nitrogen
Monitor soil P and K status

126
Q

All the benefits of reseeding can be lost after sowing due to :

A
  • Poor soil fertility - poor establishment and tillering
  • Grazing at high grass covers or cutting for silage – tiller/plant death
  • Weed infestation (especially docks) – loss of ground cover
  • Pest attack (frit fly, leatherjackets and slugs) – tiller/plant death
  • Poaching – don’t damage new reseeds
127
Q

For weed control when is the best time to spray?
What are the most popular weeds?
When is it essential to control certain weeds?
What dictates choice of herbicide?

A

-Best control 2-3 leaf stage
* Docks, thistles & chickweed most prevalent
* Essential to control docks and chickweed @ seedling
stage
* White clover inclusion will dictate choice of herbicide

128
Q

What are the 3 pests
What so you need to comply with?

A
  • Frit fly
  • Leatherjackets
  • Slugs
    ➢ Compliance with Sustainable Use Directive (SUD)required
129
Q

When is fruit fly most common?
What happens?
What is the control:

A
  • Most common in autumn after a dry summer
  • Larvae are born in the centre shoot which will
    turn yellow and die
  • Control: ➢ Leaving ground unsown after ploughing (6weeks +)
    ➢ Suitable insecticide
130
Q

Where is Leather jackets most commonly found:
What does it result in?
What is important to do after sowing?
When are you at highest risk for these?

A
  • Most common in wetter or heavier soils
  • Results in dead plants on soil surface
  • Rolling important after sowing (firm seedbed)
  • Up to the time of tillering is the highest risk
    time
131
Q

Where are slugs most commonly found?
What attracts them?
What do they do?

A
  • Common in wet weather/ damp fields
  • High levels of trash on the seedbed
    ➢ Direct drilling – slit in ground
  • Shred leaves
132
Q

What do you watch out for to ensure pests arent in your ground?

A
  1. Patchy establishment
  2. Mild damp autumns
  3. Must roll the reseed
  4. Weed infestation
133
Q

Whats the cost of reseeding in 2023? per ac?

A

€40/ac

GFP :0 (12 decks)

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