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GFP :0 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Grass Growth Curve 2012-2018 UCD Lyons:
(4 points)

A

1- Grass growth in Spring below average due to snow storm.
2- Above average increase in May 100kg DM/Ha/Day to 110kg DM/Ha/Day in August.
-Droughts during summer drop to single figures for 6 weeks.
-Resulted in a deficit of 1.5 tonne DM/Ha grown in 2018.

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2
Q

1-Grassland accounts for **% of the total land area globally.
2-Grassland accounts for **% of the global land area without permanent ice cover.

A

1- 25%
2- 40%

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3
Q

In Europe grassland accounts for **% of the worlds total grassland area.

A

13%

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4
Q

Grasslands exist on every continent except …

A

Antarctica

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5
Q

Name the four places that all have grasses as their naturally dominant vegetation:

A

-Prairies in North America
-Steppes in Asia
-Pampas in South America
-Savannas in South Africa

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6
Q

Intensive and semi-intensive grassland represents **% of total land use

A

2%

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7
Q

What does grassland refer to?

A

-Community in which grasses (graminaea) are usually the dominant species,
-With forbs (herbaceous dicotyledonous species including legumes) are present.
-Trees and shrubs

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8
Q

List 5 roles of grassland:

A

1-Forage production
2-Ecosystem Services
3-Landscape and amenity value
4-Converting human inedible feed to high-quality nutrients
5-Significant contribution to global supplies

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9
Q

History of grassland:
1-* yrs ago- Ice age
2-* yrs ago species rich grassland

A

1- 20,000 years ago
2- 15-13,000 years ago

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10
Q

Grassland was a forest until ** years ago and ** years ago again largely grasslands

A

-5500 years ago
-4000 years ago

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11
Q

Treeless pasture is only about *** years old

A

300 years old (1700s)

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12
Q

In 2021 Grassland accounts for **% of total land use in Ireland

A

59%

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13
Q

Improved grassland definition:

A

Intensively managed or highly modified agricultural grassland that has been reseeded and/or regularly fertilised with chemical fertiliser.

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14
Q

What is the largest land use category?

A

-Grassland at 59%

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15
Q

The land area in Ireland is ** million hectares. There were almost ** hectares of AAU in 2016 in Ireland including *** hectares of commonage

A

-6.9 million hectares
-4.9 million hectares
-427,800 hectares

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16
Q

Grassland accounts for **% of Irish Agricultural land area

A

92%

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17
Q

**% of worlds total grassland area is in EU

A

13%

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18
Q

Grassland accounts for **% of Irish agricultural land area

A

92%

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19
Q

Grassland accounts for **% of the global land area without permanent ice cover

A

40%

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20
Q

Clifton park mixture has ** species but was missing **

A

-13 species
-PRG

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21
Q

Average farm holders ha in Ireland:

A

32.4 hectares

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22
Q

-How many farmers under the age of 35?
-How many famers over the age of 65?

A

-7,400
-41,200

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23
Q

Land Use Change:
-In 1990-1994 grassland was **%
-In 2010-2014 grassland was **%
-In 2016-2020 grassland was **%
-What is this showing?

A

-61%
-60%
-59%
-A decrease in grassland overall.

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24
Q

Total agricultural land area for forage production
1- Total Agri Area ha in IRE and UK
2- Grassland in IRE and UK
3- Rough Grazing in IRE and UK

A

1- IRE= 4,370ha (100%)
UK= 18,449ha (100%)

2-IRE= 3,466ha (79.3%)
UK= 6,884ha (37.3%)

3- IRE 468ha (10.7%)
UK 5,565ha (30.2%)

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25
Q

Use of Agricultural Land Area%
-Ireland
-UK

A

Ireland:
-80% permanent pasture
-15% arable crop

UK:
-65% permanent pasture
-30% Arable Crop

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26
Q

Why does Ireland have more permanent pasture than the UK?

A

Competitive Advantage to Irish Ruminant Production System

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27
Q

In 2020 how many farmers where over 65?

A

almost 1/3 of farmers where over 65 compared to in 1991

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28
Q

What are the factors affecting land use? (4)

A

1- Soil
2- Topography
3- Climate
4- Agro-ecological zones

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29
Q

Name the 3 different soil types in Ireland:

A

1-Brown Earths, Brown Podzolics and Luvisols
2-Lighter sandier well-drained soils
3-Alluvials, surface-water and groundwater gleys

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30
Q

Brown earths, brown podzolics and Luvisols description:

A

-More intensive and productive soils
-moderately- to well drained
-good nutrient retention capacity

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31
Q

Lighter sandier well-drained soils: description

A

-Responsive to nitrogen fertiliser inputs
-Greater risk for N leaching in wetter periods

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32
Q

Alluvials, surface-water and groundwater gleys: description

A

-Less productive
-Can release N from organic matter
-Production of nitrous oxide (N2O) due to denitrification under anaerobic conditions

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33
Q

What is the basis of a resilient grassland system:

A

-the maintenance of proper soil physical, chemical, and biological properties indicates the basis of a resilient grassland system

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34
Q

Where can you see your soil type in Ireland?

A

Teagasc soils index

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35
Q

Why does Ireland have so much land dedicates to growing grass?

A

-Temperature
-Rainfall
-Sunshine hours
-Topography

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36
Q

Why is temperature favorable for grass growth in Ireland?
-Soil temp in different parts of the country

A

-Average temp 9-10.5 degrees (n-s)
-Gulf stream= warming effect in winter and cooling effect in summer. Winter temperatures are higher in Ireland than in most other parts of the world at the same latitude.
-Soil temp are favourable for grass growth for 11 weeks longer per year in the coastal districts of the south and south west compared to the midlands

37
Q

Why is knowing the soil temperature important?

A

-To know when the plant is growing so that N fertilizer can be applied to promote growth at the opportune time.

38
Q

What tool can you use to check soil temperature?

A

Soil thermometer

39
Q

How many hours of sun per year does the sunniest place in the world get?

A

-Sahara Desert
-4300 hours

40
Q

How many hours of sun does Ireland get per year?
-What % ?

A

-1400-1700 hours/sun/year
-36% of SD

41
Q

What are Irish skies covered with most of the time?

A

-Clouds
->50% of the time

42
Q

What is the calculation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H20 > C6H12O6 + O2

43
Q

1-In June, whats the Mean Daily Sunshine:
2-In December whats the Mean Daily Sunshine:

A

1- 7.1-16.5
2- 1.8-7.6

44
Q

-Where is rainfall the highest and at what level does it range between?

A

-Highest in the western hills
-3000mm

45
Q

Where is the lowest level of rainfall and what level is it?

A

-East coast
-800-1000mm

46
Q

What has had a marled effect on soil development on areas around Ireland?

A

The intensity and variability in rainfall had marked an effect on soil development

47
Q

What are the number of days of rainfall in the east and west:

A

-East: 200 days
-West: 270 days

48
Q

What is the mean annual rainfall in Ireland?

A
  • 1961-1990mm
49
Q

-How many days on average does frost occur a year in ireland?
-In coastal and west areas how many days/year?

A

-<25 days a year
-50 days/year

50
Q

When does ground frost occur?

A

When the overlaying surface falls below 0 degrees

51
Q

What is topography?

A

It governs the position of a soil on the landscape= water runoff and drainage

52
Q

What type of surfaces generally receive more water?

A

-Low-lying and flat areas

53
Q

Where may poor drained soils be found?

A

Good slopes where the lower-lying soil horizons or parent material are of poor permeability leading to reduced water movement

54
Q

Definition: Permeability

A

The ability of a soil to allow water to pass through

55
Q

Factors affecting land use and grass growth: (5)

A

1- Soil Type
2- Global Location
3- Temperature
4- Rainfall
5- Topography

56
Q

What are the climate projections for Ireland (6)

A

1- Increased temperatures and heatwaves
2- heavy precipitation
3- Dry periods/droughts
4- decrease in frost and ice days
5- Projections indicate an average increase in the length of the growing season
6- Substantia; implications for agriculture

57
Q

What impact does changes in rainfall and soil temperature have on grass growth ?

A

Huge impact especially in the shoulders of the year

58
Q

What’s the average length of the grass growth in Ireland(days)?

A

ranges from 240-330 days

59
Q

What has a huge influence on grass growth?

A

-Dry and light/dry and loamy
-Wet and heavy/ wet and peaty

60
Q

Whats the price variation between free-draining and badly drained soils regardless of milk price (shalloo)

A

€28K

61
Q

Whereabouts is 2/3rds of the cows and what type of soil is there?

A

-Munster
-Dairying > dry loamy> south

62
Q

In lower performing areas in Ireland for grass growth, what is the % lost in annual output?

A

10-30%

63
Q

In the south what is the t DM/ha?

A

1500 t DM/ha

64
Q

In the midlands what is the t DM/ha?

A

12-13 hundred

65
Q

In the north, what’s the average t DM/ha?

A

1100 t DM/ha

66
Q

In the average in Ireland what is the t DM/ha

A

12.3 tonne DM/Ha

67
Q

What should dairy farms set a target to on there grass growth from food wise 2025?

A

10 tonnes DM/ha

68
Q

What’s our environmentally sustainable challenges? (4)

A

1- Carbon neutral by 2050
- Irish agriculture accounted for 37.5% of national GHG emissions in 2021
2-Reduce GHG by 25% by 2030
3-Improve water quality via
-50% reduction in nutrient losses
-20% reduction in the use of fertilisers
4- Increase biodiversity

69
Q

Over **% of total farmed area is grazed in Ireland

A

90%

70
Q

In Ireland, why is grassland so important?

A

Livestock are entirely dependent on grass for a minimum of 200-235 days of the year

71
Q

What is the main winter feed?

A

Grassland conserved

72
Q

What were Irish dairy exports in 2021?

A

They were worth over €5 billion

73
Q

What is Ireland GHG footprint in cow milk production?

A

1kg CO2 eq/kg FPCM

74
Q

Approx **% of emissions from agriculture are associated with the dairy sector

A

40%

75
Q

Dairy sector uses approx **% of all chemical Nitrogen

A

50%

76
Q

Why is grass so good?

A

-Competitive advantage
-Low cost of production (home-grown forage)
-High nutritional value
(clover and multi species swards)

77
Q

What’s the benefits of clover and multi-species swards? (4)

A

1- improved soil structure
2- increased animal performance
3- reduced emissions
4- reduce emissions
5- Reduce nitrogen inputs and excretion

78
Q

What is the aim for Teagasc dairy roadmap 2027 Herbage utilised (tonnes DM/ha):

A

Current: 7.8
2027: 8.9
Current research performance: 12.9

79
Q

Why is Ireland suited to grass production? (5)

A

1- Located between 51N and 55N latitude
2- Temperature climate
3- Influenced by prevailing westerly winds and the proximity of the ocean and gulf stream
4- Annual rainfall of 750-1450mm (varies widely between years)
5- No defined dry and wet seasons

80
Q

Does Ireland get water stressed?

A

0% water stress -very favourable water stress index

81
Q

When is grass growth and feed demand slow or when is a supplement feed needed (deficit) ?
-When is there a surplus

A

Jan-April
Sept-Dec

-April-Sept

82
Q

When does annual grass growth comence?

A

-Feb/March

83
Q

When does grass growth:
-Peak
-Fall
-Peak again
-When does it almost cease?

A

-May
-June
-August (rapidly decreases from hereafter)
-Ceases in November

84
Q

Annual DM yield range in Ireland:

A

11-15 t DM/Ha

85
Q

How long is the growing season?

A

8-11 months

86
Q

When does grazing start?

A

11th feb-20th april

87
Q

Grazing season varies from ***** days

A

200-300+

88
Q

What can shorten the period of grass utilisation?

A

Prevailing weather

89
Q

What is the reduction of moisture in the narrow coastal strips from the east to the southeast?

A

1.5 tonne (moisture deficit)

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