Week 6 Flashcards
humorism
hippocrates an individual's personality is the result of the balance of four humors yellow bile black bile phlegm blood
yellow bile
personality type: choleric
personality characteristics: dominant and short tempered
black bile
pt: melancholic
pc: quiet and reflective
phlegm
pt: phlegmatic
pc: calm and agreeable
blood
pt: sanguine
pc: cheerful and energetic
psychodynamic approach
freud
conflicts among id, ego and superego structures and our efforts to find balance among what each of them ‘desires’ determines how we behave and approach the world
ego
take sensible actions that are balanced by input from id
id
strong basic impulses
superego
moral rules
psychosexual stages of development- freud
oral: birth-1
anal: 1-3
phallic: 3-6
latency: 6-puberty
genital: puberty-death
oral stage
mouth
anal stage
anus
child is now fully aware that they are a person in their own right and that their wishes can bring them into conflict with the demands of the outside world
phallic stage
genitals
child becomes aware of sexual differences
process of identification- adopts characteristics of same sex parent
latency stage
no further psychosexual development takes place
sexual impulses are repressed
sexual energy sublimated to other endeavours like school and friends
genital stage
begins in puberty
directed to interperson sexual pleasure rather than sexual pleasure that was during phallic stage
traits
enduring and relatively permanent personality characteristics that are distinguished along a trait continuum
Allport
organised traits into hierachy levels: cardinal, central, secondary
cardinal traits
dominate and shape individual behaviour
central traits
general characteristics
secondary traits
only present under specific circumstances
Cattell
condense trait list down to 16 dimensions of human personality traits
developed 16PF
Eysenck
people have specific personality dimensions personality largely governed by biology extraversion vs introversion neuroticism vs stability psychoticism vs socialisation
Eysenck- extraversion
caused by variability in cortical arousal
introverts have higher level in this area
5 factor personality model
Costa and McCrae
openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism
Social cognitive approach
emphasises conscious cognitive processes such as thoughts and beliefs and how these interact with our emotions and the environment to predict behaviour
Skinner
functional analysis
Walter Mischel
individual behaviour reliant on situational cues
Bandura
social learning theory
reciprocal determinism
reciprocal determinism:
cognitive processes, behaviour and context all interact, each factor simultaneously influencing and being influenced by others
Rotter
process of learning creates expectancies that guide future behaviour
locus of control
our beliefs about the power we have over our lives
internal locus of control
expect situations to be fully controlled by their own efforts
external locus of control
expect that events will be directed by environmental factors out of their control
Rogers
individuals driven towards seeking congruence in 3 areas:
self image
self worth
ideal self
Maslow
human tendency towards growth and self actualisation
individuals are motivated to achieve certain needs either through a sense of deficiency (deficiency motivation) or a desire for personal growth (growth motivation)
Sheldon
personality can be determined by body shape and size, somatology
endomorphs- solid build
ectomorphs- skinny
endomorphs
assertive and bold
ectomorphs
introverted and intellectual
projective personality tests
based on psychodynamic approach
rorschach inkblot test
thematic apperception test (TAT)
Rorschach inkblot test
projective test
rorschach
TAT
murray and morgan
objective personality tests
administered and scored in standardised manner
Neuroticism-extraversion-openness personality inventory (NEO-PI)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
NEO-PI
Costa and McCrae
based on big five personality traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism
MMPI
assess psychopathology
Eros
part of id
life instincts that promote positive, constructive behaviour and reflect a source of energy known as libido
libido
parts of id
the psychic energy contained in id
defence mechanisms
psychological responses that help protect a person from anxiety and guilt
repression
unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges or ideas from conscious awareness
rationalism
attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonabel
projection
unconsciously attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person
reaction formation
defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them
sublimation
converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions and perhaps expressing them symbolically
displacement
deflecting an impulse from its original target to a less threatening one
denial
simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses
compensation
striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears
fixation oral stage
overeating
childlike dependence (late weaning)
‘biting’ sarcasm (early weaning)
fixation anal stage
stinginess or excessive neatness (toilet training too early/harsh)
disorganised or impulsive (toilet training too late/lax)
oedipal complex
young girl develops an attachment to her father and competes with her mother for his attention
electra complex
young girl develops an attachment to her father and competes with her mother for his attention
fixation phallic stage
difficulty dealing with authority figures
inability to maintain a stable love relationship
Jung’s analytical theory
libido not sexual, more general life force
no specific stages of development
collective unconscious
collective unconscious
memories we have inherited from our human and non human ancestors
responsible for our innate tendencies to react
alder
power behind personality development from an innate desire to overcome infantile feelings of helplessness and to gain some control over the environment
striving for superiority
erikson, fromm and sullivan
once our biological needs are met, the attempt to meet social needs creates personality
horney
men envy women
womb envy
women do not get penis envy
object relations
how peoples perceptions of themselves and others influence their view of and reactions to the world
trait approach; 3 basic assumptions
relatively stable and predictable over time
relatively stable across situations
people differ in how much of a particular personality trait they possess
traits
quantitative differences among people
how much of a certain characteristic they have
types
qualitative differences
whether someone possesses a certain characteristic at all
Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory
differences among people in introverson-extraversion and emotionality-stability originate in brain areas containing systems that influence how sensitive people are to different kinds of events
BAS
FSS
BAS- Gray
affects peoples sensitivity to rewards and their motivation to seek those rewards
how impulsive or uninhibited a person is
FSS- Gray
affects how sensitive people are to potential punishment and the motivation to avoid being punished
Extraverts- Gray
sensitive BAS and insensitive FSS
Introverts- Gray
Insensitive BAS and sensitive FSS
Emotionally unstable
sensitive to both
Mischel’s cognitive-affective theory conclusions
personal dispositions influence behaviour only in relevant situations
personal dispositions can lead to behaviours that alter situations, and those altered situations in turn promote other behaviours
people choose to be in situations that are in tune with their personal dispositions
personal dispositions are more important in some situations than in others
anal retentive
fixation during anal stage
denial vs repression
denial is conscious
repression is unconscious
Humanistic- 6 factors of growth
congruence empathy UPR contact client incongruence or vulnerability client perception
