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PSY1022 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Social comparison types

A

temporal comparison
social comparison
reference groups
relative deprivation

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2
Q

temporal comparison

A

we consider the way we are now in relation to how we were in the past

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3
Q

social comparison

A

evaluate ourselves in relation to others

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4
Q

reference groups

A

categories of people to which people compare themselves

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5
Q

relative deprivation

A

the belief that, in comparison to a reference group, one is getting less than is deserved

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6
Q

reciprocity

A

tendency to respond to others as they have acted towards you

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7
Q

social facilitation

A

mere presence of other people can improve performance

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8
Q

social interference

A

presence of other people hurts performance

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9
Q

social loafing

A

exerting less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone

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10
Q

social identity

A

the beliefs we hold about the groups to which we belong

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11
Q

social perception

A

process through which people interpret information about others, draw inferences about them and develop mental representations of them

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12
Q

schemas

A

influence what we pay attention to and what we ignore (pay more attention to characteristics consistent with schema and ignore those inconsistent)
influence what we remember about people
affect our judgement about other people’s behaviour

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13
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

our expectations about another person causes us to act in ways that lead the person to behave as we expected

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14
Q

Attribution

A

explaining the causes of people’s behaviour, including our own

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15
Q

Kelley’s sources of attribution

A

consensus
consistency
distinctiveness

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16
Q

people are most likely to make internal attributions about an ‘actor’ ‘s behaviour when there is

A

low consensus, high consistency, low distinctiveness

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17
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

bias towards over attributing the behaviour of others to internal causes

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18
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

when out group does something positive we attribute to external factors and negative we attribute to internal
when in group, we do opposite

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19
Q

actor-observer effect

A

tendency to attribute other people’s behaviour to internal causes while attributing own negative behaviour to external causes

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20
Q

self serving bias

A

tendency to attribute our successes to internal characteristics while blaming our failures on external causes

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21
Q

success in changing attitude depends on

A

person communicating the message
content of the message
audience receiving it

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22
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

attitude change can be via central or peripheral route

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23
Q

central route

A

carefully processing and evaluating the content of a message
high elaboration

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24
Q

peripheral route

A

low elaboration, or processing, of the message and relying on persuasion cues like attractiveness of advertiser

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25
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

attitude change is driven by efforts to reduce tensions caused by inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviours

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26
Q

Bem’s self perception theory

A

attitudes can change as people consider their behaviour in certain situations and then infer what their attitude must be

27
Q

Motivational theories

A

prejudice against certain groups enhances their sense of secuirty and helps them meet certain personal needs

28
Q

prejudice especially likely

A

for people with authoritarianism

29
Q

Altemeyer: authoritarianism elements

A

acceptance of conventional or traditional values
willingness to unquestioningly follow the orders of authority figures
inclination to act aggressively towards individuals or groups identified by these authority figures as threatening the values held by one’s in group

30
Q

cognitive theories

A

we use schemas and other cognitive shortcuts to organise and make sense out of our social world

31
Q

learning theories

A

children pick up prejudices by wathcing others

32
Q

biopreparedness

A

kids especially likely to learn to fear people who are strangers or look different from us

33
Q

conditions for reducing prejudice through contact

A

members of the two gorups must be of roughly equal social and economic status
school authorities had to promote cooperation
contact had to occur one on one basis

34
Q

keys to attraction

A

physical proximity- mere exposure effect
similarity
physical attractiveness- matching hypothesis

35
Q

Stenberg’s triangular theory

A

three basic components of love are passion, intimacy and committment
different combinations, different types of love

36
Q

romantic love

A

high passion
high intimacy
low commitment

37
Q

companionate love

A

high intimacy
high commitment
low passion

38
Q

consummate love

A

high all three

most complete and satisfying

39
Q

duplex theory

A

stenberg combined his triangular thoery with a new second theory:
love also influenced by degree to which those characteristics fit each partner’s ideal story of love

40
Q

3 influential factors of conformity

A

people want to be correct
people want other to like and accept them
conformity may increase a person’s sense of self worth, especially if the group is valued or prestigious

41
Q

when do people conform?

A 
ambiguity 
unanimity 
size of majority 
Latane's social impact theory 
minority influence 
gender
42
Q

foot in door technique

A

getting a person to agree to a small request and then gradually presenting larger ones

43
Q

door in the face technique

A

begins with a request for a favour that is likely to be denied, then concedes that asking for the initial favour was excessive and substitutes a lesser alternative, which was what the person really wanted in the first place

44
Q

low ball technique

A

first obtain a person’s oral commitment, then the cost of fulfilling it is increased

45
Q

degree of obedience affected by several factors

A

experimenter status and prestige- expert power and legitimate power
behaviour of other people
behaviour of the learner
personality characteristics

46
Q

Dollard’s frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behaviour

47
Q

Berkowitz’ aversively stimulated aggression theory

A

stress, rather than frustration, can produce a readiness to act aggressively
then cues in environment associated with aggression will lead to aggressive behaviour

48
Q

excitation transfer

A

arousal from one experience like exercise may carry over to an independent situation and cause aggression

49
Q

environmental psychology

A

study of the relationship between behaviour and the physical environment

50
Q

arousal cost-reward theory

A

attributes people’s behaviour to their efforts to reduce the unpleasant arousal they feel in the face of someone’s needs or suffering
first evaluate the costs associated with helping and not helping

51
Q

empathy-altruism helping theory

A

people help others because of empathy with their needs, regardless of costs associated

52
Q

inclusive fitness

A

survival of one’s genes in future generations

53
Q

kin selection

A

helping a relative survive increases the likelihood that at least some of our genetic characteristics will be passed on to the next generation through the beneficiary’s future reproduction

54
Q

coaction effect

A

presence of another individual doing the same task increases task performance

55
Q

Hovland’s 3 features of attitude change

A

source
content
characteristics of the audience

56
Q

hostile aggression

A

driven by anger and an intent to cause pain

57
Q

instrumental aggression

A

goal directed aggression

58
Q

evolutionary theory

A

people inherit altruism by inclusive fitness, then kin selection to help others

59
Q

adaptive conservatism

A

distrust towards people who are different

60
Q

in group bias

A

tendency to favour individuals inside our group relative to members outside out group

61
Q

out group homogeneity

A

tendency to view all people outside out group as highly similar and easy to dismiss

62
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

part of bystander effect
assuming that no one in the group perceives things as we do
do not help

63
Q

fatuous love

A

high passion
high commitment
low intimacy

PSY1022 (12 decks)

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