Week 4 Flashcards
4 elements of a good hypothesis
logical
testable
refutable
positive
ethical guidelines used today
nuremberg code- 10 principles developed for the Nazi war crime trials
institutional review board (IRB)
committee charged with evaluating research projects in which human subjects are used
APA code of ethics
beneficence and nonmaleficence fidelity and responsibility integrity justice respect for people's rights and dignity
minimal risk
placed under no more physical or emotional risk than would be encountered in daily life
Properties of measurement
identity
magnitude
equal unit size
absolute zero
identity
objects that are different receive different scores
magnitude
ordering of numbers reflects the ordering of the variable
equal unit site
a difference of 1 is the same throughout the entire scale
absolute zero
assigning a score of 0 indicates an absence of the variable being measured
levels of measurement
nominal scale
ordinal scale
interval scale
ratio scale
nominal scale
objects or individuals are assigned to categories that have no numerical properties
ordinal scale
objects or individuals are categorised, and the categories form a rank order along a continuum
interval scale
units of measurement (intervals) between the numbers on the scale are all equal in size
ratio scale
in addition to order and equal units of measurement, an absolute zero indicates the absence of the variable being measured
aptitude test
potential to do something
achievement test
competence in an area
observed score
true score + measurement error
reliability
true score / (true score + error score)
no error
reliability is 1.00
as error increases
reliability drops below 1.00
correlation coefficient
a measure of the degree of relationship between two sets of scores
can vary between -1.00 to 1.00
strong
+/- .70-1.00
moderate
+/- .30-.69
none (.00) to weak
+/- .00-.29
test/retest reliability
assessing the degree of relationship between scores on the same test administered on two different occasions
Alternate-forms reliability
assessing the degree of relationship between scores on two equivalent tests
using alternate forms of the testing instrument
split-half reliability
correlating scores on one half of a measure with scores on the other half of the measure
interrater reliability
assesses the agreement of observations made by two or more raters or judges
interrater reliability formula
(number of agreements/number of possible agreements) x 100
content validity
extent to which a measuring instrument covers all dimensions of a construct
face validity
criterion validity
extent to which a measuring instrument accurately predicts behaviour or ability in a given area
concurrent and predictive validity
concurrent validity
test is used to estimate present performance
is a new measure consistent with other more established measures of the same variable
predictive validity
test is used to predict future performance
can a tool predict future performance
construct validity
degree to which a measuring instrument accurately measures a theoretical construct or trait that it is designed to measure
reliable or valid?
a test can be reliable and not valid, but if it is valid it is by default reliable
declaration of helsinki
research with humans should follow lab and animal research
researchers must be competent
benefit should outweigh risk
national research act
mandated formal review boards
belmont report
recognised principles of seeking justice
importance of conducting research in a way that distributes risks and benefits fairly across different groups at societal level
defined key ethical principles to guide human research
extraneous variables
variables which may change across treatment groups or affect specific participants and therefore affect the dependent variable, causing unwanted effects
confounding variables
systematically differs between groups
cronbrach’s a
quantitative
mean of all possible split-half correlations for a set of items
parallel form reliability
ensures that alternative forms of the small scale or measure are similar or equivalent in their assessment of a construct
cohen’s k
categorical
convergent validity
criteria can also include other measures of the same construct
discriminant validity
extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct
main principles of belmont report
autonomy
beneficence
justice
APS code of ethics
respect propriety integrity beneficence justice
omission deception
taking something away
placebo
commission deception
adding people on that are confederated without telling participants
non directional
expect that there will be a difference between variables, but don’t know the direction or difference
method error
stem from the experimenter and testing situation
measuring equipment working and use
