Week 5 Flashcards
Sources of motivation
physiological factors
emotional factors
cognitive factors
social factors
instinct doctrine /instinct theory
a view that explains human behaviour as motivated by automatic, involuntary and unlearned responses
william wundt, expanded on by william mcdougall
modal action patterns
current term for fixed-action patterns since they vary among individuals and can be modified by experience
part of instinct doctrine
drive reduction theory
imbalances in homeostasis create needs, to which the brain must respond by creating a psychological state called a drive
primary drives
drives that arise from basic biological needs
do not have to be learned
secondary drives
arise through learning and can be as motivating as primary drives
motivate us to act as if we have unmet basic needs
arousal theory
people are motivated to behave in ways that maintain what is for them an optimal level of arousal
robert yerkes and john dodson
incentive theory
behaviour is directed towards attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli
set point theory
activity in the ventromedial and lateral areas of the hypothalamus interact to maintain some homeostatic level, or set point, based on food intake, body weight or other eating-related signal
sexual scripts
patterns of behaviour that lead to sex
sex hormones organisational effects on brain
permanent changes that alter the brain’s response to hormones
sex hormones activational effects on brain
temporary behavioural changes that last only as long as the hormone level remains elevated, such as during puberty
sexually dimorphic
brain areas sculpted differently according to gender (BnST smaller in women)
achievement motivation
degree to which a person establishes specific goals, cares about meeting those goals and experiences feelings of satisfaction by doing so
deficiency orientation
seek happiness by trying to acquire the goods and reach the status they don’t currently have, but think they need, rather than by appreciating life itself and the riches they already have
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
lowest level must be at least partially satisfied before people can be motivated by higher level goals from bottom to top physiological safety belongingness and love esteem self actualisation
existence, relatedness and growth (ERG) theory
places human needs into three categories: existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs
doesnt assume there is an order for needs to be met, instead they rise and fall depending on the time and situation
kenrick
hierachy should be altered so that self actualisation is replaced by three others: the need to find a mate, need to keep a mate, need to become a parent
4 basic types of motivational conflict
approach-approach conflict
avoidance-avoidance conflict
approach-avoidance conflict
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
approach-approach conflict
when a person must choose only one of two desirable activities
avoidance-avoidance conflict
when a person must pick one of two undesirable alternatives
approach-avoidance conflict
when a single event or activity has both attractive and unattractive features
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
two or more alternatives each have both positive and negative features
opponent-process theory
based on two assumptions:
any reaction to a stimulus is followed by an opposite reaction called the opponent process
after repeated exposure to the same stimulus, the initial reaction weakens and opponent process becomes stronger and quicker
3 steps of motivation
activation
direction
persistence
yerkes-dodson law
simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high
complex tasks performed best when arousal levels are lower
Ghrelin
appetite sitmulant released from stomach
leptin
appetite suppressor in fat cells
kinsey’s scale
everyone sits on a spectrum of sexuality from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual)
purple-red scale of attraction
aims to take basic kinsey scale to next level and take into account both:
who someone is attracted to
how someone is attracted to someone
extrinsic motivation
motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment
intrinsic motivation
motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards
intrinsically motivated
mastery goals
extrinsically motivated
performance goals
learning or mastery goals
form of intrinsic motivation that tends to be associated with satisfaction of learning more in order to master something or become competent in it; derived from interpersonal standards
performance goals
wanting to attain positive outcomes through demonstrating a skill the individual already has, while simultaneously avoiding new challenges, based on normative standards (comparison to others)
in order to be considered a motive
an intervening variable must have the power to change behaviour in some way
Hunger and brain
some areas of the hypothalamus detect leptin and insulin, which generate signals that either increase hunger and reduce energy expenditure or reduce hunger and increase energy expenditure
activity in network near ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus tells an animal that there is no need to eat
obesity
although most obese people have the genes to make leptin, they may not be sensitive to its weight suppressing effects
may be slower to read satiety signals
Herzberg
motivation-hygiene theory
aspects of the work environment can determine whether an employee is motivated or not
