Week 5

Question 1

Sources of motivation

Answer 1

physiological factors
emotional factors
cognitive factors
social factors

Question 2

instinct doctrine /instinct theory

Answer 2

a view that explains human behaviour as motivated by automatic, involuntary and unlearned responses
william wundt, expanded on by william mcdougall

Question 3

modal action patterns

Answer 3

current term for fixed-action patterns since they vary among individuals and can be modified by experience
part of instinct doctrine

Question 4

drive reduction theory

Answer 4

imbalances in homeostasis create needs, to which the brain must respond by creating a psychological state called a drive

Question 5

primary drives

Answer 5

drives that arise from basic biological needs

do not have to be learned

Question 6

secondary drives

Answer 6

arise through learning and can be as motivating as primary drives
motivate us to act as if we have unmet basic needs

Question 7

arousal theory

Answer 7

people are motivated to behave in ways that maintain what is for them an optimal level of arousal
robert yerkes and john dodson

Question 8

incentive theory

Answer 8

behaviour is directed towards attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli

Question 9

set point theory

Answer 9

activity in the ventromedial and lateral areas of the hypothalamus interact to maintain some homeostatic level, or set point, based on food intake, body weight or other eating-related signal

Question 10

sexual scripts

Answer 10

patterns of behaviour that lead to sex

Question 11

sex hormones organisational effects on brain

Answer 11

permanent changes that alter the brain’s response to hormones

Question 12

sex hormones activational effects on brain

Answer 12

temporary behavioural changes that last only as long as the hormone level remains elevated, such as during puberty

Question 13

sexually dimorphic

Answer 13

brain areas sculpted differently according to gender (BnST smaller in women)

Question 14

achievement motivation

Answer 14

degree to which a person establishes specific goals, cares about meeting those goals and experiences feelings of satisfaction by doing so

Question 15

deficiency orientation

Answer 15

seek happiness by trying to acquire the goods and reach the status they don’t currently have, but think they need, rather than by appreciating life itself and the riches they already have

Question 16

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 16

lowest level must be at least partially satisfied before people can be motivated by higher level goals 
from bottom to top 
physiological 
safety 
belongingness and love 
esteem 
self actualisation

Question 17

existence, relatedness and growth (ERG) theory

Answer 17

places human needs into three categories: existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs
doesnt assume there is an order for needs to be met, instead they rise and fall depending on the time and situation

Question 18

kenrick

Answer 18

hierachy should be altered so that self actualisation is replaced by three others: the need to find a mate, need to keep a mate, need to become a parent

Question 19

4 basic types of motivational conflict

Answer 19

approach-approach conflict
avoidance-avoidance conflict
approach-avoidance conflict
multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Question 20

approach-approach conflict

Answer 20

when a person must choose only one of two desirable activities

Question 21

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 21

when a person must pick one of two undesirable alternatives

Question 22

approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 22

when a single event or activity has both attractive and unattractive features

Question 23

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 23

two or more alternatives each have both positive and negative features

Question 24

opponent-process theory

Answer 24

based on two assumptions:
any reaction to a stimulus is followed by an opposite reaction called the opponent process
after repeated exposure to the same stimulus, the initial reaction weakens and opponent process becomes stronger and quicker

Question 25

3 steps of motivation

Answer 25

activation
direction
persistence

Question 26

yerkes-dodson law

Answer 26

simple task is performed best when arousal levels are relatively high
complex tasks performed best when arousal levels are lower

Question 27

Ghrelin

Answer 27

appetite sitmulant released from stomach

Question 28

leptin

Answer 28

appetite suppressor in fat cells

Question 29

kinsey’s scale

Answer 29

everyone sits on a spectrum of sexuality from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual)

Question 30

purple-red scale of attraction

Answer 30

aims to take basic kinsey scale to next level and take into account both:
who someone is attracted to
how someone is attracted to someone

Question 31

extrinsic motivation

Answer 31

motivated to perform an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment

Question 32

intrinsic motivation

Answer 32

motivated to perform an activity for its own sake and personal rewards

Question 33

intrinsically motivated

Answer 33

mastery goals

Question 34

extrinsically motivated

Answer 34

performance goals

Question 35

learning or mastery goals

Answer 35

form of intrinsic motivation that tends to be associated with satisfaction of learning more in order to master something or become competent in it; derived from interpersonal standards

Question 36

performance goals

Answer 36

wanting to attain positive outcomes through demonstrating a skill the individual already has, while simultaneously avoiding new challenges, based on normative standards (comparison to others)

Question 37

in order to be considered a motive

Answer 37

an intervening variable must have the power to change behaviour in some way

Question 38

Hunger and brain

Answer 38

some areas of the hypothalamus detect leptin and insulin, which generate signals that either increase hunger and reduce energy expenditure or reduce hunger and increase energy expenditure
activity in network near ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus tells an animal that there is no need to eat

Question 39

obesity

Answer 39

although most obese people have the genes to make leptin, they may not be sensitive to its weight suppressing effects
may be slower to read satiety signals

Question 40

Herzberg

Answer 40

motivation-hygiene theory

aspects of the work environment can determine whether an employee is motivated or not