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Age and cognition > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Transmission deficit theory explained. Nodes

A

the brain has many nodes representing particular phonological representations, word forms or semantic representations

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2
Q

What happens to these connections as we age?

A

as we age our vocab grows but our mental capacity to swift through these nodes weakens. Which results in weaker and slower language production

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3
Q

hearing loss: auditory sensitivity changes over time. how?

A

as we get older we become less sensitive to certain higher tones

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4
Q

How is auditory sensitivity testing

A

Tone of different frequencies are presented to participants, and they have to say whether they perceived the tone or not

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5
Q

Hearing loss: temporal processing with sound

A

timing concerning recognizing sounds

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6
Q

Ways of testing temporal processing: gap detection task

A

Present two sounds and it is easier to detect when the gap is longer than shorter.

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7
Q

What are the results of younger and older people detecting the gap?

A

Older adults have more difficulty than younger people in detecting the gap when it is short.

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8
Q

Ways of testing temporal processing: dichotic listening task

A

Different information presentenced to left and right ear

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9
Q

Do older adults result in the dichotic listening task?

A

Older adults with hearing impairment perform more poorly on low-frequency discrimination task.

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10
Q

temporal processing tests: auditory brain steam responses with eeg

A

Measures electrical processing along the auditory pathway following a stimulus presentation

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11
Q

Describe the comparison between music notes and brain waves

A

Younger adults have more music-like brain waves

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12
Q

What is sound source localization?

A

Where the sound coming from

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13
Q

How do older adults compare to younger adults with sound source localization?

A

Older adults are less accurate at sound localization than younger adults

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14
Q

What is the intraural time difference?

A

Different in time it takes to get to one ear and then the other

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15
Q

What is the interaural level difference?

A

different in intensity of sound in one ear and then the other

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16
Q

Intelligibility of speech in noise: testing method

A

signal to noise ratio: SNR

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17
Q

what is SNR and how do older people do in it

A

present speech in different noisy environments

Older adults have more difficulty understanding speech in noise( especially babble sound.

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18
Q

Cognitive demand during speech understanding: what happens when the speech is degraded

A

When signal is degraded then there is additional demand on cognitive resources

19
Q

How did older adults do when they were testing on word memorization in normal and challenging listening environments

A

Poor memory for words in challenging listening environments

20
Q

What do pupils do in challenging environments?

A

Increase pupil diameter during listening in challenging environments.

21
Q

Feul is an acronym for what

A

Framework for understanding effortful listening

22
Q

Fuel: idea is that the amount of effort I put into tasks is involved with

A

motivation

23
Q

Fuel: sensory challenges and demand of these tasks can

A

low motivation

24
Q

People with hearing loss are at a greater risk for

A

cognitive decline and dementia

25
Q

A possible explanation for hearing loss: hearing loss increases the demand on cognitive resources and, overtime changes, the metabolic demands associated with

A

increased pathologic risk

26
Q

Hearing loss is associated with reduced blank matter volume in the blank cortex.

A

Hearing loss is associated with reduced grey matter volume in the auditory cortex, leading to a cascading effect with other networks.

27
Q

Hearing loss leads to less social engagement which has

A

carryover effect with cognition

28
Q

4 tests for vision:

A

Visual acuity

Spatial contrast sensitivity

-scotopic function and dark adaption

Visual processing speeds

29
Q

Reading: no age difference in blank speed between younger and older adults with blank eyes

A

No age difference in reading speed between younger and older adults with healthy eyes

but people with older adults with eye disease are much slower

30
Q

Reading text is blank degraded also places a demand on cognitive resources, similar performance blanks as degraded speech.

A

Reading visually degraded text also places demand on cognitive resources, and similar performance declines as degraded speech.

31
Q

vision loss link to increased risk of

A

driving incident

32
Q

what test is great at predicting crash risk

A

uFOV

33
Q

Age-related decline in sense of smell is very common and linked to

A

early detection of Alzheimer’s

34
Q

changes in the vestibular system (ears) leads to great incidence of

A

falls

35
Q

goals and cognition: social cognitive goals

A

as individuals age they assume different age-graded roles with specific societal expectations

36
Q

What do young adults focus on acquiring

A

skills and knowledge

37
Q

What do middle adulthood people focus on applying

A

learned skills and knowledge

38
Q

Older adults focus on blank and blank of past and present knowledge

A

Focus on interpretation and integration of past and present knowledge; cross-generation transmission of info

39
Q

How was it found that older adults like to transfer info

A

they did a recall task:

Results: Older adults story telling enhanced when telling a child, and age differences attuited

40
Q

the socioemotional selective theory proposes that these changes in future time perspectives lead to

A

systematic changes in the salience of social goal

41
Q

what do older adults focus on

A

The focus is on the present for older adults, especially on regulating emotions and maintains positivity effect

42
Q

older adults exhibit greater positivity effect: how so

A

increased processing preferences for positive over negative information

43
Q

research on positivity is mixed:

A

The inverted u in demand for top-down control and compensation success

The fuel model

44
Q

Selective engagement theory:

A

Older adults show a reduced intrinsic motivation to engage in cognitively demanding activities-> overall less engagement in activities.

Age and cognition (9 decks)

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