week 6 Flashcards
Transmission deficit theory explained. Nodes
the brain has many nodes representing particular phonological representations, word forms or semantic representations
What happens to these connections as we age?
as we age our vocab grows but our mental capacity to swift through these nodes weakens. Which results in weaker and slower language production
hearing loss: auditory sensitivity changes over time. how?
as we get older we become less sensitive to certain higher tones
How is auditory sensitivity testing
Tone of different frequencies are presented to participants, and they have to say whether they perceived the tone or not
Hearing loss: temporal processing with sound
timing concerning recognizing sounds
Ways of testing temporal processing: gap detection task
Present two sounds and it is easier to detect when the gap is longer than shorter.
What are the results of younger and older people detecting the gap?
Older adults have more difficulty than younger people in detecting the gap when it is short.
Ways of testing temporal processing: dichotic listening task
Different information presentenced to left and right ear
Do older adults result in the dichotic listening task?
Older adults with hearing impairment perform more poorly on low-frequency discrimination task.
temporal processing tests: auditory brain steam responses with eeg
Measures electrical processing along the auditory pathway following a stimulus presentation
Describe the comparison between music notes and brain waves
Younger adults have more music-like brain waves
What is sound source localization?
Where the sound coming from
How do older adults compare to younger adults with sound source localization?
Older adults are less accurate at sound localization than younger adults
What is the intraural time difference?
Different in time it takes to get to one ear and then the other
What is the interaural level difference?
different in intensity of sound in one ear and then the other
Intelligibility of speech in noise: testing method
signal to noise ratio: SNR
what is SNR and how do older people do in it
present speech in different noisy environments
Older adults have more difficulty understanding speech in noise( especially babble sound.
Cognitive demand during speech understanding: what happens when the speech is degraded
When signal is degraded then there is additional demand on cognitive resources
How did older adults do when they were testing on word memorization in normal and challenging listening environments
Poor memory for words in challenging listening environments
What do pupils do in challenging environments?
Increase pupil diameter during listening in challenging environments.
Feul is an acronym for what
Framework for understanding effortful listening
Fuel: idea is that the amount of effort I put into tasks is involved with
motivation
Fuel: sensory challenges and demand of these tasks can
low motivation
People with hearing loss are at a greater risk for
cognitive decline and dementia
A possible explanation for hearing loss: hearing loss increases the demand on cognitive resources and, overtime changes, the metabolic demands associated with
increased pathologic risk
Hearing loss is associated with reduced blank matter volume in the blank cortex.
Hearing loss is associated with reduced grey matter volume in the auditory cortex, leading to a cascading effect with other networks.
Hearing loss leads to less social engagement which has
carryover effect with cognition
4 tests for vision:
Visual acuity
Spatial contrast sensitivity
-scotopic function and dark adaption
Visual processing speeds
Reading: no age difference in blank speed between younger and older adults with blank eyes
No age difference in reading speed between younger and older adults with healthy eyes
but people with older adults with eye disease are much slower
Reading text is blank degraded also places a demand on cognitive resources, similar performance blanks as degraded speech.
Reading visually degraded text also places demand on cognitive resources, and similar performance declines as degraded speech.
vision loss link to increased risk of
driving incident
what test is great at predicting crash risk
uFOV
Age-related decline in sense of smell is very common and linked to
early detection of Alzheimer’s
changes in the vestibular system (ears) leads to great incidence of
falls
goals and cognition: social cognitive goals
as individuals age they assume different age-graded roles with specific societal expectations
What do young adults focus on acquiring
skills and knowledge
What do middle adulthood people focus on applying
learned skills and knowledge
Older adults focus on blank and blank of past and present knowledge
Focus on interpretation and integration of past and present knowledge; cross-generation transmission of info
How was it found that older adults like to transfer info
they did a recall task:
Results: Older adults story telling enhanced when telling a child, and age differences attuited
the socioemotional selective theory proposes that these changes in future time perspectives lead to
systematic changes in the salience of social goal
what do older adults focus on
The focus is on the present for older adults, especially on regulating emotions and maintains positivity effect
older adults exhibit greater positivity effect: how so
increased processing preferences for positive over negative information
research on positivity is mixed:
The inverted u in demand for top-down control and compensation success
The fuel model
Selective engagement theory:
Older adults show a reduced intrinsic motivation to engage in cognitively demanding activities-> overall less engagement in activities.
