week 4 Flashcards
sensory memory is comprised of
short term memory
long term memory-explicit memory
explicit memory
-> declarative memory-> episodic memory-semantic memory
what is working memory?
similar to short memory but involves manipulation of info
example of short term memory task
digit span forward: repeat these numbers 3456
example of working memory?
digit span backwards
example of visual working memory task
change detection task
change detection task explained
Shows photo with three dots
Screen goes blank
Screen comes back, did something change?
Continues and manipulates the amount of squares as experiment continues
when does performance start to decline in visual working memory tasks
once there were 4 squares in the display
Long term memory: How is implicit memory as we age?
stable
explicit memory: semantic memory(memory for facts) as we age
stable
explicit memory: (episodic memory) as we age
decline
Episodic memory refers to
Memory for specific personal experience
The ability to encode and retrieves information and association that make up events of our lives
how is autobiographical memory different than episodic
have both episodic and semantic components
WHat does the medial temporal lobe do?
Facilitates binding of features into unique representations during encoding and comparison of those features with cues during retrieval
Posterior parietal cortex role?
Less direct support such as helping with decisions (male vs. Female) or guiding attention
evidence to support its relationship with memory, Core episodic network: MTL and posterior cortex
Under-recruitment of MTL and posterior cortex in imaging studies
Damage to these areas lead to profound amnesia
evidence against the neural core network (medial temporal lobe and posterior parietal cortex)
MTL atrophy does not occur until 80 or 90 years of age, whether episodic decline can occur earlier between 60 to 80 years
Studies that equate age groups experimentally (reducing load) or statistically (controlling for individual differences) failed to find reliable age differences
Prefrontal cortex supports the cognitive control processes needed for episodic memory success through:
Evaluative the relationship between stimuli and concept
Selecting between competing memory presentations
Monitoring the retrieved information
Supportive evidence for PFC and episodic memory?
older adults with larger gray matter volume in lateral PFC show better episodic memory
What is the frontal aging hypothesis?
Functions that depend on frontal regions decline in aging, functions that independent of frontal regions would be spared
Interference resolution is connected to
inhibition deficit
Deficits in interference resolution affects episodic memory:
Initially generated memories also compete with creating new ones
Difficulty Suppressing the irrelevant information is a strong contributor to interference resolution, especially for older adults who have difficulty with inhibition
Individual differences in episodic memory can be explained by what two things?
cognitive reserve and brain maintence
what is cognitive reserve?
flexible and efficient use of available neural resources despite decline
Brain maintence explained
preservation of neural resources across lifespan
Caren campbell assertts what about memory decline?
Might not be memory decline but rather decline in ability to show attentional control which leads to memories being formed
What is collaborative memory?
Working with others (physically co-present) to remember event
What type of collaboration benefits memory across both age groups
group level collaboration
When comparising individual performance in a group vs. on their own it was found that
in group memory is better and individual level collaboration disrupts memory
What is collaborative inhibition?
An individual recall less in a group than on their own
Why? Collaborations may use different strats that will disrupt one’s own strat for remembering
What is the social contagion paradigm?
Confederate introduces both accurate and inaccurate information during collaborative recall
Agist sterotypes what characteristic about a person affects social contagion?
their age
What happened when an older person confederated information and when a younger confederate was chosen?
both younger and older participants discounted older adults suggestions
What negative aspect of aging is emphasized?
Positive (part time student; international travel)
Negative (retired, knitter)
