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Age and cognition > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Crystallized intelligence refers to skills, ability, and knowledge that is overlearned, well-practiced, and familiar.

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2
Q

Examples of crystalized intelligence

A

riding a bike, or vocabulary

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3
Q

How do older people perform on crystalized ability tests?

A

They improve by .02 to 0.03 standard deviations in their 60s and 70ds, meaning older adults do better surrounding tasks such as these.

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4
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Refers to abilities involving problem-solving and reasoning about things that are less familiar and are independent of what one has learned.

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5
Q

What are fluid cognitive brain domains/functions?

A

executive function, processing speed, memory

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6
Q

Processing speed refers to cognitive abilities that are performed as well as

A

the speed of motor responses

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7
Q

When does processing speed begin to decline

A

begins to decline in the 30s

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8
Q

Attention refers to

A

To the ability to concentrate and focus on specific stimuli.

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9
Q

Simple auditory attention span (immediate memory) as measured by repetition of a string of digits shows what effect in later life?

A

decline

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10
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Selective attention is the ability to focus on specific information in the environment while ignoring irrelevant information.

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11
Q

What is divided attention?

A

Divided attention is the ability to focus on multiple tasks simultaneously, such as talking on the phone while preparing a meal.

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12
Q

How do older adults perform in selective, divided and working attention compared to younger people?

A

They perform worse

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13
Q

Age-related memory changes may be related to what three changes?

A

may be related to slow processing speed, reduced ability to ignore irrelevant information, and decreased use of strategies to improve learning and memory

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14
Q

Declarative memory is

A

conscious recollection of facts and events

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15
Q

Semantic memory is

A

involves fund of information, language usage, and practical knowledge, for example, knowing the meaning of words

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16
Q

Episodic memory/autobiographical memory refers to

A

Memory for personally experienced events that occur at a specific place and time.

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17
Q

What are the changes in episodic memory and semantic memory over time.

A

Episodic memory shows lifelong declines, while semantic memory shows late-life decline

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18
Q

Implicit/nondeclarative memory is what?

A

Memory of information that is recalled events and information without conscious effort to remember them

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19
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of nondeclarative memory and involves memory for motor and cognitive skills. ex. tying shoes

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20
Q

Language is a complex cognitive domain composed of what two types of intelligence?

A

crystallized and fluid intelligence

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21
Q

What happens to language ability as someone ages

A

stays relatively intact and vocabulary can improve over time

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22
Q

What is the term for a group of cognitive functions involving the ability to understand space in two and 3 dimensions?

A

visuospatial abilities

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23
Q

Whats an example of visuospatial construction? What happens to it as we age?

A

Assembling funiture and it declines over time

24
Q

What generally happens to visuospatial abilities?

A

declines over time

25
Q

Executive functioning refers to

A

Capacities that allow a person to successfully engage in independent, appropriate, purposive, and self-serving behaviour.

26
Q

executive functioning includes cognitive abilities like

A

ability to self-monitor, plan, organize, reason, be mentally flexible, and problem-solve

27
Q

Executive abilities requiring a speeded motor component increase/or decrease as we age

A

decrease

28
Q

Research has shown that concept formation, abstraction, and mental flexibility….

A

Decline with age, especially after 70

29
Q

Brain changes with aging: grey matter volume begins to decrease after age

A

20

30
Q

Describe the grey volume decline.

A

Age-related changes in the temporal lobes are more moderate and involve decreases in the volume of the hippocampus.

31
Q

Possible cause of grey volume decline?

A

Cell death as we age

32
Q

White matter change compared to grey matter change?

A

White matter volume decreases are much greater than grey matter volume decreases with increasing age

33
Q

Older adults and driving data show they are at a higher risk of vehicle accidents. Why could this be?

A

due to cognitive impairment or musculoskeletal disorders, vision issues, medications or other illnesses

34
Q

In spite of the driving data many older adults with normal cognition…

A

do not experience a decline in driving ability

35
Q

What is the lifestyle cognition hypothesis state?

A

Maintaining an active lifestyle and engaging in certain activities may help prevent age-associated cognitive decline and dementia.

36
Q

What are some support for this hypothesis?

A

Older adults with high cognitive function participate in more activities than those with low cognitive functioning.

37
Q

What is the cognitive reserve hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis states some individuals have a greater ability to withstand pathologic brain changes. Example: amyloid protein to great brain reserve.

38
Q

What environmental factors protect against clinical manifestations of brain disease?

A

high education, participation in activities, high SES

39
Q

Passive reserve refers to

A

genetically determined characteristics such as brain volume and the number of neurons and synapses present

40
Q

Active reserve refers to

A

the brain’s potential for plasticity and reorganization in neural processing, allowing for compensation of neuropathologic changes

41
Q

The scaffolding theory of again and cognition?

A

proposes that alternative neural circuits are recruited to achieve a cognitive goal

42
Q

Cognitive retraining research has demonstrated that subjects can be trained to do better on cognitive testing. How long do these improvements last?

A

can be maintained for years

43
Q

Model of cognitive aging: Sensory deficit hypothesis states

A

lack of adequate sensory input over a prolonged period is likely to result in cognitive deterioration due to the preceding neuronal atrophy

44
Q

sensory deficit hypothesis: increased cognitive damage leads to

A

impaired behavioural performance

45
Q

Sensory deficit hypothesis: would state that the speed of pressing goes down

A

because of general slowing of cognitive processes

46
Q

Inhibitory deficit hypothesis?

A

Efficient processing requires one to attend to information and suppress irrelevant information.

47
Q

What types of models focus on memory?

A

Behavioural models

48
Q

Recollection deficits are due to a failure to consciously

A

recollect information

49
Q

Older adults are more likely to use familiarity than

A

conscious recollection

50
Q

What are binding deficits?

A

Declines are due to failure to bind different elements together- older adults have issues combining to unrelated things together after they’ve seen it paired

51
Q

What do age-related differences in brain region activation show?

A

Evidence for both positive and negative brain activation

52
Q

Explain the hemispheric asymmetry in brain activation in older adults.

A

Evidence of greater bilaterality in older compared to younger adults

53
Q

PASA refers to what?

A

Posterior to anterior shift in again- older adults show greater activation of prefrontal cortex than occipital lobe

54
Q

Dedifferentiation: less selective neural activity in older than younger adults mean what?

A

brain regions that ARE SPECIALIZED FOR PARTICULAR VISUAL CATEGORIES IN YOUNGER ADULTS SHOW LESS SELECTIVITY IN OLDER ADULTS

55
Q

older adults show failure to suppress unimportant information. What part of the brain is responsible for supression

A

DMN is responsible for internal thoughts

56
Q

When do older adults have a harder time suppressing information?

A

When they are trying to do more cognitively demanding tasks

57
Q

What are the methodological issues in old people studies?

A

Participants (selection bias, high SES, heterogeneous)

Cross-sectional studies (cohort effect)

Longitudinal studies (attrition, practice effect)

Age and cognition (9 decks)

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