Week 5

Question 1

Patterns of change across the lifespan: Sensory abilitiy

Answer 1

Declines as we age: sense of touch, vision, and hearing decreases

Question 2

Patterns of change across the lifespan: cognitive ability

Answer 2

declines over time

Question 3

What 3 cognitive abilities decline as we age?

Answer 3

memory, attention, processing speed,

Question 4

How is the state of language studies

Answer 4

it is not studied enoguh

Question 5

How are language skills often categorized as 5 things

Answer 5

speaking, listening, reading, writing, non-verbal

Question 6

Traditionally a lot of studies focus on blank and blank in older adults

Answer 6

focus on reading and comprehension in older adults

Question 7

What is the problem with reading and comprehension tests

Answer 7

reading something and then asked to explain it- the issue here is that it’s actually relying on memory

Question 8

Another way of studying language comprehension can include testing both the

Answer 8

the speaker and listener on remembering info

Question 9

People are sometimes tested talking to ai as well. Whats the issue with this?

Answer 9

People who talk to AI are typically white, rich people and this is not a representative sample

Question 10

To process something that requires cognitive abilities, and cognitive abilities rely on accurate sensory info acquisition. What happens if sensory data is not acquired?

Answer 10

the cognitive ability will be informed and wont be good

Question 11

Speech production in older adults: they are worse which looks like what

Answer 11

talk about unrelated topics, overall less efficient speakers

Question 12

What do comprehension tests show when looking at older and younger participants

Answer 12

older people perform worse, show less comphrehension

Question 13

When comparing both younger and older people in similar sensory degradation levels what does the data show?

Answer 13

it says that younger and older people score similarly

Question 14

What does this data indicate

Answer 14

Hints that sensory degradation as we age may be behind lower comprehension scores in older participants

Question 15

What is transmission deficit theory:

Answer 15

The transmission deficit model suggests that semantic and phonological information is stored in memory and retrieved separately.

Question 16

The transmission deficit model suggests connections between semantic representations and phonological representations. do what in aging

Answer 16

they are weakened by aging

Question 17

What data shows that these connections get worse: vocab size increases with age while total usage remains stable, causing what

Answer 17

causing overall reduction in word frequency, and thus leading to reduced activation of nodes and weakening of connections

Question 18

What is the tip of the tongue:

Answer 18

Knowing something but the word isnt coming out

Question 19

Tot task:

Answer 19

shown a picture, and the participant either has to say knows, don’t know, or the word is on the tot

Question 20

What is semantic ambiguity?

Answer 20

Semantic ambiguity is an uncertainty that occurs when a word, phrase or sentence has more than one interpretation.

Question 21

Semantic ambiguity processing: there is always a blank and blank ambiguity

Answer 21

always a dominant and subordinate ambiguity

Question 22

Semantic ambiguity example: juggling

Answer 22

Dominate (first thought association)- very dangerous \

Subordinate (second thought) - juggling knives are less sharp than people think.

Question 23

What is referential communication:

Answer 23

Refers to ways of talking about things in the environment

Question 24

Referent communication involves a speaker and a listener. Sufficient referential communication:

Answer 24

the speaker wants a cup- asks for a cup/ there is only one cup so there is no confusion

Question 25

insufficient referential communication example 2:

Answer 25

please pass the cup- there is two cups- which causes confusion in the listener, so this is insufficient communication

Question 26

Referential communication issue: over-specification

Answer 26

Adding in additional info that is not needed. Over specification actually induces more communication.

Question 27

To test referential production in the aging population, a tank test is used. explain tank test.

Answer 27

multiple images of people in different position is presented:

participants job is to listen to descriptions and assign an image to the description

Question 28

Methods of test: measures

Answer 28

speech onset latency, speech rate, fluency

Question 29

Results:

Answer 29

younger and older adults were similar. Elder speak occurred though

Question 30

elder speak

Answer 30

young people spoke to older people slower

Question 31

Descriptive results: older adults- over and under specification

Answer 31

did over specify and did not underspecify

Question 32

In reference to age what was shown?

Answer 32

Measures of speech performance are stable as we age

Older adults over specified but it doesn’t really suggest a decline

Question 33

Real-time comphrehension is also something studied as we age: two ways of testing

Answer 33

eye tracking, and physiological reaction time

Question 34

How many words are said per second in conversational speech?

Answer 34

2.5 words

Question 35

What is real-time comprehension?

Answer 35

Looking at how u comprehend what I say as I say it

Question 36

pragmatic inference Study question

Answer 36

Are there age-related differences in inferences underlying real-time language comprehension

Question 37

Experiment results:

Answer 37

clear evidence of contrastive inferencing in both age groups
 Conventionalized patterns of inference appear to be stable in aging

Question 38

Study question 2:

Answer 38

do human listeners spontaneously ascribe human attributes to artificial
agents and use this belief to guide real time language comprehension?

Question 39

Experiment 2 results:

Answer 39

younger but not older listeners were able to suppress contrastive
inferences
 Older adults had more difficulty in keeping robots limitations in mind during
real time language comprehension

Question 40

Explanation for age similarities in results

Answer 40

 Simple task
 Cognitive abilities
 Sensory abilities
 Motivation- more motivated

Question 41

explanation for age differences

Answer 41

 Task complexity- more demand
 Cognitive abilities
 Motivation- crunch model, lose motivation
 Lifelong experience

Question 42

Bilingual advantage on executive function tasks

Answer 42

Bilinguals must select the target language that is appropriate fir content
while controlling interference from the nontarget language
- Great demand on executive control

These people adapt to meet demands. Thus, bilinguals may show benefit over monolinguals.

Question 43

Billingualism and alziemherzers

Answer 43

Evidence of billinguals showing a delayed onset of alzheimers disease
symptoms compared to monolinguals (biaylstok)

Question 44

Chertkow found that bilingual individuals showed that for non immigrant Canadians

Answer 44

Small advantage for non immigrant Canadians if they spoke more than 2
languages

Question 45

immigrant group results

Answer 45

Immigrant group showed a delay by almost 5 years,

Question 46

Bilingualism and transmission deficit theory

Answer 46

Billinguals have even more vocab across their languages and as such they
experience more TOT compared to monolinguals

Question 47

Bilingual speech perception: can be more or less challenging due to

Answer 47

• Individual differences in sensory and cognitive abilities
• Individual differences in language ability

Question 48

research comparing speech perception in noise for bilinguals vs monolinguals

Answer 48

l2 listeners
perform more poorly than monolinguals, but benefit from a predictable
sentence context

Question 49

The benefit for high predictable in bilinguals suggest that this may be due to

Answer 49

the shift from bottom up to top down compensatory strategies

Question 50

Blincs model:

Answer 50

Billingual language interaction network for comprehension of speech

Question 51

BLINCs says

Answer 51

The idea is that when u are listening and have both visuall and auditory input and you use both to understand the speech of others