week 2

Question 1

Scaffolding theory

Answer 1

Compensatory scaffolding helps to reduce or delay cognitive impairment

The revised model includes life course factors with both positive and negative influences

Question 2

Bottom up refers to what

Answer 2

stimulus-driven behaviour, automatic attention

Question 3

top down refers to what?

Answer 3

goal driven, goal driven, based on previous experience and knowledge, controlled attention

Question 4

Explain the research on bottom up vs top down effects in aging

Answer 4

The experiment involved looking at alike stimuli. bottom-up scenario- told to look at green stimuli in a bookcase. top-down- told to look at a specific green object in a book case with the same object but different colours.

Question 5

what were the results of this setting.

Answer 5

older adults could easily complete bottom up, but could not as easily do top-down. Attention is the influence at play, showing that older people could not control their attention as well as younger people

Question 6

older adults perform as well as younger adults in primarily bottom up tasks. when is this not the case

Answer 6

age differences become more prominent in high demanding tasks

Question 7

in high demand tasks older adults are faced with two impairments

Answer 7

Age-related decline in their brain structure and function

Having to allocate more top-down processing resources to compensate for the decline in bottom-up sensory input

Question 8

Ineffective compensation: older adults show decline in their performance even though they to maintain their performance by increasing their blank-blank control

Answer 8

top down

Question 9

results indicate that increased attention effort to compensate is

Answer 9

in effective

Question 10

effective compensation: older adults use more effort than younger people. Why is this

Answer 10

They are faster but less accurate

Question 11

What is the information degradation hypothesis?

Answer 11

degraded sensory input–> increases cognitive demand–> decline in cognitive performance

Question 11

Controlling for age differences in sensory processing can blank age related differences but it depends on the task

Answer 11

eliminate

Question 12

doing brain scans what was found in the brains of older people compared to younger people when doing a task?

Answer 12

more activation in frontal region than younger adults

Question 13

Example of creating research that eliminates age differences

Answer 13

Simple visual search task: reducing contrast sensitivity equally impaired performance of younger and older adults

Question 14

Example of creating research that dosent eliminates age differences

Answer 14

Complex higher-order visual task: older adults show great impairment

Question 15

compensation with a cost: What influences older people to make them need to compensate

Answer 15

Older adults tend to be more influenced by external informational and past experiences in a more automatic way

Question 16

compensation with a cost: what is the taxing issue

Answer 16

the tax that compensation for less salient/noisy bottom up processes impose on available resources for top-down attention during complex tasks

Question 17

Crunch model-related utilization of neural circuits hypothesis

Answer 17

Activation continues until demands excel in the ability to compensate and then we see a decline.

Question 18

since top down attention is goal driven, research with must consider what factors

Answer 18

age difference in goals and not just abilities

Question 19

do older people preferentially attend to what emotions

Answer 19

positive

Question 20

older adults paying less attention to negative information leads them to two things

Answer 20

less likely affected by loses, less likely to react to negative incentives

Question 21

what are 3 methodological issues in old people research

Answer 21

In lab results are inconsistent with real-world findings where older adults are influenced greatly by negative information

Research participants are already more motivated than general population

Most tasks are based on monetary incentives

Question 22

How do negative age sterotypes affect older peoples performance

Answer 22

Older adults are not immune to all negative information…

Significantly affected by negative information that concerns age-related stereotypes

Question 23

how can old people research be affected by attention

Answer 23

There is a limit to everyone’s attentional capacity.

Question 24

Explain intentional blindess and give an example

Answer 24

Failure to notice objects or events when attention is directed elsewhere: gorilla basketball video

Question 25

Driiving and inattentional blindess study. Explain it

Answer 25

People of different ages will do a difficult driving simulation. on the side of the road, there is people sometimes. drivers often didn’t notice the people on the sidewalk

Question 26

what things are less likely to be missed during inattentional blindness

Answer 26

lower rate for animate

Question 27

Speed of processing is often measured in 3 ways

Answer 27

Time to complete a task\ Letter comparison (match sequence of letters)

Time to respond to stimulus (reaction time)

Number of items correctly completed in an allotted time ( trails a and trails b)

Question 28

age related effect for each task is not unique to that task, instead…

Answer 28

its a shared amoung multiple tasks

Question 29

how does practice affect results

Answer 29

with more practice and experience people get faster

This is the case for all ages

Question 30

Health status affect on results

Answer 30

healthier individuals shower faster processing than less healthy people

Effects are small and there is no interaction with age

Question 31

What is a task characteristic

Answer 31

slowing depends on the task older people are slower in spatial task than verbal tasks

Question 32

What occurs in arithmetic tasks with older and younger people

Answer 32

performance is similar but older people react slower than younger people

Question 33

Slower processing speed contributes to some of the age related differences found in other cognitive variables such as:

Answer 33

Memory

Spatial abilities

Reasoning

Language

Question 34

slow processing speed affects driving and is one of the predictors of

Answer 34

driving cessation

Question 35

In people with MCI and early Alzheimer’s, slow processing speed has shown association with

Answer 35

driving, financial ability and other activities of daily living

Question 36

what is a good test for predicting driving and behaviour

Answer 36

Useful field of view test

UFOV is a good test for predicting driving and behavior, the outcomes include measures of processing speed and attention