Week 5- Motor Learning Flashcards
The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
Motor control
Motor control is ________ related to activities carried out by the _____ that organize the __________ system to create coordinated, goal-directed movements
Information processing
CNS
Musculoskeletal
Two control strategies of motor control
Feed-forward
Feed-back
Control strategy for anticipatory movement
Feed-forward
Control strategy for refined movements
Feed-back
PTs are “____________”
Movement specialists
PTs spend time ___________ patients who have __________ problems producing functional movement disorders
Retraining
Motor control
Therapeutic strategies are designed to improve the quality and quantity of _______________ essential to function
Postures and movements
True or false: Understanding motor control and specifically the nature of & control of movement is critical to clinical practice
True
The field of motor control is directed at studying the ___________ and __________
Nature of movement
How movement is controlled
Movement emerges from the interaction of ____ factors
3
Factors of movement
Individual
Task
Environment
Factors within the ________, the ________, and the ________ affect the organization of movement
Individual
Task
Environment
List three aspects of the individual
Action
Perception
Cognition
The body is characterized by a high number of muscles and joints, all of which must be controlled during the execution of ___________
Coordinated, functional movement
True or false: There is only one way a movement can be carried out
False
(multiple ways)
Choosing among equivalent solutions and then coordinating the many muscles and joints in a movement
Degrees of freedom problem
Perception involves the integration of _________ into __________ meaningful information
Sensory impressions
Psychologically
_________ provide information about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement
Sensory/perceptual systems
Perception involves both __________ and ___________ processing that adds interpretation and meaning to incoming ___________
Peripheral sensory mechanisms
Higher-level
Afferent information
___________ include attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control that underlie the establishment of intent or goal
Cognitive processes
Within the ________, many ________ interact in the production of functional movement
Individual
Systems
SINGLE VS DUAL TASK CONTROL???? SLIDE 10
The _______ of the task being performed in part determines the ________, so several classification parameters have been developed
Nature
Type of movement needed
How tasks are classified
-Functional
-Critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms
-Base of support is stable vs in motion
-Whether object manipulation is required
-Movement variability
Functional categories of tasks
Bed mobility tasks
Transfer tasks
Walking and ADLs
Critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms
Discrete
Continuous
Definite beginning and end
Discrete
No recognizable beginning and end points
Continuous
True or false: The endpoint in discrete motions is not an inherent characteristic of task
False
(Continuous)
Examples of continuous movements
Walking, running, swimming
Stable base of support
Stability (ex: sitting, standing)
Moving base of support
Mobility (ex: walking, running)
True or false: A sequenced task requires an increase in the demand for stability (ex: standing and lifting)
True
Constantly changing or unpredictable environments
Open movements
Relatively fixed, predictable environments
Closed movements
True or false: Understanding the nature of tasks can provide a framework for functional evaluation and can serve as a progression for retraining functional movement
True
The _____ must take into consideration attributes of the environment when planning task-specific movements
CNS
Constraints on movement for the environment are classified by whether _________ of the environment shape the __________ itself
Features
Movement
Movement must conform to __________ features in order to achieve the goal of the task
Regulatory
These features shape the movement itself
Regulatory
Movement does not have to conform to these features and movement may or may not be affected (ex: background noise, lighting)
Non-regulatory
SLIDES 20-32
Describes the body as a mechanical system with many degrees of freedom that need to controlled
Systems theory
_____________ exists to simplify the control of the body’s multiple degrees of freedom
Hierarchical control
________ levels of the nervous system activate ________ levels
Higher
Lower
The lower levels activate ________
Synergies
A group of muscles constrained to act together as a unit to solve the degree of freedom problem
Synergies
As demands of a task increase, the control signals to synergy ______, leading to parallel increases in activation in all muscles in the synergy
Increase
Movements emerge from the interplay between the…
Body system
External force
Variations in the initial condition
True or false: Same central command can result in the same movements
False
(different movements)
True or false: Different commands could result in the same movement
True
Shares similar principles as the systems theory, but comes from the broader study of dynamics or synergetics within the physical world
Dynamic systems theory
When a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way- no need for a “higher” center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action
Self-organization
True or false: Dynamic systems theory states that movements could emerge as a result of interacting elements, without the need for specific commands or motor programs within the nervous system
True
A variable that regulates changes in the behavior of the entire system
Control parameter
New movement in the dynamic systems theory emerges because of a critical change in the __________
Control parameter
__________ of motor control in the Dynamic Systems Theory has different meanings compared to other motor control theories
Variability
True or false: Variability is considered to be a result of error
False
(not considered to be the result of error but rather as a necessary condition of optimal function)
True or false: Optimal variability provides for flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes
True
Too little variability can lead to _______
Injury
Too much variability can lead to _________
Impaired movement performance
True or false: A small amount of variability indicates a highly stable behavior or a preferred pattern, viewed as attractor state
True
The deeper the well, the harder it is to change preferred pattern, suggesting a stable movement pattern
Attractor well
Any current theory of motor control is in a sense ________, since there must always be room to revise and incorporate new information
Unfinished
The _____________ is the basis for clinical methods related to examination and intervention in patients with neurological problems
Theoretical framework
Theory helps us to generate research questions and hypotheses about the ________ and ________ of movement
Nature
Cause
Early definition was the study of the acquisition and/or modification of movement
Motor learning
In the context of __________ , motor learning refers to the __________ of movement skills lost through injury
Recovery of function
Re-acquisition
Four concepts of motor learning:
-Learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
-Learning results from experience or practice
-Learning cannot be measured directly, referred from behavioral changes
-Learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior
Motor learning emerges from a complex of ___________, __________, and ___________ processes
Perception
Cognition
Action
The process of ____________ can be described as the search for a task solution that emerges from an interaction of the individual with the task and the environment
Motor learning
___________ are new strategies for perceiving and acting
Task solutions
Temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice
Performance
Relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention
Learning
Effective therapists are _____________ of human movement education or re-education
Teachers/facilitators
True or false: Clinicians can benefit from concrete suggestions on how to effectively approach the client or learner
True
True or false: Since ML is concerned with how motor skills are acquired, strategies for sensing and moving are not necessary to achieve a task solution
False
(they are necessary)
With the patient as the learner, therapists will utilize strategies like _________, __________, ___________, and _________ to accomplish their therapeutic goal
Instruction
Feedback
Practice
Motivation
Refers to control achieved by feedback such that the actual response conforms to the desired response (or set point) by means of correcting any difference between them
Closed loop
Sensory feedback from ongoing movement is compared with the stored memory of the intended movement (in a closed loop process)
Adam’s Closed Loop Theory
There is no position feedback of a moving object
Open loop
The execution of preprogrammed movements without perceptual feedback
Open loop
Preprogrammed movements
Motor program
The colloquial term for open loop is _____________
“Muscle memory”
Stages of learning motor skills focus on motor learning from a __________ and describe how learning occurs _________
“Temporal perspective”
Over time
Stages of Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
- Cognitive stage
- Associative stage
- Autonomous stage
True or false: The associative stage involves understanding the task and selecting a strategy for the optimal performance
False
(Cognitive stage)
True or false: The cognitive stage is characterized by large number of errors and requiring a high degree of cognitive activity such as attention
True
Improvements in performance during the cognitive stage are ________
Large
True or false: The associative stage applies the best strategy that has been selected
True
True or false: The cognitive stage begins to refine the skill
False
(Associative stage)
The associative stage is characterized by ________ variability of performance and _________ improvement in performance
Small
Slow
During the autonomous stage, one can perform skills __________ with a ______ level of attention
Automatically
Low
True or false: During the associative stage, the person is ready for advanced challenges such as a dual-task performance
False
(Autonomous stage)
Stages of systems 3 stage model
Novice stage
Advanced stage
Expert stage
The systems 3 stage model focuses on the __________
Degrees of freedom
Learner simplifies the movement by stiffening body segments in attempt to control the degree of freedom and complete the task. Learner can perform the task accurately but inefficiently.
Novice stage
Biomechanical constraints and degree of freedom are being refined. Muscle synergies across number of joints would be used to create a well-coordinated movement; co-contraction of agonist and antagonist is reduced
Advanced stage
Learn to use energy more efficiently by taking advantage of passive forces increasingly in movement control and reduce fatigue; movements are optimally controlled
Expert stage
Model that describes the learner’s goals in two stages
Gentile two-stage model
Stage one of the Gentile two stage model
Understand the requirements of the movement
Stage two of the Gentile two stage model
Refine the movement (fixation/diversification)
-Goal of the task
-Develop an appropriate movement strategy to achieve the goal
-Task and environmental features critical to the movement
-Learn to distinguish relevant, or regulatory, features of the environment from those that are non-regulatory
Stage one of Gentile two state model
Develop the capability of adapting movement to changing task and environmental demands while performing the task consistently and efficiently
Stage two of Gentile two state model
Closed skills in the Gentile two stage model require ________
Fixation
(have minimal environmental variation and require movement consistency)
Open skills in the Gentile two stage model require ________
Diversification
(performed in changing environments and require movement diversity)
-Initial fumbling attempts
-Skills are learned/relearned
-Indicates “performance”
Acquisition/practice phase of patient progress
-Mastery of a skill
-Information stored for retrieval and application to novel situations
-Indicates “learning”
Retention/transfer phase of patient progress
The continuing and repetitive effort to become a proficient in a skill
Practice
True or false: Practice should be accurate, since faulty practice may lead to development of bad habits and inefficient postures
True
True or false: Practice should be passive and initiated by the patient
False
(active– not passive)
Practice should incorporate enough _________ to allow the patient to explore the perceptual motor workspace and to discover solutions to movement dilemmas
Variability
True or false: Practice should be task specific
True
Refers to the use of sensory information for the control of action in the process of skill acquisition. It’s a powerful variable affecting learning
Feedback
Feedback that applies the various sensory systems
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback that comes from the external resource
Extrinsic feedback
The purpose of extrinsic feedback is to provide the person with _____ or ______
Knowledge of results (KR)
Knowledge of performance (KP)
The outcome of movement; terminal feedback
KR
Movement pattern
KP
A session in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials
Massed practice
A session in which the amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial
Distributed
Learners practice a skill repeatedly under the same parameter setting
Constant
Learner practice a skill under a variety of parameter settings
Variable
Learners practice a set of motor tasks in a random order
Random
Learners practice a set of motor tasks in a fixed order
Blocked
Practice the entire movement at once
Whole
Break down the task into different components
Part
True or false: Amount of transfer is independent on similarity between two tasks/environments so that the neural processing demands would be similar
False
(dependent– not independent)
True or false: Mental practice does enhance skill acquisition
True
True or false: Unguided conditions are less effective for immediate skill acquisition but more effective for transfer
True
The ________ is a dynamic organ and some degree of ________ continues throughout the lifetime of an individual
Brain
Plasticity
Key learning elements for all ages include
-Environmental considerations
-Motivation
-Attention
-Guidance and instruction
-Selection of feedback and practice
True or false: There are no commonalities for learning across the lifespan and no issues unique to different phases of the lifespan
False
(some commonalities, some issues unique)
Intellectual abilities of healthy people do not lessen, although performance skills that are __________ tend to demonstrate a noticeable _______
Time related
Decline
True or false: Older adult performers seem to benefit greatly from cognitive learning strategies, especially when learning closed motor skills
True
Processing of new information typically takes _________ due to normal age-related changes in the CNS
Longer
True or false: Without cognitive assistance, procedural learning of motor programs may become the the only available avenue for regaining functional control over movement
True
True or false: Adapting only the principles of motor learning is the key element when working with older adults
False
(principles of motor learning and environment)
Learning new tasks is an essential component of __________ rehabilitation
Geriatric
__________ is highly effective for older adults
Mental practice
Ability to learn is dependent on….
-Intelligence
-Learning skills acquired over the years
-Flexibility of learning style
-Various non-cognitive factors
