Week 4- Cardiopulmonary System Flashcards
Components of the cardiovascular system
Heart
Vasculature
Blood
Functions of the cardiovascular system
-Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and organs in the body
-Transports hormones to target cells
-Removes metabolic waste (ex: carbon dioxide)
-Protects the body against disease through the circulation of WBCs, antibodies, and complement cells
-Regulates body temperature
Pumps blood to the body
Heart
A closed network of vessels that transports blood throughout the body
Vasculature
Transport blood away from the heart
Arteries
Transport blood toward the heart
Veins
The connection between arteries and veins to allow for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
Capillaries
Flow of the heart
-Deoxygenated blood from body travels into R atrium
-Through tricuspid valve to R ventricle
-Through pulmonary artery to lungs
-Oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein to L atrium
-Through mitral valve into L ventricle
-Through aorta out to body
When does vasculature development begin?
3-4 weeks after conception
Formation of arteries and veins
Vasculogenesis
These types of cells differentiate into vessels during vasculature development
Mesodermal
True or false: Vasculogenesis occurs only during embryonic development
True
Formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels
Angiogenesis
True or false: Angiogenesis only occurs throughout life
False
(during embryonic development AND throughout life– i.e. during healing)
Three layers of blood vessels
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima
Outer connective tissue layer
Tunica externa
Middle smooth muscle layer
Tunica media
Tunica intima
Inner endothelial layer
Located in the tunica media, contain elastic fibers to allow for expansion and recoil, maintains constant flow of blood during diastole
Large elastic arteries (aorta, left common carotid artery)
Located in tunica media, contains smooth muscle fibers to allow for regulation of diameter and control of blood flow to different parts of the body
Medium muscular arteries (femoral artery, axillary artery)
Controls the filling of capillaries
Small arteries and arterioles
3 classes of veins
Large veins
Medium/small veins
Venules
Distinguishing features of veins
-Larger and more compliant than arteries
-Thin walls (especially the tunica media)
-Large lumens (larger blood reservoir)
-One way valves
Typically located in veins inferior to the heart, facilitate blood flow toward the heart, affected by automatic nervous system and skeletal muscle pump
One-way valves
This nervous system regulates BP and peripheral vascular resistance
Autonomic nervous system
This nervous system increases HR and causes vasoconstriction
Sympathetic nervous system
This nervous system decreased HR and causes vasodilation
Parasympathetic nervous system
Types of receptors in circulation
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Located in aorta/carotid sinus
Baroreceptors
Detect changes in BP
Baroreceptors
Located in aorta and carotid bodies
Chemoreceptors
Detect changes in pH and O2
Chemoreceptors
The heart develops about ______ after conception
3 weeks
Circulation begins at about _______ - (rhythmic pulsations of primitive heart tube)
4 week gestation
When does the heart begin to beat and pump blood?
Week 4
When does the heart form into a 4 chamber structure?
Week 7
Small passages for blood to travel through in order to bypass body parts that are not yet developed
Shunting systems
A hole between the R atrium and L atrium
Foraman ovale
A vessel that connects the R pulmonary artery to the aorta
Ductus arteriosus
A vessel that connects the inferior vena cava to the umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
True or false: The shunting systems never close and form new structures
False
(they do close and form new structures)
What does the foramen ovale become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Fossa ovalis
What does the ductus arteriosus become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Ligamentum arteriosum
What does the umbilical vein become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Ligamentum teres
What does the ductus venosus become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Ligamentum venosum
What do the umbilical arteries become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Lateral umbilical ligaments
____% of live births have congenital heart disease
1%
Leading non-infectious cause of death in the 1st year of life
Congenital heart disease
True or false: The right side of the heart becomes predominant in infancy/childhood
False
(left side)
The ____________ becomes twice as thick by adulthood
Left ventricular wall
The heart is initially oriented __________ and changes to _______ orientation with lung expansion and growth
Horizontally
Vertical
Heart size __________at similar rate as body weight __________
Increases
Increases
Heart volume at birth
40 mL
Heart volume at 6 months
80 mL
Heart volume at age 2
160 mL
True or false: Ratio of heart volume to body weight remains constant at 10 mL/kg of body weight
True
True or false: There is an increase in the number of myocytes in infancy/childhood
False
(no increase)
Changes in myocytes:
Increase in:
-cross sectional area of muscle fibers
-number of myofibrils per cross sectional area
-force production (increased contraction of myocyte, myofibrils mature and change from a random orientation to being oriented in the same direction, stroke volume –> increased efficiency)
True or false: There is increased heart vascularization during infancy and childhood
True
At birth, there is ___ vessel for every ____ muscle fibers
1
6
The ratio for vessel to muscle fibers in adulthood
1:1
True or false: Fetal hemoglobin levels are less than post-natal Hb levels
False
(it’s more)
As the infant’s lungs begin to function, blood has less ____ and more _________
Hb
O2 saturation
O2 saturation in umbilical vein
70%
O2 saturation in arterial blood after birth
97%
This is directly proportional to heart size
Stroke volume
Infancy and childhood
Blood volume
Stroke volume
Heart rate
Blood pressure
(which increases and decreases?)
Blood volume: increases
Stroke volume: increases
Heart rate: decreases
Blood pressure: increases
Blood pressure increase is strongly related to increase in ________ and ________
Height
Weight
In adolescence, as body weight increases, _________ increases
Blood pressure
In adulthood, heart size may increase due to __________
Fatty deposition
True or false: In aging, there is increase in number of myocytes but decrease in size
False
(decrease, increase)
True or false: There is a decrease in number of pacemaker cells in SA node leads to a slower HR
True
True or false: Fibrous tissue and fat deposition can develop in the pacemaker pathways
True
True or false: As the left ventricular wall becomes thicker, stroke volume increases
False
(decreases)
During aging, the _________ becomes darker due to lipofuscan
Myocardium
True or false: During aging, there is a thickening and calcification of valves
True
True or false: Vessels become thinner, less stiff, and more flexible during aging
False
(thicker, stiffer, less flexible)
True or false: Blood volume and number of red cells decrease during aging
True
The number of most _________ typically remains the same
White blood cells
As lymphocytes decrease in number there is a decreased ability to fight _______ and impaired ________
Infection
Immune function
This is the leading cause of death, has 1 million heart attacks/yr, and 5 million adults with heart failure
Adult heart disease
Components of pulmonary system
-Lungs
-Airways
-Blood vessels
-Thorax
Primary function of pulmonary system
Gas exchange
Site of gas exchange (bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide)
Lungs
Pathway for air to lungs
Airways
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Blood vessels
Provides mechanical force in the pulmonary system
Thorax
True or false: The pulmonary system is divided into 3 zones
False
(2 zones)
Two zones for the pulmonary system
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
Zone that is the passageway for air to travel into and out of lungs
Conducting zone
Zone that consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
Conducting zone
Zone located deep in the lungs
Respiratory zone
Zone that consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Respiratory zone
The respiratory system can be located in the ________ (specifically the _______ and ______)
Brain stem
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Part of the nervous system that controls bronchial dilation
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the nervous system that controls bronchial constriction
Parasympathetic nervous system
Detect changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
Chemoreceptors
The stretch receptors are located in the _______
Lungs
Sensory and motor nerves are for the _________
Muscles of ventilation
Examples of muscles of ventilation
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled at rest with each breath
Tidal volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration
Residual volume
Total volume of air inspired and expired in one minute
Minute ventilation
Time frame when there is differentiation of the trachea and bronchi, formation of the lung buds, and the beginning of the bronchi turning into the lungs
4-8 weeks of gestation
Time frame for primitive alveoli form– development continues until birth
6 weeks
Time frame for when the conducting zone is developed
8 weeks
Time frame for when surfactant is produced
24 weeks
Time frame for when viable respiratory zone develops
26-28 weeks
At birth the rib cage is oriented _______ and ventilatory muscles are _________
Horizontally
Not fully developed
True or false: There is a lack of efficient diaphragmatic breathing at birth
True
Acheivements of sitting:
Ribs become ________
Diaphragm forms a _______
Ventilatory muscles become _________
Increased _________
Angled
Dome shape
Stronger
Efficiency
True or false: There is an increase in the number of alveoli and pulmonary vascularization in infancy/childhood
True
True or false: Airways are bigger in children
False
(smaller)
Smooth muscles, alveolar elasticity, collateral ventilation mechanism are ______ in children
Decreased
Bronchiole collapse, work of breaking, and infections are _________ in children based on the implications of decreased functions
Increased
During adolescence, proximal airways and vasculature as well as alveolar size, elastic fibers in alveolar walls, and capillaries to alveoli __________
Increase
True or false: Gas exchange does not increase in adolescence
False
(it does increase lol)
True or false: At 19 years old, smooth muscle in arterial walls of the alveoli are fully developed
True
Functional impairments are evident beginning in the _____ decade of life
7th decade– 60s
During adulthood, there is a _________ in joint mobility, expansion of chest wall during breathing, and strength and endurance of inspiratory muscles
Decrease
True or false: There is an altered length-tension relationship of muscles due to structural changes in thoracic cavity in adulthood/aging
True
True or false: In adulthood/aging, there is decreased compliance and elasticity due to changes in collagen and elastin
True
True or false: In adulthood/aging, vital capacity increases and residual volume decreases by age 70 due to impaired elastic recoil
False
(decreases…. increases)
True or false: The body responds to these changes in adulthood/aging with an increase in breathing rate in order to increase minute ventilation
True
Changes in the thoracic wall and muscles during adulthood lead to ________ work of breathing
Increased
True or false: Decreased elasticity in the alveoli during adulthood/aging have increased susceptibility to collapse during expiration
True
True or false: During adulthood/aging, an increase in lung size and alveoli due to increased residual volume means there is more time required for inspired air to reach alveoli
True
True or false: The increased number of mucous glands and mucus in airways does not lead to more resistance to airflow
False
(it does)
True or false: During adulthood/aging, vascular changes include a smaller capillary bed around the alveoli and decreased blood volume/flow the capillary bed
True
True or false: During aging/adulthood, the pulmonary system is working harder and less oxygen is delivered to the body
True
Maximum cardiac output and stroke volume, plasma volume, hemoglobin, and HDL ______ due to long term exercise
Increase
Resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and LDL ________ due to long term exercise
Decrease
Minute ventilation, vital capacity, and tidal volume _______ due to long term exercise
Increase
Inspiratory/expiratory reserve and respiratory rate at submaximal exercise _______ due to long term exercise
Decrease
True or false: Cardiac output, minute ventilation, and maximal aerobic capacity reflect the efficiency of the cardiopulmonary system
True
Efficiency of the cardiovascular system
Cardiac output
Stroke volume x heart rate
Cardiac output
Efficiency of the pulmonary system
Minute ventilation
Tidal volume x respiratory rate
Minute ventilation
Maximal ability of an individual’s body to transport and use oxygen for energy production
Maximal aerobic capacity
This is determined by level of cardiovascular and pulmonary fitness
Maximal aerobic capacity
