Week 4- Cardiopulmonary System Flashcards
1
Q
Components of the cardiovascular system
A
Heart
Vasculature
Blood
2
Q
Functions of the cardiovascular system
A
-Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and organs in the body
-Transports hormones to target cells
-Removes metabolic waste (ex: carbon dioxide)
-Protects the body against disease through the circulation of WBCs, antibodies, and complement cells
-Regulates body temperature
3
Q
Pumps blood to the body
A
Heart
4
Q
A closed network of vessels that transports blood throughout the body
A
Vasculature
5
Q
Transport blood away from the heart
A
Arteries
6
Q
Transport blood toward the heart
A
Veins
7
Q
The connection between arteries and veins to allow for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
A
Capillaries
8
Q
Flow of the heart
A
-Deoxygenated blood from body travels into R atrium
-Through tricuspid valve to R ventricle
-Through pulmonary artery to lungs
-Oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein to L atrium
-Through mitral valve into L ventricle
-Through aorta out to body
9
Q
When does vasculature development begin?
A
3-4 weeks after conception
10
Q
Formation of arteries and veins
A
Vasculogenesis
11
Q
These types of cells differentiate into vessels during vasculature development
A
Mesodermal
12
Q
True or false: Vasculogenesis occurs only during embryonic development
A
True
13
Q
Formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels
A
Angiogenesis
14
Q
True or false: Angiogenesis only occurs throughout life
A
False
(during embryonic development AND throughout life– i.e. during healing)
15
Q
Three layers of blood vessels
A
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima
16
Q
Outer connective tissue layer
A
Tunica externa
17
Q
Middle smooth muscle layer
A
Tunica media
18
Q
Tunica intima
A
Inner endothelial layer
19
Q
Located in the tunica media, contain elastic fibers to allow for expansion and recoil, maintains constant flow of blood during diastole
A
Large elastic arteries (aorta, left common carotid artery)
20
Q
Located in tunica media, contains smooth muscle fibers to allow for regulation of diameter and control of blood flow to different parts of the body
A
Medium muscular arteries (femoral artery, axillary artery)
21
Q
Controls the filling of capillaries
A
Small arteries and arterioles
22
Q
3 classes of veins
A
Large veins
Medium/small veins
Venules
23
Q
Distinguishing features of veins
A
-Larger and more compliant than arteries
-Thin walls (especially the tunica media)
-Large lumens (larger blood reservoir)
-One way valves
24
Q
Typically located in veins inferior to the heart, facilitate blood flow toward the heart, affected by automatic nervous system and skeletal muscle pump
A
One-way valves
25
This nervous system regulates BP and peripheral vascular resistance
Autonomic nervous system
26
This nervous system increases HR and causes vasoconstriction
Sympathetic nervous system
27
This nervous system decreased HR and causes vasodilation
Parasympathetic nervous system
28
Types of receptors in circulation
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
29
Located in aorta/carotid sinus
Baroreceptors
30
Detect changes in BP
Baroreceptors
31
Located in aorta and carotid bodies
Chemoreceptors
32
Detect changes in pH and O2
Chemoreceptors
33
The heart develops about ______ after conception
3 weeks
34
Circulation begins at about _______ - (rhythmic pulsations of primitive heart tube)
4 week gestation
35
When does the heart begin to beat and pump blood?
Week 4
36
When does the heart form into a 4 chamber structure?
Week 7
37
Small passages for blood to travel through in order to bypass body parts that are not yet developed
Shunting systems
38
A hole between the R atrium and L atrium
Foraman ovale
39
A vessel that connects the R pulmonary artery to the aorta
Ductus arteriosus
40
A vessel that connects the inferior vena cava to the umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
41
True or false: The shunting systems never close and form new structures
False
(they do close and form new structures)
42
What does the foramen ovale become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Fossa ovalis
43
What does the ductus arteriosus become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Ligamentum arteriosum
44
What does the umbilical vein become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Ligamentum teres
45
What does the ductus venosus become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Ligamentum venosum
46
What do the umbilical arteries become when the shunting systems close and form new structures?
Lateral umbilical ligaments
47
____% of live births have congenital heart disease
1%
48
Leading non-infectious cause of death in the 1st year of life
Congenital heart disease
49
True or false: The right side of the heart becomes predominant in infancy/childhood
False
(left side)
50
The ____________ becomes twice as thick by adulthood
Left ventricular wall
51
The heart is initially oriented __________ and changes to _______ orientation with lung expansion and growth
Horizontally
Vertical
52
Heart size __________at similar rate as body weight __________
Increases
Increases
53
Heart volume at birth
40 mL
54
Heart volume at 6 months
80 mL
55
Heart volume at age 2
160 mL
56
True or false: Ratio of heart volume to body weight remains constant at 10 mL/kg of body weight
True
57
True or false: There is an increase in the number of myocytes in infancy/childhood
False
(no increase)
58
Changes in myocytes:
Increase in:
-cross sectional area of muscle fibers
-number of myofibrils per cross sectional area
-force production (increased contraction of myocyte, myofibrils mature and change from a random orientation to being oriented in the same direction, stroke volume --> increased efficiency)
59
True or false: There is increased heart vascularization during infancy and childhood
True
60
At birth, there is ___ vessel for every ____ muscle fibers
1
6
61
The ratio for vessel to muscle fibers in adulthood
1:1
62
True or false: Fetal hemoglobin levels are less than post-natal Hb levels
False
(it's more)
63
As the infant's lungs begin to function, blood has less ____ and more _________
Hb
O2 saturation
64
O2 saturation in umbilical vein
70%
65
O2 saturation in arterial blood after birth
97%
66
This is directly proportional to heart size
Stroke volume
67
Infancy and childhood
Blood volume
Stroke volume
Heart rate
Blood pressure
(which increases and decreases?)
Blood volume: increases
Stroke volume: increases
Heart rate: decreases
Blood pressure: increases
68
Blood pressure increase is strongly related to increase in ________ and ________
Height
Weight
69
In adolescence, as body weight increases, _________ increases
Blood pressure
70
In adulthood, heart size may increase due to __________
Fatty deposition
71
True or false: In aging, there is increase in number of myocytes but decrease in size
False
(decrease, increase)
72
True or false: There is a decrease in number of pacemaker cells in SA node leads to a slower HR
True
73
True or false: Fibrous tissue and fat deposition can develop in the pacemaker pathways
True
74
True or false: As the left ventricular wall becomes thicker, stroke volume increases
False
(decreases)
75
During aging, the _________ becomes darker due to lipofuscan
Myocardium
76
True or false: During aging, there is a thickening and calcification of valves
True
77
True or false: Vessels become thinner, less stiff, and more flexible during aging
False
(thicker, stiffer, less flexible)
78
True or false: Blood volume and number of red cells decrease during aging
True
79
The number of most _________ typically remains the same
White blood cells
80
As lymphocytes decrease in number there is a decreased ability to fight _______ and impaired ________
Infection
Immune function
81
This is the leading cause of death, has 1 million heart attacks/yr, and 5 million adults with heart failure
Adult heart disease
82
Components of pulmonary system
-Lungs
-Airways
-Blood vessels
-Thorax
83
Primary function of pulmonary system
Gas exchange
84
Site of gas exchange (bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide)
Lungs
85
Pathway for air to lungs
Airways
86
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Blood vessels
87
Provides mechanical force in the pulmonary system
Thorax
88
True or false: The pulmonary system is divided into 3 zones
False
(2 zones)
89
Two zones for the pulmonary system
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
90
Zone that is the passageway for air to travel into and out of lungs
Conducting zone
91
Zone that consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
Conducting zone
92
Zone located deep in the lungs
Respiratory zone
93
Zone that consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Respiratory zone
94
The respiratory system can be located in the ________ (specifically the _______ and ______)
Brain stem
Medulla oblongata
Pons
95
Part of the nervous system that controls bronchial dilation
Sympathetic nervous system
96
Part of the nervous system that controls bronchial constriction
Parasympathetic nervous system
97
Detect changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
Chemoreceptors
98
The stretch receptors are located in the _______
Lungs
99
Sensory and motor nerves are for the _________
Muscles of ventilation
100
Examples of muscles of ventilation
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
101
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled at rest with each breath
Tidal volume
102
Amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration
Residual volume
103
Total volume of air inspired and expired in one minute
Minute ventilation
104
Time frame when there is differentiation of the trachea and bronchi, formation of the lung buds, and the beginning of the bronchi turning into the lungs
4-8 weeks of gestation
105
Time frame for primitive alveoli form-- development continues until birth
6 weeks
106
Time frame for when the conducting zone is developed
8 weeks
107
Time frame for when surfactant is produced
24 weeks
108
Time frame for when viable respiratory zone develops
26-28 weeks
109
At birth the rib cage is oriented _______ and ventilatory muscles are _________
Horizontally
Not fully developed
110
True or false: There is a lack of efficient diaphragmatic breathing at birth
True
111
Acheivements of sitting:
Ribs become ________
Diaphragm forms a _______
Ventilatory muscles become _________
Increased _________
Angled
Dome shape
Stronger
Efficiency
112
True or false: There is an increase in the number of alveoli and pulmonary vascularization in infancy/childhood
True
113
True or false: Airways are bigger in children
False
(smaller)
114
Smooth muscles, alveolar elasticity, collateral ventilation mechanism are ______ in children
Decreased
115
Bronchiole collapse, work of breaking, and infections are _________ in children based on the implications of decreased functions
Increased
116
During adolescence, proximal airways and vasculature as well as alveolar size, elastic fibers in alveolar walls, and capillaries to alveoli __________
Increase
117
True or false: Gas exchange does not increase in adolescence
False
(it does increase lol)
118
True or false: At 19 years old, smooth muscle in arterial walls of the alveoli are fully developed
True
119
Functional impairments are evident beginning in the _____ decade of life
7th decade-- 60s
120
During adulthood, there is a _________ in joint mobility, expansion of chest wall during breathing, and strength and endurance of inspiratory muscles
Decrease
121
True or false: There is an altered length-tension relationship of muscles due to structural changes in thoracic cavity in adulthood/aging
True
122
True or false: In adulthood/aging, there is decreased compliance and elasticity due to changes in collagen and elastin
True
123
True or false: In adulthood/aging, vital capacity increases and residual volume decreases by age 70 due to impaired elastic recoil
False
(decreases.... increases)
124
True or false: The body responds to these changes in adulthood/aging with an increase in breathing rate in order to increase minute ventilation
True
125
Changes in the thoracic wall and muscles during adulthood lead to ________ work of breathing
Increased
126
True or false: Decreased elasticity in the alveoli during adulthood/aging have increased susceptibility to collapse during expiration
True
127
True or false: During adulthood/aging, an increase in lung size and alveoli due to increased residual volume means there is more time required for inspired air to reach alveoli
True
128
True or false: The increased number of mucous glands and mucus in airways does not lead to more resistance to airflow
False
(it does)
129
True or false: During adulthood/aging, vascular changes include a smaller capillary bed around the alveoli and decreased blood volume/flow the capillary bed
True
130
True or false: During aging/adulthood, the pulmonary system is working harder and less oxygen is delivered to the body
True
131
Maximum cardiac output and stroke volume, plasma volume, hemoglobin, and HDL ______ due to long term exercise
Increase
132
Resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and LDL ________ due to long term exercise
Decrease
133
Minute ventilation, vital capacity, and tidal volume _______ due to long term exercise
Increase
134
Inspiratory/expiratory reserve and respiratory rate at submaximal exercise _______ due to long term exercise
Decrease
135
True or false: Cardiac output, minute ventilation, and maximal aerobic capacity reflect the efficiency of the cardiopulmonary system
True
136
Efficiency of the cardiovascular system
Cardiac output
137
Stroke volume x heart rate
Cardiac output
138
Efficiency of the pulmonary system
Minute ventilation
139
Tidal volume x respiratory rate
Minute ventilation
140
Maximal ability of an individual's body to transport and use oxygen for energy production
Maximal aerobic capacity
141
This is determined by level of cardiovascular and pulmonary fitness
Maximal aerobic capacity
