Week 3- Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Movement occurs from the interaction between ________.
-Sensory/perceptual
-Cognitive
-Motor/action systems
This system provides sensory information about the body and environment
Sensory/perceptual system (afferents)
This system the attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control
Cognitive system
This system includes the neuromuscular and biomechanical systems control the execution of functional movement
Motor/action system
A motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers. The basic functional units of skeletal muscle.
Motor units
__________ activity represents the final output of the CNS and their role in motor control is widely studied.
-Motor unit
The higher centers of the nervous system and the effector organs of movement
Functional motor unit
This part of the nervous system control speed and force of movement
Primary motor context
This part of the nervous system is involved in preplanning movements
Supplemental motor area
This part of the nervous system assists in visually guided movements
Premotor cortex
This part of the brain coordinates movements based on accuracy, timing, and intensity
Cerebellum
This part of the nervous system controls posture and adaptation to varying tasks or environments
Basal ganglia
The _____________ system composes the execution structures for movement
Musculoskeletal
One motor unit and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor unit
Two main periods of gestation development
-Embryonic
-Fetal
How long is the embryonic period?
0 to day 60 (about 2 months or 8 weeks)
How long is the fetal period?
Day 60 and on
What are the stages of early development?
-Fertilization
-Implantation
-Gastrulation
When is fertilization?
Day 1
When is implantation?
Day 6/7
When is gastrulation?
Day 15/16
A phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a trilaminar structure.
Gastrulation
What are the three germ layers?
-Ectoderm
-Mesoderm
-Endoderm
When does embryogenesis occur?
8 weeks after fertilization
True or false: All limb structures are present when embryogenesis is complete.
True
Where does the muscular system develop from?
Mesoderm
During the second half of gestation, there is a rapid increase in:
Number and size of muscle fibers
Slow twitch tonic fibers
Type I muscle fibers
Fast twitch phasic fibers
Type II muscle fibers
True or false: Type I muscle fibers form at 30 weeks gestation
False
(Type I form at 21 weeks)
True or false: Type II muscle fibers form at 21 weeks gestation
False
(Type II form at 30 weeks)
True or false: All skeletal muscles are developed by birth
True
Combination of slow and fast twitch muscles
Mixed muscles
Alters the muscle fiber orientation
Change in direction of muscle fibers
Separating into multiple layers
Splitting into myotomes
Formation of aponeurosis: a sheet of connective tissue
Degeneration
At birth, muscle mass is only ____% of total body mass
25%
True or false: There is increased muscular strength as muscles grow and mature during infancy/childhood.
True
Male or female?
14 fold increase in fiber number
Fiber size and strength increases until adolescence
Muscle mass increases 41-53% of total body mass
Male
Male or female?
10 fold increase in fiber number after birth
More rapid increase in fiber size compared to males
Muscle mass increases 41-42% of total body mass
Female
The relative type I and type II fiber ratio has reached the adult level at _________. (age range)
Adolescence
This occurs when there is an increase in skeletal and muscle length
Growth spurt
The length-tension relationship during growth spurts is modified through _________ as __________ grow
-Muscle lengthening
-Bones
Muscles increase in length through the addition of _________ and __________.
-Sarcomeres
-Fibers
True or false: Increased strength leads to decreased muscle mass.
False
(increased muscle mass)
When do females peak strength?
Onset of puberty
When is peak strength generally seen?
Young adulthood (early 20s-30s)
Muscle strength declines at age ______.
30
Each decade, ___% of muscle mass is lost
5%
Besides muscle strength, ___________ declines in 30s
Coordination
True or false: There is an increased occurrence of muscle strains at age 30
True
Those who are _____ years old have a steady decline in strength and impaired function
50
Between 50-70 years old, there is a ____% decline in strength
30%
Those who are ____ years old experience a rapid decline in strength.
70
Loss of muscle mass and function
Sarcopenia
True or false: Senile muscular atrophy means there is a decrease in number of fibers, mass of fibers, and number of functional motor units
False
(Sarcopenia)
This means muscle wasting
Senile muscular atrophy
True or false: There is a greater decline in trunk and lower extremities compared to upper extremities in older adults
True
Pattern of muscle weakness is ____________.
Proximal
(most prominent in back, abdominals, and quadriceps)
True or false: Older adults undergo an increased rate in loss of type I fibers compared to type II fibers
False
(type II goes first then type I)
What does decreased of contraction result in?
Loss of muscle power and decreased mobility within limits of postural stability
Slower reaction times and initiation of voluntary movements leads to ________.
Impaired balance strategies
Bone cell that creates bone
Osteoblast
Bone cell that absorbs bone
Osteoclast
Bone tissue that is a hard and dense outer layer
Compact bone
The flexible inner layer containing bone marrow
Spongy bone
Functions of the skeletal system
-Provides structural support for the body
-Protects vital organs
-Stores minerals (ex: calcium and phosphorus)
-Acts as a lever for movement
-Stores blood producing cells in bone marrow
Shaft of the long bone
Diaphysis
End of the long bone
Epiphysis
Area where bone grows
Epiphyseal plate
Area where epiphyseal plates have fused together and growth is not possible
Epiphyseal lines
Where do all bones and cartilage develop from?
Mesenchyme
Bone and cartilage are differentiated and bone develops
3rd-8th week
Mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate (UE before LE)
5th week
Chondrocytes form the cartilage of long bones
6th week
Growth of cartilage model
6th week
Development of primary ossification center
7th-11th week
Development of secondary ossification center
After birth
Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
After birth
True or false: The diaphysis are well ossified and formed by the primary ossification center at birth
True
True or false: The epiphysis are not cartilaginous anymore and formed by the primary ossification center at birth
False
(still cartilaginous, formed by secondary ossification center)
Where do most bone fractures occur in the long bone?
Epiphysis
These curves include the thoracic and sacral regions of the spine, are kyphotic, and formed at birth
Primary curves
These curves include the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine, are lordotic, and formed through weightbearing during walking
Secondary curves
How is skeletal maturity achieved?
The closure of epiphyseal plates
This helps doctors estimate the maturity of a child’s skeletal system
Bone age
This identifies the amount of ossification of the human pelvis as a measure of skeletal maturity
Risser sign
True or false: Bone growth in infancy/childhood is rapid, and genetics, health, and nutrition influence it
True
Their head and trunk are disproportionately larger than adults
Newborns
True or false: Throughout adolescence, the pelvis and lower extremities change in length, rotation, angle, and torsion
False
(childhood)
Weightbearing and movement drive these skeletal changes
Bone remodeling
These structures hold together the bones that form the skull
Sutures
Soft areas where the bone has not fused yet
Fontanelles
What is the premature closure of sutures?
Craniosynostosis
These fontanelles form at 2-3 months
Posterior
These fontanelles form at 12-18 months
Anterior
What is bone remodeling influenced with during adolescence?
-Hormones
-Physical activity
-Nutrition
Growth spurts in girls (age)
12-14 years old
Growth spurt in boys (age)
14-15 years old
True or false: During adolescence, the trunk grows before the legs
True
True or false: Muscular growth occurs quicker than skeletal growth
False
(skeletal then muscular)
Improper length-tension relationship leads to decreased _____________.
Muscle flexibility
How old are children when cranial bones fuse to allow for development of the skull and brain?
2 years old
When do epiphyseal growth plates close? (age)
25 years old
A ________ across a growth plate can lead to asymmetrical growth of that joint
Fracture
The use of _________ is contraindicated over epiphyseal areas in children
Ultrasound
When is bone growth complete? (age range)
Adulthood
Bone remodeling and density can increase with:
-Weightbearing
-Muscular contraction
-Adequate nutrition and calcium intake
When is the peak of changes in bone mass? (age)
Late 20s-early 30s
When do changes in bone mass remain stable? (age)
Age 30-50
Bone resorption exceeds bone formation after age ______
50
True or false: Loss of bone mass is associated with increase in estrogen
False
(decrease in estrogen)
Bone loss to where bone mineral density is lower than normal, but not low enough to be osteoporosis
Osteopenia
Deficient mineralization of the bone matrix is associated with deficiencies in ________.
-Vitamin D
-Calcium
-Phosphate
True or false: Impairments associated with deficient mineralization include diffuse pain, muscle weakness, and intolerance with mechanical load
True
Softening of bones
Osteomalacia
Structural changes in cartilage:
-Water content decreases
-Extracellular matrix becomes rigid
-Death of chondrocytes
-Hyaline cartilage is replaced with fibrocartilage
-Decreased capacity for repair and healing
True or false: Functional impairments in older adults include increased strength/flexibility and great posture
False
(decreased strength/flexibility, poor posture)
In infancy/childhood, there is vulnerability of _____ and _____ to trauma
-Growth plate
-Cartilage
True or false: If an injury occurs around the growth plate/cartilage, a disruption in blood and nutrients can cause permanent damage to growth of the involved limb
True
True or false: There is a decreased risk of ligament tears or growth plate fracture due to traumatic mechanisms of injury or excessive repetitive stress during infancy/childhood
False
(increased risk)
Diagnoses in infancy and childhood
-Epiphyseal infection and injury
-Growth plate fracture
-Apophyseal avulsion
-Nursemaid’s elbow
How does apophyseal avulsion occur?
There is a sudden forceful muscular contraction
This diagnosis is common in toddlers and preschoolers
Nursemaid’s elbow
This age range has increased occurrence of stress fractures and apophyseal avulsion fractures
Adolescence
Incomplete fracture commonly occurring in weightbearing bones
Stress fracture
This diagnosis typically occur in pelvis, hip, and tibial tuberosity
Apophyseal avulsion fracture
A slippage of the femoral head due to damage to the growth plate
Slipped capital-femoral epiphysis
Abnormal curvature of the spine that is common in females
Scoliosis
This age range has decreased strength and endurance due to age-related changes in bones, muscles, and cartilages
Adulthood/older adults
Adults experience increased risk of fractures due to changes in __________.
Bone mineral density
______ is secondary to disc changes in adulthood
Back pain
Diagnosis characterized by bones becoming weak and brittle due to bone resorption > bone formation
Osteoporosis
This diagnosis, which consists of accumulated microtrauma and inflammation, typically occurs in weigh-bearing joints and overweight/obese individuals
Osteoarthritis
