Week 2- Sensory System Flashcards
1
Q
These structures receive stimulus
A
Receptors
2
Q
These have nerve axons and afferent pathways
A
Sensory pathways
3
Q
This part of the nervous system transmit signals
A
Sensory pathways
4
Q
This part of the body interprets or integrates sensory inputs
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
5
Q
This part of the nervous system has efferent pathways
A
Motor System
6
Q
This part of the nervous system produces a response
A
Motor System
7
Q
Two types of receptors
A
-Nerve cell
-Specialized epithelial cell
8
Q
Activating receptors is _______ specific.
A
Stimulus
9
Q
What happens during activation?
A
An external stimulus transforms to an electrical signal
10
Q
Sensory pathways describe the _______ and _____ of the sensory stimulus
A
-type
-location
11
Q
Dependent on what type of receptor is activated
A
Type
12
Q
Each receptor has a specific _______ on the sensory map in the brain
A
Location
13
Q
Collection of cell bodies of the afferent sensory fibers
A
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG)
14
Q
The dorsal root ganglion is associated with the ________ of the spinal nerve.
A
Posterior/dorsal root
15
Q
What do the dorsal roots contain?
A
Sensory fibers from the skin, subcutaneous and deep tissues, and viscera
16
Q
Primary afferent fibers of the dorsal roots are either _____________ or ____________.
A
-myelinated
-unmyelinated
17
Q
True or false: Cutaneous, joint, and visceral afferents are unmyelinated
A
False
18
Q
The integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information
A
Perception
19
Q
This involves peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher-level
processing
A
Perception
20
Q
The location of sensory receptors in the brain
A
Sensory map
21
Q
Shows the somatic sensory projections
from the body surface
A
Sensory homunculus
22
Q
The ability to use sensory information efficiently
A
Sensory integration
23
Q
True or False: Combining several sensory inputs to produce a desired movement
A
True
24
Q
What systems are involved in stable standing balance?
A
Somatosensory (proprioception), vision, vestibular
25
These structures define the type, location, and intensity of stimulus
Receptors
26
What do receptors transform an external stimulus into?
Electrical signals
27
This part of the nervous system transmits an electrical signal to area of brain that corresponds with receptor location
Sensory pathways
28
Interprets and integrates sensory signals
CNS
29
Communicates with motor system to produce goal-directed
movement
CNS
30
Receptors that detect touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception
Mechanoreceptors
31
Receptors that detect heat and cold
Thermoreceptors
32
Receptors that detect pain
Nociceptors
33
Where does proprioceptive sensation come from?
Ligaments, muscles, joints, and tendons
34
Perception of sensation from inside the body
Interoception
35
Perception of one's body in space
Proprioception
36
This branch of the nervous system transmits information about the senses of touch, pain, temperature,
and body position from sensory receptors to the CNS to regulate behavior
Somatosensory system
37
What is the first system to function in utero?
Touch
38
True or False: Proprioceptive receptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs) are well-developed by mid-fetal life
True
39
When does the fetus respond to touch around the mouth?
7 weeks
40
When are muscle spindles formed?
12 weeks
41
When are golgi tendon organs formed?
16 weeks
42
When does cutaneous sensation spread to the entire body?
17 weeks
43
True or false: All sensory systems are matured at birth
False
44
The __________ is completely myelinated at birth
PNS
45
True or false: Complete structural maturation of sensory pathways occur throughout childhood
True
46
What happens in the structural maturation of sensory pathways in childhood?
-increased nerve conduction velocity
-redistribution of axon branching
-increased synaptic efficiency
-all the above
all the above
47
Reflex used by an infant to locate food
Rooting reflex
48
True or false: Touch is a crucial role in parent-infant attachment, sociability, and cognitive development
True
49
When does specific touch localization happen?
12-16 months
50
When do children identify objects by touch?
5 years
51
When can a baby sense two-point discrimination?
7 years
52
True or false: Proprioception is not used very early after birth
False
53
What movements can babies execute regarding proprioception?
-imitation
-reaching
-locomotion
54
When do muscle spindles mature?
As early as 3 years old
55
When does proprioceptive acuity for movements improve?
Between 5-12 years
56
True or false: The sensory system is keenest during late adolescence into early adulthood
True
57
When does sensory function begin to decline?
Adulthood (specifically middle age)
58
True or false: Peripheral and central changes always correlate with a decline in function
False
59
Reaction time peaks in ______, then slows by ____% during middle adulthood
-mid 20s
-20%
60
What does dry skin and less elasticity lead to?
Compromised precision of cutaneous receptors
61
How does sensory functioning decline in aging?
-decrease in number of sensory systems
-decrease in functioning of remaining sensory neruons
-structural and physiological changes within the CNS
-all the above
All the above
62
True or false: Decrease in number of receptors leads to a decline in fine touch, pressure, and vibration sense
True
63
What does a loss up to 30% of sensory fibers innervating peripheral receptors lead to?
Peripheral neuropathy
64
True or false: Arthritic changes affect the ability of joint receptors to detect joint motion
True
65
True or False: There is decreasing feedback that the CNS normally receives during movement when when atrophy is found in muscle spindles, joint receptors, and GTO
True
66
As redundancy of sensory information decreases because of age-related changes, how do older adults respond to it?
They are forced to compensate more
67
What are examples of functional consequences in aging?
-postural instability
-exaggerated body sway
-balance problems
-gait disturbances
-diminished fine motor coordination
-tendency to drop things held in hands
-difficulty recognizing body or limb positions in space
68
What does vision provide individuals information about?
-the external world
-identification of external objects and determination of their movement
-where the body is in space, the relationship of one's body parts, and the motion of one's body
69
This is the dominant sensory modality in humans
Visual system
70
Vision is vital in control of _________.
-posture
-locomotion
-balance
-hand function
71
Structures and receptors in the eyeball
Peripheral anatomy
72
How many extraocular muscles do we have?
6
73
This nerve carries nerve impulses in the visual system
Optic nerve
74
The occipital cortex contains the ___________ cortex
Visual
75
True or false: Head position and head control are not important elements leading to visual function
False
76
How many types of eye movements are controlled by the 6 extraocular muscles?
4
77
Quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes in the same direction
Saccades
78
Slow smooth eye movements and allows the eyes to closely follow moving object
Slow pursuit or tracking
79
Reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina
VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex)
80
Produces eye movement in opposite direction to head movement
VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex)
81
Simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions
Vergence
82
Eyes rotate towards each other
Convergence
83
Eyes rotate away from each other
Divergence
84
Where does the visual system derive from during the prenatal stage?
Thalamus in diencephalon
85
True or false: Complete maturation of sensory pathways occur after birth
True
86
What colors do newborns initially see?
Black and white
87
The best distance for fixation, regarding newborns, is _____ away from eyes
7-9 inches
88
What preference do newborns have in visual development?
Pattern preference, especially for a human face
89
At 2 months old, what colors do infants see?
Red and yellow
90
How old can infants track vertically, horizontally, and in circular paths?
2 months
91
When do infants prefer a colored object that has a perception of form?
3 months
92
When to infants have full color vision?
4 months
93
Binocular vision matures between ____________.
3-5 months
94
When does adult-like binocular vision occur?
2 years old
95
When is adult levels of visual acuity achieved?
12 months
96
What promotes visual interest?
Postural control
97
Children between 4-6 years old are highly dependent on visual feedback for _____________ and __________.
-upright postural control
-balance
98
True or false: Visual perception becomes increasingly more accurate during preschool years
True
99
When does the visual system mature and become more sophisticated?
Adolescence
100
This visual system coupling is important in adolescence
Eye-hand coordination and perception-action
101
When do people have perceptual judgments regarding size of objects?
Age 11
102
When do adolescents have achieved adult levels of depth perception?
Age 12
103
How does visual acuity change in adulthood?
-increases in 20s/30s
-remains stable during 40s/50s
-most rapid decline occurs between 60s/80s
104
Cataracts begin to form in individuals _______ (age).
over 30
105
When does presbyopia develop? (age)
Age 45
106
When does one begin to have decline in ability to quickly adapt from light to dark environments? (age)
After age 40
107
Cataract formation is in _____% of adults over _____
-60%
-65
108
Macular degeneration is in _____% of adults over _____
-28%
-75
109
What happens as field of vision diminishes?
There is a loss of depth perception
110
What do slowed peripheral and central processing impair?
-postural control
-balance
-safety
-independence
111
This provides information regarding the position of the head in space
Vestibular system
112
True or false: The visual system detects sudden changes in the direction of movement of the head
False
(vestib system)
113
Vestibular inputs integrate _______ and ______ information to coordinate motor responses
Visual and proprioceptive information
114
True or false: The vestibular system assists with eye stabilization and static and dynamic postural stability during standing and walking
True
115
Vestibular structures begin as a thickening of the ______ within the primitive ear in the ____ week of gestation
-ectoderm
-4th week
116
As a fetus moves in utero, what provides information about that movement?
Vestibular apparatus
117
True or false: The vestibular system is completely unmyelinated at birth
False
(it is myelinated)
118
What is movement behavior developed by?
Movement experience and acquiring postural control against gravity
119
What does movement behavior lead to during the infancy/childhood stage?
Development of trunk righting and equilibrium reactions
120
True or false: Rocking and spinning contribute to the maturation of the vestibular system
True
121
When does development of the ability to relate eye movements to head movements occur?
Infancy/childhood
122
When is normal VOR present?
By 2 months of age
123
True or false: There is an increase in vestibular sensitivity from birth to a peak between 6-12 months of age that gradually declines from 2.5 yrs to puberty
True
124
When is full maturity of the vestibular system achieved?
10-14 yrs of age
125
Vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems coordinate to control __________.
Balance
126
How old do you gain static balance?
9-12 yrs
127
How old do you gain dynamic balance?
12 yrs
128
True or false: The number of sensory cells and nerve fibers increase in the PNS during adulthood around age 40
False
129
True or false: Dizziness and vertigo are common issues for people over age 50
True
130
There are 40% in hair cells and 36% reduction in peripheral nerve fibers in adults ________ (age)
over 70
131
What does deterioration in central vestibular integrative functions lead to?
Impaired balance
132
True or false: The vestibular system becomes unreliable when visual and proprioceptive input conflicts
True
133
What is the order of sensory system development?
Touch
Vestibular
Smell
Hearing
Vision
Taste
Proprioception
