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#NUR1114 Nursing > Week 5: Gastrointestinal Assessment > Flashcards

Week 5: Gastrointestinal Assessment Flashcards

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1
Q

Define

Gastrointestinal (GI) Health History

A

The process of gathering detailed information about a patient’s digestive system symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle to assess their gastrointestinal health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood, which can indicate bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define

Indigestion

A

Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen associated with eating, potentially caused by issues with digestion or the GI tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define

Flatulence

A

The release of gas from the digestive tract through the rectum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define

Belching

A

The expulsion of gas from the stomach through the mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define

Nausea

A

A feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define

Emesis

A

The act of vomiting, which can vary in appearance and may indicate different underlying conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define

Melena

A

Black, tarry stools that suggest bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define

Hematochezia

A

The passage of fresh, bright red blood through the rectum, indicating bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract, such as the colon or rectum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define

Rebound Tenderness

A

Pain that occurs when pressure applied to an area is quickly released, indicating possible inflammation or irritation in the abdominal area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define

The Sims Position

A

A position used for certain medical examinations, where the patient lies on their left side with their right knee and thigh drawn up towards the chest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define

Large Intestine

A

The part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming and expelling feces. It includes the colon and rectum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define

Constipation

A

A condition where bowel movements are infrequent or difficult to pass, often resulting in hard, dry stools due to prolonged stool retention in the colon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define

Feces

A

The solid waste products of digestion, consisting of water, undigested food particles, bacteria, and metabolic byproducts, expelled through the rectum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define

Bile Pigments

A

Compounds produced by the liver that give stool its brown color, derived from the breakdown of red blood cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define

Bristol Stool Chart

A

A diagnostic tool used to classify stool types based on their appearance, ranging from hard lumps (Type 1) to watery liquid (Type 7), to help assess bowel health and function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define

Diarrhea

A

Frequent, loose, or watery stools often resulting from gastrointestinal disturbances or infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define

Celiac Disease

A

An autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to inflammation and damage of the small intestine lining, affecting nutrient absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define

Dehydration

A

A condition resulting from excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can affect bowel function and lead to hard, dry stools.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define

Full Blood Count (FBC)

A

A common blood test that measures various components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, to assess overall health and detect potential issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

A

A protein that may be elevated in certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. It is used as a tumor marker in diagnostic evaluations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define

Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

A

A group of blood tests that measure enzymes and proteins in the liver, used to evaluate liver health and diagnose liver conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define

Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)

A

A stool test used to detect hidden (occult) blood in the feces, which can be an indicator of gastrointestinal bleeding or conditions such as colorectal cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define

Breath Tests

A

Diagnostic tests that analyze components in a patient’s breath to diagnose conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection or carbohydrate malabsorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define

Gastric Motility Studies

A

Tests that assess the movement of food and liquids through the gastrointestinal tract using radionuclide markers to evaluate GI motility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define

Endoscopy

A

A procedure involving the insertion of a flexible tube with a camera and light source into the GI tract to visualize and potentially biopsy the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define

Colonoscopy

A

A diagnostic procedure that involves examining the lining of the large intestine (colon) with a flexible tube equipped with a camera, used to detect abnormalities, polyps, or cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define

Sigmoidoscopy

A

A procedure similar to colonoscopy but limited to examining the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal using a flexible tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define

Barium Enema

A

A diagnostic test where a barium contrast liquid is introduced into the rectum and colon, allowing X-ray images to highlight abnormalities in the large intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define

Mucosal Transport

A

The movement of nutrients and fluids across the mucosal layer of the colon, which is essential for proper bowel function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define

Myoelectric Activity

A

The electrical activity of the muscles in the colon that helps coordinate the movement of stool through the gastrointestinal tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define

Defecation

A

The process of eliminating stool from the rectum through the anus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define

Rectal Distension

A

The stretching of the rectum due to the accumulation of stool, which triggers the urge to defecate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define

Borborygmi

A

The rumbling or gurgling sounds produced by the movement of gas and fluids in the intestines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define

Fecal Impaction

A

A severe form of constipation where a large mass of stool becomes stuck in the rectum and cannot be passed naturally.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define

Hemorrhoids

A

Swollen veins in the rectal or anal area that can cause discomfort and bleeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define

Anal Fissures

A

Small tears in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define

Megacolon

A

An abnormal enlargement of the colon that can result from severe constipation and affect bowel function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Define

Bulk-Forming Laxatives

A

Laxatives that increase the bulk of stool to stimulate peristalsis and promote bowel movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define

Saline Agents

A

Laxatives that draw water into the intestines to increase stool volume and stimulate bowel movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Define

Lubricant Laxatives

A

Laxatives that coat the stool and the intestinal lining to ease the passage of stool.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define

Stimulant Laxatives

A

Laxatives that irritate the colon’s lining to induce bowel movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Define

Stool Softeners

A

Laxatives that add moisture to the stool to make it easier to pass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Define

Osmotic Agents

A

Laxatives that attract water into the intestines to induce diarrhea and relieve constipation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Define

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

A functional gastrointestinal disorder marked by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Management often includes dietary adjustments like the FODMAP diet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Define

FODMAP

A

A dietary approach used to manage IBS by reducing the intake of foods that are high in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Define

Secretory Diarrhea

A

A type of diarrhea caused by the increased secretion of fluids into the intestinal lumen, often due to bacterial toxins or other irritants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Define

Osmotic Diarrhea

A

Diarrhea caused by the presence of non-absorbable substances in the intestines that draw water into the intestinal lumen due to increased osmotic pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Define

Malabsorptive Diarrhea

A

Diarrhea resulting from the failure of the intestines to properly absorb nutrients, leading to the passage of unabsorbed nutrients in the stool.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Define

Exudative Diarrhea

A

Diarrhea associated with the loss of mucus, blood, or pus from the intestinal mucosa, often due to inflammatory conditions or chemotherapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Define

Esophageal Varices

A

Enlarged veins in the esophagus that can bleed and result in the presence of blood in vomit, requiring immediate assessment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Define

Visceral Afferent Stimulation

A

Stimulation of sensory nerves in the internal organs that can cause nausea, often due to irritation or infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Define

Antiemetics

A

Medications used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting. Examples include metoclopramide and ondansetron (Zofran).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
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54
Q

What is

The process of gathering detailed information about a patient’s digestive system symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle to assess their gastrointestinal health.

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) Health History

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is

Vomiting of blood, which can indicate bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

A

Hematemesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is

Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen associated with eating, potentially caused by issues with digestion or the GI tract.

A

Indigestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is

The release of gas from the digestive tract through the rectum.

A

Flatulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is

The expulsion of gas from the stomach through the mouth.

A

Belching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is

A feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit.

A

Nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is

The act of vomiting, which can vary in appearance and may indicate different underlying conditions.

A

Emesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is

Black, tarry stools that suggest bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

A

Melena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is

The passage of fresh, bright red blood through the rectum, indicating bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract, such as the colon or rectum.

A

Hematochezia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is

Pain that occurs when pressure applied to an area is quickly released, indicating possible inflammation or irritation in the abdominal area.

A

Rebound Tenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is

A position used for certain medical examinations, where the patient lies on their left side with their right knee and thigh drawn up towards the chest.

A

The Sims Position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is

The part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming and expelling feces. It includes the colon and rectum.

A

Large Intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is

A condition where bowel movements are infrequent or difficult to pass, often resulting in hard, dry stools due to prolonged stool retention in the colon.

A

Constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is

The solid waste products of digestion, consisting of water, undigested food particles, bacteria, and metabolic byproducts, expelled through the rectum.

A

Feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is

Compounds produced by the liver that give stool its brown color, derived from the breakdown of red blood cells.

A

Bile Pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is

A diagnostic tool used to classify stool types based on their appearance, ranging from hard lumps (Type 1) to watery liquid (Type 7), to help assess bowel health and function.

A

Bristol Stool Chart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is

Frequent, loose, or watery stools often resulting from gastrointestinal disturbances or infections.

A

Diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is

An autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to inflammation and damage of the small intestine lining, affecting nutrient absorption.

A

Celiac Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is

A condition resulting from excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can affect bowel function and lead to hard, dry stools.

A

Dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is

A common blood test that measures various components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, to assess overall health and detect potential issues.

A

Full Blood Count (FBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is

A protein that may be elevated in certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer. It is used as a tumor marker in diagnostic evaluations.

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is

A group of blood tests that measure enzymes and proteins in the liver, used to evaluate liver health and diagnose liver conditions.

A

Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is

A stool test used to detect hidden (occult) blood in the feces, which can be an indicator of gastrointestinal bleeding or conditions such as colorectal cancer.

A

Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is

Diagnostic tests that analyze components in a patient’s breath to diagnose conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection or carbohydrate malabsorption.

A

Breath Tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is

Tests that assess the movement of food and liquids through the gastrointestinal tract using radionuclide markers to evaluate GI motility.

A

Gastric Motility Studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is

A procedure involving the insertion of a flexible tube with a camera and light source into the GI tract to visualize and potentially biopsy the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

A

Endoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is

A diagnostic procedure that involves examining the lining of the large intestine (colon) with a flexible tube equipped with a camera, used to detect abnormalities, polyps, or cancer.

A

Colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is

A procedure similar to colonoscopy but limited to examining the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal using a flexible tube.

A

Sigmoidoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is

A diagnostic test where a barium contrast liquid is introduced into the rectum and colon, allowing X-ray images to highlight abnormalities in the large intestine.

A

Barium Enema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is

The movement of nutrients and fluids across the mucosal layer of the colon, which is essential for proper bowel function.

A

Mucosal Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is

The electrical activity of the muscles in the colon that helps coordinate the movement of stool through the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Myoelectric Activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is

The process of eliminating stool from the rectum through the anus.

A

Defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is

The stretching of the rectum due to the accumulation of stool, which triggers the urge to defecate.

A

Rectal Distension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is

The rumbling or gurgling sounds produced by the movement of gas and fluids in the intestines.

A

Borborygmi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What is

A severe form of constipation where a large mass of stool becomes stuck in the rectum and cannot be passed naturally.

A

Fecal Impaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is

Swollen veins in the rectal or anal area that can cause discomfort and bleeding.

A

Hemorrhoids

90
Q

What is

Small tears in the lining of the anus that can cause pain and bleeding during bowel movements.

A

Anal Fissures

91
Q

What is

An abnormal enlargement of the colon that can result from severe constipation and affect bowel function.

A

Megacolon

92
Q

What is

Laxatives that increase the bulk of stool to stimulate peristalsis and promote bowel movements.

A

Bulk-Forming Laxatives

93
Q

What is

Laxatives that draw water into the intestines to increase stool volume and stimulate bowel movements.

A

Saline Agents

94
Q

What is

Laxatives that coat the stool and the intestinal lining to ease the passage of stool.

A

Lubricant Laxatives

95
Q

What is

Laxatives that irritate the colon’s lining to induce bowel movements.

A

Stimulant Laxatives

96
Q

What is

Laxatives that add moisture to the stool to make it easier to pass.

A

Stool Softeners

97
Q

What is

Laxatives that attract water into the intestines to induce diarrhea and relieve constipation.

A

Osmotic Agents

98
Q

What is

A functional gastrointestinal disorder marked by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Management often includes dietary adjustments like the FODMAP diet.

A

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

99
Q

What is

A dietary approach used to manage IBS by reducing the intake of foods that are high in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols.

A

FODMAP

100
Q

What is

A type of diarrhea caused by the increased secretion of fluids into the intestinal lumen, often due to bacterial toxins or other irritants.

A

Secretory Diarrhea

101
Q

What is

Diarrhea caused by the presence of non-absorbable substances in the intestines that draw water into the intestinal lumen due to increased osmotic pressure.

A

Osmotic Diarrhea

102
Q

What is

Diarrhea resulting from the failure of the intestines to properly absorb nutrients, leading to the passage of unabsorbed nutrients in the stool.

A

Malabsorptive Diarrhea

103
Q

What is

Diarrhea associated with the loss of mucus, blood, or pus from the intestinal mucosa, often due to inflammatory conditions or chemotherapy.

A

Exudative Diarrhea

104
Q

What is

Enlarged veins in the esophagus that can bleed and result in the presence of blood in vomit, requiring immediate assessment.

A

Esophageal Varices

105
Q

What is

Stimulation of sensory nerves in the internal organs that can cause nausea, often due to irritation or infection.

A

Visceral Afferent Stimulation

106
Q

What is the focus of a comprehensive gastrointestinal health history?

A

The focus is on symptoms commonly associated with GI dysfunction, such as pain, indigestion, intestinal gas, nausea and vomiting, hematemesis, changes in bowel habits, and stool characteristics.

107
Q

Which details are important to gather during a GI health history?

A

Past and current medications, previous GI treatments or surgeries, diagnostic studies or treatments the patient has undergone, and dietary history including any changes in appetite or weight.

108
Q

What should you assess when evaluating pain in the GI system?

A

Assess the pain’s character, duration, frequency, location, distribution of referred pain, and timing.

109
Q

What is indigestion and what factors might contribute to it?

A

Indigestion is upper abdominal discomfort associated with eating, potentially related to gastric peristalsis or issues with the nervous system, stomach, or GI tract. Factors like fatty or highly seasoned foods may contribute.

110
Q

What are the possible causes of excessive gas in the GI tract?

A

Excessive gas might indicate gallbladder disease or food intolerance.

111
Q

What is hematemesis and what does its color indicate?

A

Hematemesis is vomiting blood. Bright red blood suggests a recent hemorrhage, while coffee-ground emesis indicates that blood has been retained in the stomach and acted upon by digestive enzymes.

112
Q

What does melena in stool signify?

A

Melena is tarry black stool, indicating an upper GI bleed.

113
Q

What does bright red blood in the stool suggest?

A

Bright red blood in the stool suggests a lower GI bleed.

114
Q

What should you assess in abnormal stool characteristics?

A

Look for variations such as bulky, greasy, foamy, clay-colored, mucus-containing, small, dry, hard, loose, or watery stools.

115
Q

What areas should be inspected in a comprehensive GI assessment?

A

Inspect the lips, tongue, teeth, and pharynx for ulcers, nodules, swelling, discoloration, or inflammation.

116
Q

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), and Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).

117
Q

What organs are found in the LUQ?

A

Stomach, spleen, left liver lobe, duodenum, pancreas body, left kidney, adrenal gland, splenic flexure of colon, and parts of the descending and transverse colon.

118
Q

What should the patient’s position be for a physical GI assessment?

A

The patient should be supine, relaxed, comfortable, with a pillow under the head, knees bent, and arms at their sides.

119
Q

Why should you auscultate before palpating during a GI assessment?

A

To avoid disrupting bowel sounds which might affect the accuracy of the assessment.

120
Q

What is rebound tenderness and why is it significant?

A

Rebound tenderness is pain experienced when pressure is released from the abdomen, and it is a significant finding indicating possible inflammation or irritation.

121
Q

How should you position a patient for a rectal examination?

A

Position the patient in The Sims position (left side) for the rectal examination.

122
Q

What are the primary functions of the large intestine?

A

The large intestine is involved in bowel elimination and absorption, processing about 800 to 1,000 ml of liquid into semi-solid stool.

123
Q

What happens if absorption in the large intestine is impaired?

A

It results in watery stool.

124
Q

What occurs if stool remains in the colon for too long?

A

The stool becomes very dry and hard, leading to constipation.

125
Q

What vitamins are manufactured by the bowel?

A

The bowel manufactures vitamin K and biotin (a B vitamin).

126
Q

What is the typical composition of feces?

A

Feces are composed of about 75% water and 25% solids, including undigested fiber, solidified components of digestive juices, bacteria, fat, inorganic matter, and proteins.

127
Q

What is considered normal stool frequency for adults?

A

Adults typically have daily bowel movements, sometimes twice daily, but it can vary widely.

128
Q

What are the normal stool colors for infants and adults?

A

Infants have stool colors ranging from yellow to brown, while adults have brown stool due to bile pigments.

129
Q

What does black stool indicate?

A

Black stool may indicate a diet high in red meat or dark green vegetables, or it could signal bleeding.

130
Q

What might lighter brown stool suggest?

A

Lighter brown stool might indicate a diet high in milk products.

131
Q

What could clay-colored stool suggest?

A

Clay-colored stool could suggest bile absence or malabsorption.

132
Q

What is the significance of excessive flatulence?

A

Excessive flatulence may result from extra bacteria and can cause bloating, discomfort, and possibly diarrhea.

133
Q

What does Type 1 on the Bristol Stool Chart indicate?

A

Type 1 indicates separate hard lumps, which are hard to pass and often lead to constipation.

134
Q

What does Type 4 on the Bristol Stool Chart indicate?

A

Type 4 indicates sausage-shaped, smooth, and soft stool, which is typical and easier to pass.

135
Q

What are the characteristics of Type 7 stool on the Bristol Stool Chart?

A

Type 7 is watery, with no solid pieces, and is entirely liquid.

136
Q

What are common factors affecting bowel habits in infants?

A

Factors include whether they are breastfed or bottle-fed, with breastfed infants typically having looser stools.

137
Q

How does aging affect bowel function in older adults?

A

Aging can slow down bowel function due to decreased secretions, slower metabolism, and changes in drug metabolism, often leading to constipation.

138
Q

How can lifestyle factors impact bowel elimination?

A

Lifestyle factors such as diet, fluid intake, activity levels, and stress can impact bowel elimination. A high-fiber diet and adequate fluid intake promote healthy bowel function.

139
Q

What role do medications play in bowel function?

A

Medications can either help open the bowels or slow them down. Opioids, for example, can slow bowel function, while anti-diarrheal medications are used to treat diarrhea.

140
Q

What is the typical daily flatulence volume for adults?

A

Adults typically produce 400-700 ml of flatulence daily.

141
Q

What is the purpose of blood tests in diagnosing GI conditions?

A

Blood tests help reveal issues related to metabolic function and identify various underlying conditions affecting the GI system.

142
Q

Name four common blood tests ordered for GI conditions.

A

Full Blood Count (FBC), Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), Liver Function Tests (LFTs), and Cholesterol levels.

143
Q

What does the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) detect?

A

The FOBT detects hidden blood in the stool, which is a critical indicator of potential GI issues.

144
Q

What can stool tests help detect?

A

Stool tests can help detect hidden blood, fats, nitrogen, parasites, and undigested food residues.

145
Q

How is a stool sample collected for testing?

A

A small sample of feces is collected using a plastic stick, placed into a specimen vial, and sent to the pathology lab with a pathology slip.

146
Q

What is the purpose of breath tests in GI diagnostics?

A

Breath tests, such as the hydrogen breath test or tests for Helicobacter pylori, help diagnose GI conditions.

147
Q

What is an abdominal ultrasound used for in GI diagnostics?

A

An abdominal ultrasound uses sound waves to detect issues within the GI system.

148
Q

How do X-rays and CT scans help in diagnosing GI conditions?

A

X-rays and CT scans identify abnormalities, tumors, lesions, and conditions like diverticulitis, Crohn’s disease, and appendicitis.

149
Q

What is the role of MRI in GI diagnostics?

A

MRI is useful for evaluating abnormal soft tissue, blood vessels, and fistulas.

150
Q

What does a PET scan do in the context of GI diagnostics?

A

A PET scan produces images by detecting radiation from radioactive substances injected into the patient.

151
Q

What do gastric motility studies assess?

A

Gastric motility studies assess how well the GI tract moves food and liquids.

152
Q

What is the purpose of endoscopy in GI diagnostics?

A

Endoscopy allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract lining using a camera, and biopsies can be taken to detect issues like inflammatory, ulcerative, or infectious diseases.

153
Q

What does a colonoscopy examine?

A

A colonoscopy is a visual examination of the lining of the large intestine.

154
Q

What is a sigmoidoscopy used to examine?

A

A sigmoidoscopy examines the sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.

155
Q

How does a barium enema aid in GI diagnostics?

A

A barium enema uses a liquid (barium) instilled into the large intestine to highlight the colon and rectum on X-ray images, improving visualization of the area.

156
Q

What is constipation?

A

Constipation is defined by infrequent or irregular defecation, abnormal hardening of stools, decreased stool volume, and retention of stool in the rectum.

157
Q

Why is it important to assess a patient’s normal bowel pattern when managing constipation?

A

It’s important to assess a patient’s normal bowel pattern to compare current symptoms with their usual pattern and determine what constitutes normal for them.

158
Q

Name some common causes of constipation.

A

Common causes of constipation include medications, rectal or anal obstructions, neurological disorders, neuromuscular disorders, metabolic and endocrine disorders, lead poisoning, connective tissue disorders, and colon diseases.

159
Q

Who is at higher risk for constipation?

A

Patients who are weak, fatigued, immobile, or have poor lifestyle habits are at higher risk for constipation.

160
Q

What are the three major functions of the colon affected by constipation?

A

The three major functions affected by constipation are mucosal transport, myoelectric activity, and the process of defecation.

161
Q

What might a patient with constipation present with?

A

A patient with constipation might present with abdominal distension, borborygmi (rumbling bowel sounds), abdominal pain and pressure, decreased appetite, headache, fatigue, indigestion, a feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation, and hard, dry stools.

162
Q

How is constipation commonly diagnosed?

A

Constipation is commonly diagnosed through patient history and physical assessment, with additional diagnostic methods including abdominal X-rays, barium enema, sigmoidoscopy, stool sample analysis, anorectal manometry, and pelvic floor MRI.

163
Q

What are some complications of untreated constipation?

A

Complications of untreated constipation include hypertension, fecal impaction, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, megacolon, and liquid stool seepage due to straining during defecation.

164
Q

What does effective management of constipation involve?

A

Effective management involves taking a thorough health history, assessing normal bowel patterns, reviewing the patient’s lifestyle, medical, and surgical history, and providing education on bowel habit training and health promotion.

165
Q

What are bulk-forming laxatives used for?

A

Bulk-forming laxatives are used to increase stool bulk to stimulate peristalsis.

166
Q

What do saline agents do?

A

Saline agents stimulate peristalsis to promote bowel movements.

167
Q

How do lubricant laxatives aid in managing constipation?

A

Lubricant laxatives ease the passage of stool by lubricating the bowel.

168
Q

What is the purpose of stimulant laxatives?

A

Stimulant laxatives irritate the colon to induce bowel movements.

169
Q

What do stool softeners do?

A

Stool softeners hydrate the stool to make it easier to pass.

170
Q

What is the function of osmotic agents in constipation management?

A

Osmotic agents induce diarrhea to relieve constipation.

171
Q

How does the choice of laxative depend on the type and duration of constipation?

A

The choice of laxative depends on the specific type and duration of constipation as well as the underlying cause, to effectively address the issue.

172
Q

How is diarrhea defined?

A

Diarrhea is defined as having an increased frequency of bowel movements (more than three times per day), an increased amount of stool (more than 200 grams per day), and altered stool consistency, resulting in very loose stools.

173
Q

What are some common causes of diarrhea?

A

Common causes of diarrhea include Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), infections (bacterial or viral), medications (such as antibiotics), underlying metabolic or endocrine disorders, malabsorption, and intestinal obstruction.

174
Q

What is secretory diarrhea?

A

Secretory diarrhea is characterized by an increased secretion of fluids into the intestinal mucosa.

175
Q

What is osmotic diarrhea?

A

Osmotic diarrhea occurs when water is drawn into the intestines due to increased osmotic pressure.

176
Q

What is malabsorptive diarrhea?

A

Malabsorptive diarrhea is caused by improper absorption of nutrients in the intestines, leading to diarrhea.

177
Q

What is exudative diarrhea?

A

Exudative diarrhea results from changes in epithelial integrity, often due to chemotherapy, causing fluid and mucus to be exuded into the intestines.

178
Q

What clinical manifestations might a patient with diarrhea present with?

A

A patient with diarrhea might present with increased stool frequency and volume, abdominal cramps and distension, borborygmi (rumbling bowel sounds), loss of appetite, and thirst.

179
Q

What diagnostic tests are used to assess diarrhea?

A

Diagnostic tests for diarrhea include blood tests (full blood count and chemical profile), urinalysis, stool examination (routine and cultures), and imaging tests like endoscopy and barium enema.

180
Q

What are some complications of untreated diarrhea?

A

Complications of untreated diarrhea can include fluid and electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, hypovolemic shock, and dermatitis.

181
Q

What is the first step in managing diarrhea?

A

The first step in managing diarrhea is a thorough assessment, including auscultation and palpation of the abdomen.

182
Q

Why is monitoring bowel movements and fluid balance important in managing diarrhea?

A

Monitoring bowel movements and fluid balance is crucial to track the severity of diarrhea and prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

183
Q

What precautions should be taken if diarrhea is due to an infectious cause?

A

Appropriate PPE should be used to protect yourself and others from infection if diarrhea is due to an infectious cause.

184
Q

What is the goal of rehydration in managing diarrhea?

A

The goal of rehydration is to ensure the patient is adequately hydrated with fluids and, if possible, food to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.

185
Q

When might anti-diarrheal medications like Imodium be used?

A

Anti-diarrheal medications like Imodium (loperamide) may be used to manage symptoms of diarrhea, but they should be used with caution and based on the underlying cause.

186
Q

How can skin care be managed for a patient with diarrhea?

A

Skin care involves regularly cleaning and drying the patient to prevent skin irritation and breakdown due to frequent bowel movements.

187
Q

What is the definition of nausea?

A

Nausea is a sensation that accompanies the urge to vomit but does not always lead to vomiting.

188
Q

What is the definition of vomiting?

A

Vomiting is the physical, voluntary, or involuntary emptying of stomach contents through the mouth.

189
Q

What are some common causes of nausea and vomiting?

A

Common causes include motion sickness, pregnancy, severe pain, emotional stress, gallbladder disease, food poisoning, viral infections, gastric or duodenal ulcers, and esophageal varices.

190
Q

What role does severe pain play in nausea?

A

Severe pain can induce nausea as the body’s response to intense discomfort.

191
Q

How can emotional stress affect nausea and vomiting?

A

Both physical and emotional stress can trigger nausea and vomiting as part of the body’s stress response.

192
Q

What is the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting related to visceral afferent stimulation?

A

Visceral afferent stimulation can result from peritoneal irritation caused by infection or biliary disorders, leading to nausea and vomiting.

192
Q

How do CNS disorders contribute to nausea and vomiting?

A

CNS disorders can cause nausea and vomiting through irritation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain.

193
Q

What are some common diagnostic methods for assessing nausea and vomiting?

A

Diagnostic methods include taking a health history, conducting a physical examination, neuro assessment, CT or MRI, blood tests, and possibly an abdominal X-ray.

194
Q

What are some complications associated with nausea and vomiting?

A

Complications include fluid and electrolyte loss, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and hypovolemic shock.

195
Q

Why is continuous assessment important in managing a patient with nausea and vomiting?

A

Continuous assessment is crucial to ensure airway patency, conduct a thorough pain assessment, and inspect the vomit for blood, as well as to monitor hydration and overall status.

196
Q

What should be monitored in a patient with nausea and vomiting?

A

Regular monitoring should include nausea levels, fluid balance, consciousness level, and hydration status.

197
Q

What precautions should be taken to prevent infection in patients with nausea and vomiting?

A

Infection precautions include using appropriate PPE and hygiene practices to protect the patient, healthcare provider, and others from potential infectious causes.

198
Q

What is the role of antiemetic medications in managing nausea and vomiting?

A

Antiemetic medications, such as metoclopramide and ondansetron (Zofran), are used to manage and reduce symptoms of nausea and vomiting.

199
Q

What is an important aspect of managing hydration and nutrition for a patient with nausea and vomiting?

A

Encouraging adequate intake and administering intravenous fluids if necessary are key to maintaining hydration and nutrition.

200
Q

What should you do if vomit contains blood?

A

Inspect the vomit for blood and ensure prompt assessment and management, as it may indicate a serious underlying condition.

201
Q

What is the primary purpose of taking a comprehensive gastrointestinal health history?
A) To diagnose the patient’s condition
B) To understand the patient’s normal bowel habits and any deviations
C) To determine the patient’s blood pressure
D) To assess the patient’s physical fitness

A

B) To understand the patient’s normal bowel habits and any deviations

202
Q

Which physical examination technique involves gently feeling the abdomen to assess for abnormalities?
A) Inspection
B) Palpation
C) Auscultation
D) Percussion

A

B) Palpation

203
Q

What is the normal frequency of bowel movements for an adult?
A) Once per week
B) Three to five times per day
C) Once every three days
D) Once or twice per day

A

D) Once or twice per day

204
Q

Which of the following characteristics of faeces indicates a possible abnormality?
A) Brown and soft
B) Yellow and loose
C) Hard and dry
D) Green and formed

A

C) Hard and dry

205
Q

Which diagnostic test is commonly used to assess for gastrointestinal bleeding?
A) Abdominal X-ray
B) Stool sample analysis
C) Sigmoidoscopy
D) CT scan

A

B) Stool sample analysis

206
Q

What type of diagnostic evaluation involves inserting a camera into the rectum to view the lower intestines?
A) Barium enema
B) Endoscopy
C) Sigmoidoscopy
D) MRI

A

C) Sigmoidoscopy

207
Q

Which of the following medications is commonly prescribed for constipation?
A) Loperamide
B) Metoclopramide
C) Bisacodyl
D) Ondansetron

A

C) Bisacodyl

208
Q

What is the main purpose of bulk-forming laxatives?
A) To stimulate peristalsis
B) To lubricate the stool
C) To increase stool bulk and stimulate bowel movements
D) To draw water into the intestines

A

C) To increase stool bulk and stimulate bowel movements

209
Q

Which medication is commonly used to treat diarrhea by slowing down bowel movements?
A) Loperamide
B) Senna
C) Docusate sodium
D) Magnesium hydroxide

A

A) Loperamide

210
Q

What is the purpose of stool softeners in treating constipation?
A) To increase stool bulk
B) To draw water into the intestines
C) To ease the passage of stool by hydrating it
D) To stimulate the colon

A

C) To ease the passage of stool by hydrating it

211
Q

Which diagnostic test would be most appropriate for visualizing the upper gastrointestinal tract?
A) Abdominal X-ray
B) Barium swallow
C) Stool examination
D) Sigmoidoscopy

A

B) Barium swallow

212
Q

Which type of diarrhea is characterized by increased secretion of fluids into the intestinal mucosa?
A) Secretory diarrhea
B) Osmotic diarrhea
C) Malabsorptive diarrhea
D) Exudative diarrhea

A

A) Secretory diarrhea

213
Q

What is the common characteristic of fecal specimens in patients with malabsorption issues?
A) Dark and tarry
B) Pale and fatty
C) Hard and dry
D) Bright red

A

B) Pale and fatty

214
Q

Which type of laxative is best used for patients who need to soften hard stools?
A) Bulk-forming laxatives
B) Saline agents
C) Stimulant laxatives
D) Stool softeners

A

D) Stool softeners

215
Q

For which condition would you prescribe an antiemetic like ondansetron?
A) Constipation
B) Diarrhea
C) Nausea and vomiting
D) Abdominal pain

A

C) Nausea and vomiting

216
Q

Which physical examination method involves listening to bowel sounds with a stethoscope?
A) Palpation
B) Inspection
C) Auscultation
D) Percussion

A

C) Auscultation

217
Q

What is the primary indication for using saline laxatives?
A) To soften stools
B) To increase stool bulk
C) To draw water into the intestines and stimulate peristalsis
D) To lubricate the stool

A

C) To draw water into the intestines and stimulate peristalsis

218
Q

Which condition might be diagnosed using an abdominal X-ray?
A) Gastric ulcer
B) Food poisoning
C) Mechanical bowel obstruction
D) Viral gastroenteritis

A

C) Mechanical bowel obstruction

219
Q

What is the main role of anti-diarrheal medications like loperamide?
A) To decrease bowel inflammation
B) To increase stool bulk
C) To slow down bowel movements
D) To stimulate the intestines

A

C) To slow down bowel movements

220
Q

Which type of diagnostic test is used to assess for gastrointestinal bleeding?
A) Endoscopy
B) MRI
C) Urinalysis
D) Stool culture

A

Answer: D) Stool culture

#NUR1114 Nursing (16 decks)

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