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#NUR1114 Nursing > Week 1: Musculoskeletal Assessment & Injury > Flashcards

Week 1: Musculoskeletal Assessment & Injury Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition

Injuries where a bone is forced out of its joint, resulting in loss of function and severe pain.

A

Define

Dislocations

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2
Q

Tests that measure how fast and how well nerves can send electrical signals. They are used to diagnose nerve damage or dysfunction.

A

Define

Nerve Conduction Studies

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3
Q

Define

MRIs (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A

Imaging tests that use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body. They are particularly useful for imaging soft tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, and muscles.

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4
Q

Definition

Breaks or cracks in bones, often caused by trauma, overuse, or diseases that weaken bones.

A

Define

Fractures

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5
Q

Define

CT Scans (Computed Tomography)

A

Imaging tests that use X-rays and computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. They provide more detailed information than regular X-rays.

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6
Q

Definition

A comprehensive record of a patient’s past and current health conditions, treatments, and medical events. It includes information on allergies, medications, surgeries, and chronic illnesses.

A

Define

Health History

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7
Q

Define

Lateral Epicondylitis

A

Another term for tennis elbow, referring to inflammation of the tendons on the outer (lateral) side of the elbow.

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8
Q

Definition

Imaging tests that use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body. They are particularly useful for imaging soft tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, and muscles.

A

Define

MRIs (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

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9
Q

Define

EMG (Electromyography)

A

A diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of muscles in response to nerve stimulation. It helps diagnose muscle and nerve disorders.

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10
Q

Define

Joints

A

Structures that connect bones to each other. They allow for varying degrees of movement and are classified based on their structure and function (e.g., synovial joints, fibrous joints).

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11
Q

Define

Functional Assessment

A

An evaluation of a patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and their overall level of functioning. This assessment helps determine the impact of illness or injury on the patient’s daily life.

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12
Q

Definition

A condition characterized by weakened bones that are more susceptible to fractures. It is often due to a decrease in bone density.

A

Define

Osteoporosis

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13
Q

Define

R.I.C.E. Technique (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation, Referral)

A

A first aid treatment for acute injuries, such as sprains and strains, aimed at reducing pain and swelling. Rest prevents further injury, ice reduces pain and swelling, compression minimizes swelling, elevation reduces swelling by draining excess fluid, and referral involves seeking professional medical evaluation.

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14
Q

Definition

An evaluation of a patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and their overall level of functioning. This assessment helps determine the impact of illness or injury on the patient’s daily life.

A

Define

Functional Assessment

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15
Q

A surgical procedure used to repair and stabilize a fractured bone. It involves realigning the bone fragments (open reduction) and securing them with internal fixation devices such as screws, plates, or rods.

A

Define

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)

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16
Q

Define

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)

A

A surgical procedure used to repair and stabilize a fractured bone. It involves realigning the bone fragments (open reduction) and securing them with internal fixation devices such as screws, plates, or rods.

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17
Q

Define

Past Medical History

A

A detailed account of a patient’s previous health issues, treatments, hospitalizations, and surgeries. This information helps in understanding the patient’s current health status and potential risk factors.

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18
Q

A condition where a spinal disc ruptures or slips out of place, pressing on nearby nerves. It can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, neck, arms, or legs.

A

Define

Herniated Disc

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19
Q

Define

Kyphosis

A

A condition in which there is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunched or rounded back. It can result from developmental issues, osteoporosis, or degenerative diseases.

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20
Q

A congenital deformity in which a baby’s foot is twisted out of shape or position. The tendons are shorter than usual, causing the foot to turn inward or downward.

A

Define

Clubfoot

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21
Q

Definition

The system in the body that includes all the muscles, which are responsible for movement, posture, and heat production

A

Define

Muscular System

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22
Q

Define

Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)

A

A condition characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint, leading to restricted movement. It typically develops gradually and can last for months or years.

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23
Q

Define

Palpation

A

The use of hands to examine the body, especially to feel organs and tissues under the skin. This technique helps to assess the size, shape, firmness, and location of certain body parts.

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24
Q

Define

Cervical Collar

A

A medical device used to support and immobilize the neck in cases of neck injury, cervical spine fractures, or after certain surgeries.

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25
Q

Definition

An injury or tear of one or more of the four tendons that stabilize the shoulder joint. It can cause pain, weakness, and limited movement in the shoulder.

A

Define

Rotator Cuff Tear

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26
Q

Define

Bone Scan

A

A nuclear imaging technique that uses a small amount of radioactive material to diagnose and monitor bone diseases, such as infections, fractures, or cancer. It highlights areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism.

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27
Q

Define

Tennis Elbow

A

A condition caused by inflammation or microtearing of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. It results in pain and tenderness on the outer part of the elbow.

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28
Q

Definition

A flat board used to transport patients with suspected spinal injuries, ensuring that their spine is immobilized during movement.

A

Define

Spinal Board

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29
Q

An imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside the body. It is commonly used to visualize muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues.

A

Define

Ultrasound

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30
Q

Definition

The visual examination of a patient’s body for signs of disease or injury. It involves looking at the skin, eyes, mouth, and other visible areas for abnormalities.

A

Define

Inspection

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31
Q

Definition

Another term for tennis elbow, referring to inflammation of the tendons on the outer (lateral) side of the elbow.

A

Define

Lateral Epicondylitis

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32
Q

Define

Arthroscopy

A

A minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves inserting a small camera (arthroscope) into a joint to diagnose and treat joint problems. It allows direct visualization and treatment of the interior of a joint.

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33
Q

Define

Musculoskeletal System

A

The system in the body that includes bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues. It supports and stabilizes the body, allowing for movement

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34
Q

Definition

A condition characterized by stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint, leading to restricted movement. It typically develops gradually and can last for months or years.

A

Define

Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)

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35
Q

Definition

A condition similar to tennis elbow but affects the tendons on the inside (medial side) of the elbow. It causes pain and inflammation where the tendons of the forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of the elbow.

A

Define

Golfer’s Elbow

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36
Q

A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in joints, often the joint at the base of the big toe. It is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, leading to the formation of urate crystals in the joints.

A

Define

Gout

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37
Q

Definition

The use of hands to examine the body, especially to feel organs and tissues under the skin. This technique helps to assess the size, shape, firmness, and location of certain body parts.

A

Define

Palpation

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38
Q

Definition

The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. It includes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

A

Define

Nervous System

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39
Q

Define

Nerve Conduction Studies

A

Tests that measure how fast and how well nerves can send electrical signals. They are used to diagnose nerve damage or dysfunction.

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40
Q

Definition

The system responsible for circulating blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

A

Define

Circulatory System

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41
Q

Define

Plantar Fasciitis

A

Inflammation of the plantar fascia, the thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of the foot and connects the heel bone to the toes. It causes heel pain and stiffness, especially in the morning.

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42
Q

Definition

A detailed account of a patient’s previous health issues, treatments, hospitalizations, and surgeries. This information helps in understanding the patient’s current health status and potential risk factors.

A

Define

Past Medical History

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43
Q

Definition

Muscles found in the walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels) that are responsible for involuntary movements. They are non-striated.

A

Define

Smooth Muscles

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44
Q

Definition

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. It most commonly affects the knees, hips, and hands.

A

Define

Osteoarthritis

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45
Q

Define

Nervous System

A

The network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. It includes the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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46
Q

Definition

A form of electromagnetic radiation used to create images of the inside of the body. They are commonly used to view bones and detect fractures, infections, and other abnormalities.

A

Define

X-rays

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47
Q

A nuclear imaging technique that uses a small amount of radioactive material to diagnose and monitor bone diseases, such as infections, fractures, or cancer. It highlights areas of increased or decreased bone metabolism.

A

Define

Bone Scan

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48
Q

Define

Systematic Assessment

A

A structured and comprehensive method of collecting and analyzing information to evaluate a patient’s condition. This method ensures that no part of the patient’s health is overlooked.

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49
Q

Define

Meniscal Tear

A

An injury to the meniscus, the cartilage in the knee that acts as a cushion between the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia). It can cause pain, swelling, and restricted knee movement.

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50
Q

Inflammation of the plantar fascia, the thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of the foot and connects the heel bone to the toes. It causes heel pain and stiffness, especially in the morning.

A

Define

Plantar Fasciitis

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51
Q

Define

Appendicular Skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and girdles, specifically the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs

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52
Q

Definition

A condition caused by inflammation or microtearing of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. It results in pain and tenderness on the outer part of the elbow.

A

Define

Tennis Elbow

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53
Q

Definition

The system in the body that includes bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues. It supports and stabilizes the body, allowing for movement

A

Define

Musculoskeletal System

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54
Q

Define

X-rays

A

A form of electromagnetic radiation used to create images of the inside of the body. They are commonly used to view bones and detect fractures, infections, and other abnormalities.

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55
Q

Define

Cervical Spine Immobilisation

A

A procedure used to prevent movement of the cervical spine in patients with suspected neck injuries, often achieved using a cervical collar and a spinal board.

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56
Q

Define

Osteoarthritis

A

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling. It most commonly affects the knees, hips, and hands.

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57
Q

An injury to the meniscus, the cartilage in the knee that acts as a cushion between the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia). It can cause pain, swelling, and restricted knee movement.

A

Define

Meniscal Tear

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58
Q

Definition

The framework of bones and other connective tissues that supports the body, protects internal organs, and provides attachment points for muscles.

A

Define

Skeletal System

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59
Q

Definition

An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and eventual joint damage. It often affects the small joints in the hands and feet.

A

Define

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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60
Q

Define

Skeletal System

A

The framework of bones and other connective tissues that supports the body, protects internal organs, and provides attachment points for muscles.

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61
Q

Definition

The muscle tissue of the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is striated and involuntary

A

Define

Cardiac Muscles

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62
Q

Definition

Rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals

A

Define

Bones

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63
Q

Definition

A condition caused by pressure on the median nerve as it travels through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

A

Define

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

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64
Q

Definition

A systematic inspection of the patient’s body to determine the presence or absence of physical signs of disease or injury. This includes techniques such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

A

Define

Physical Examination

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65
Q

Define

Gout

A

A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in joints, often the joint at the base of the big toe. It is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, leading to the formation of urate crystals in the joints.

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66
Q

Define

Spinal Board

A

A flat board used to transport patients with suspected spinal injuries, ensuring that their spine is immobilized during movement.

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67
Q

Define

Circulatory System

A

The system responsible for circulating blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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68
Q

Define

Sling

A

A support device used to immobilize and protect an injured arm or shoulder. It helps reduce pain and prevent further injury by keeping the affected limb in a stable position.

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69
Q

Define

Bones

A

Rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, and store minerals

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70
Q

Define

Ultrasound

A

An imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and structures inside the body. It is commonly used to visualize muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues.

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71
Q

Definition

Structures that connect bones to each other. They allow for varying degrees of movement and are classified based on their structure and function (e.g., synovial joints, fibrous joints).

A

Define

Joints

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72
Q

A minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves inserting a small camera (arthroscope) into a joint to diagnose and treat joint problems. It allows direct visualization and treatment of the interior of a joint.

A

Define

Arthroscopy

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73
Q

Define

Range of Motion (ROM)

A

The full movement potential of a joint, usually its range of flexion and extension. ROM exercises are used to assess joint function and to maintain or increase the movement of joints.

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74
Q

The process of stabilizing a broken bone to prevent movement and allow proper healing. This can be achieved using casts, splints, braces, or surgical methods.

A

Define

Fracture Immobilisation

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75
Q

Define

Internal Fixation Devices (screws, plates, rods)

A

Medical devices used to stabilize and hold the position of broken bones during the healing process. They are surgically implanted and may be removed after the bone has healed.

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76
Q

Definition

The full movement potential of a joint, usually its range of flexion and extension. ROM exercises are used to assess joint function and to maintain or increase the movement of joints.

A

Define

Range of Motion (ROM)

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77
Q

Definition

A medical device used to support and immobilize the neck in cases of neck injury, cervical spine fractures, or after certain surgeries.

A

Define

Cervical Collar

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78
Q

Define

Pain Assessment

A

The process of evaluating a patient’s pain, including its intensity, location, duration, and factors that alleviate or exacerbate it. Various tools and scales, such as the Numerical Rating Scale or the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, can be used.

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79
Q

Define

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that can worsen with age. There are various types, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

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80
Q

A support device used to immobilize and protect an injured arm or shoulder. It helps reduce pain and prevent further injury by keeping the affected limb in a stable position.

A

Define

Sling

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81
Q

A condition in infants where the hip joint is improperly formed, causing the hip to dislocate easily. It can lead to hip problems and arthritis later in life if not treated early.

A

Define

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

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82
Q

Define

Fractures

A

Breaks or cracks in bones, often caused by trauma, overuse, or diseases that weaken bones.

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83
Q

Define

Muscular System

A

The system in the body that includes all the muscles, which are responsible for movement, posture, and heat production

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84
Q

Definition

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the limbs and girdles, specifically the shoulders, arms, hips, and legs

A

Define

Appendicular Skeleton

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85
Q

Define

Fracture Immobilisation

A

The process of stabilizing a broken bone to prevent movement and allow proper healing. This can be achieved using casts, splints, braces, or surgical methods.

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86
Q

Definition

The process in which a muscle returns to its original length after contraction, reducing tension.

A

Define

Relaxation

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87
Q

Define

Herniated Disc

A

A condition where a spinal disc ruptures or slips out of place, pressing on nearby nerves. It can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, neck, arms, or legs.

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88
Q

Definition

A procedure used to prevent movement of the cervical spine in patients with suspected neck injuries, often achieved using a cervical collar and a spinal board.

A

Define

Cervical Spine Immobilisation

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89
Q

Definition

A structured and comprehensive method of collecting and analyzing information to evaluate a patient’s condition. This method ensures that no part of the patient’s health is overlooked.

A

Define

Systematic Assessment

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90
Q

Define

Health History

A

A comprehensive record of a patient’s past and current health conditions, treatments, and medical events. It includes information on allergies, medications, surgeries, and chronic illnesses.

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91
Q

Define

Golfer’s Elbow

A

A condition similar to tennis elbow but affects the tendons on the inside (medial side) of the elbow. It causes pain and inflammation where the tendons of the forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of the elbow.

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92
Q

Define

Smooth Muscles

A

Muscles found in the walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels) that are responsible for involuntary movements. They are non-striated.

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93
Q

Definition

Information about the health conditions of a patient’s family members. This can help identify genetic or hereditary diseases and conditions that may affect the patient.

A

Define

Family History

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94
Q

Define

Clubfoot

A

A congenital deformity in which a baby’s foot is twisted out of shape or position. The tendons are shorter than usual, causing the foot to turn inward or downward.

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95
Q

Define

Rotator Cuff Tear

A

An injury or tear of one or more of the four tendons that stabilize the shoulder joint. It can cause pain, weakness, and limited movement in the shoulder.

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96
Q

Define

Dislocations

A

Injuries where a bone is forced out of its joint, resulting in loss of function and severe pain.

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97
Q

Define

Scoliosis

A

A condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It can cause uneven shoulders, a tilted waist, or one hip higher than the other.

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98
Q

Definition

Imaging tests that use X-rays and computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. They provide more detailed information than regular X-rays.

A

Define

CT Scans (Computed Tomography)

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99
Q

Define

Axial Skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the head and trunk, specifically the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

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100
Q

Define

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

A condition caused by pressure on the median nerve as it travels through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

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101
Q

Definition

The process in which a muscle becomes or is made shorter and tighter, generating force.

A

Define

Contraction

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102
Q

Define

Physical Examination

A

A systematic inspection of the patient’s body to determine the presence or absence of physical signs of disease or injury. This includes techniques such as inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

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103
Q

A condition in which there is an excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunched or rounded back. It can result from developmental issues, osteoporosis, or degenerative diseases.

A

Define

Kyphosis

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104
Q

Medical devices used to stabilize and hold the position of broken bones during the healing process. They are surgically implanted and may be removed after the bone has healed.

A

Internal Fixation Devices (screws, plates, rods)

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105
Q

Define

Osteoporosis

A

A condition characterized by weakened bones that are more susceptible to fractures. It is often due to a decrease in bone density.

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106
Q

Definition

The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the head and trunk, specifically the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

A

Define

Axial Skeleton

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107
Q

Define

Skeletal Muscles

A

Muscles that are attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary movements. They are striated in appearance.

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108
Q

Define

Inspection

A

The visual examination of a patient’s body for signs of disease or injury. It involves looking at the skin, eyes, mouth, and other visible areas for abnormalities.

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109
Q

Define

Contraction

A

The process in which a muscle becomes or is made shorter and tighter, generating force.

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110
Q

Define

Family History

A

Information about the health conditions of a patient’s family members. This can help identify genetic or hereditary diseases and conditions that may affect the patient.

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111
Q

Define

Cardiac Muscles

A

The muscle tissue of the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It is striated and involuntary

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112
Q

Define

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, and eventual joint damage. It often affects the small joints in the hands and feet.

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113
Q

A first aid treatment for acute injuries, such as sprains and strains, aimed at reducing pain and swelling. Rest prevents further injury, ice reduces pain and swelling, compression minimizes swelling, elevation reduces swelling by draining excess fluid, and referral involves seeking professional medical evaluation.

A

Define

R.I.C.E. Technique (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation, Referral)

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114
Q

Definition

The process of evaluating a patient’s pain, including its intensity, location, duration, and factors that alleviate or exacerbate it. Various tools and scales, such as the Numerical Rating Scale or the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, can be used.

A

Define

Pain Assessment

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115
Q

Definition

Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that can worsen with age. There are various types, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

A

Define

Arthritis

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116
Q

Definition

Muscles that are attached to bones and are responsible for voluntary movements. They are striated in appearance.

A

Define

Skeletal Muscles

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117
Q

A condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It can cause uneven shoulders, a tilted waist, or one hip higher than the other.

A

Define

Scoliosis

118
Q

Define

Relaxation

A

The process in which a muscle returns to its original length after contraction, reducing tension.

119
Q

A diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of muscles in response to nerve stimulation. It helps diagnose muscle and nerve disorders.

A

Define

EMG (Electromyography)

120
Q

Define

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

A

A condition in infants where the hip joint is improperly formed, causing the hip to dislocate easily. It can lead to hip problems and arthritis later in life if not treated early.

121
Q

Q: What is the primary goal of pain relief in nursing management?

A

A: Ensuring the patient is comfortable by effectively managing and alleviating pain.

122
Q

Q: Why is improving mobility important in nursing management?

A

A: Facilitating movement as appropriate helps prevent complications such as muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, and promotes overall recovery.

123
Q

Q: How can nurses support the natural healing process in patients?

A

A: By promoting healing through proper wound care, ensuring adequate nutrition, maintaining hydration, and monitoring for signs of complications.

124
Q

Q: What does maintaining neurovascular function entail?

A

A: Monitoring the nerves and blood vessels in the affected area to ensure there is no impairment in sensation, movement, or circulation.

125
Q

Q: What are some potential complications that nurses must manage in fracture patients?

A

A: Delayed union, non-union, compartment syndrome, fat embolism syndrome (FES), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and infection.

126
Q

Q: How can nurses promote home and community-based care?

A

A: Ensuring a smooth transition from hospital to home care by educating the patient and family, coordinating with community services, and providing resources for ongoing care.

127
Q

Q: What are immobilisation techniques in fracture management?

A

A: Various methods to stabilize fractures, such as using casts, splints, braces, or surgical fixation.

128
Q

Q: Why are neurovascular observations crucial in nursing care for fracture patients?

A

A: Monitoring the neurovascular status helps catch complications early, such as compromised blood flow or nerve damage.

129
Q

Q: What is delayed union in the context of bone healing?

A

A: A condition where the bone healing process is slower than expected.

130
Q

Q: What does non-union refer to in bone healing?

A

A: A failure of the bone ends to grow together after a fracture, resulting in a persistent gap.

131
Q

Q: What is compartment syndrome and why is it an emergency?

A

A: A condition where increased pressure within muscle compartments impairs blood supply, requiring immediate surgical intervention to prevent severe tissue damage.

132
Q

Q: How does fat embolism syndrome (FES) occur and what are its potential consequences?

A

A: Fat droplets enter the bloodstream, potentially causing serious issues such as respiratory distress, neurological impairment, and skin manifestations.

133
Q

Q: What are the dangers associated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

A

A: Blood clots in veins can be dangerous as they can travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.

134
Q

Q: Why is infection a significant concern at the site of a fracture?

A

A: Infection can delay healing, cause severe complications, and may require extensive treatment, including antibiotics and possible surgical intervention.

135
Q

Q: What is meant by compartment anatomy in the human body?

A

A: Areas encased by bone or fascia that contain muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.

136
Q

Q: Why does compartment syndrome require immediate surgical intervention?

A

A: It impairs blood supply and can lead to severe tissue damage if not promptly treated.

137
Q

Q: What are the two interconnected systems that make up the musculoskeletal system?

A

A: The skeletal system and the muscular system.

138
Q

Q: How many bones are in the human skeleton?

A

A: 206 bones.

139
Q

Q: What are the two main categories of bones in the human skeleton?

A

A: The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

140
Q

Q: What structures are included in the axial skeleton?

A

A: The skull, vertebral column (spine), and thoracic cage (rib cage).

141
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the skull?

A

A: To protect the brain and form the structure of our face.

142
Q

Q: What is the role of the vertebral column?

A

A: To protect the spinal cord and support the body’s weight.

143
Q

Q: What does the thoracic cage protect?

A

A: The heart and lungs.

144
Q

Q: What structures are included in the appendicular skeleton?

A

A: The bones of the upper and lower limbs, the shoulder girdle, and the pelvic girdle.

145
Q

Q: What are joints and why are they important?

A

A: Joints are where two or more bones meet, and they are responsible for movement and flexibility.

146
Q

Q: Name and describe the three types of joints.

A

Fibrous Joints: Do not move, such as those in the skull.
Cartilaginous Joints: Allow for limited movement, such as those between the vertebrae.
Synovial Joints: The most movable type of joints, such as the knee or elbow joints.

147
Q

Q: How many muscles are in the human body?

A

A: Over 600 muscles.

148
Q

Q: What are the three types of muscles and their functions?

A

Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary muscles attached to bones that facilitate movement by contracting and relaxing.
Cardiac Muscles: Found only in the heart, they contract to pump blood and are involuntarily controlled.
Smooth Muscles: Found in the walls of internal organs, they help move substances through the body and are involuntarily controlled.

149
Q

Q: How do skeletal muscles facilitate movement?

A

A: By contracting and relaxing; when a muscle contracts, it shortens and pulls the bone it’s attached to, causing movement.

150
Q

Q: What controls the movement of skeletal muscles?

A

A: Signals from the nervous system, responding to conscious commands or reflexes.

151
Q

Q: Which body systems support the musculoskeletal system?

A

A: The circulatory system and the nervous system.

152
Q

Q: How does the circulatory system support the musculoskeletal system?

A

A: By delivering oxygen and nutrients needed for the musculoskeletal system to function.

153
Q

Q: How does the nervous system support the musculoskeletal system?

A

A: By controlling muscle movement through signals.

154
Q

Q: Why is understanding the musculoskeletal system crucial in the nursing profession?

A

A: Because nurses encounter patients with a wide range of musculoskeletal issues, and understanding this system is essential for providing effective care and patient education.

155
Q

Q: What are some common musculoskeletal issues nurses may encounter?

A

A: Fractures, dislocations, arthritis, and osteoporosis.

156
Q

Q: How can lifestyle choices impact the health of the musculoskeletal system?

A

A: Lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise, and avoiding harmful activities can significantly affect the health and functionality of the musculoskeletal system.

157
Q

Q: What advice could nurses provide to patients to promote musculoskeletal health?

A

A: Nurses could advise on maintaining a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, engaging in regular weight-bearing exercises, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and practicing good posture.

158
Q

Q: What is subjective data in the context of a musculoskeletal assessment?

A

A: Subjective data is information provided by the patient about their symptoms, perceptions, and feelings regarding their condition. It includes details such as pain, functional limitations, past medical history, and family history.

159
Q

Q: When assessing pain, what key aspects should you evaluate?

A

A: Evaluate the location, severity, quality, onset, duration, and any aggravating or relieving factors related to the pain.

160
Q

Q: How should you assess the impact of musculoskeletal health on a patient’s daily activities?

A

A: Determine how musculoskeletal issues affect the patient’s ability to perform activities of daily living, such as dressing, eating, bathing, and other personal care tasks. Identify any limitations and how they affect the patient’s quality of life.

161
Q

Q: Why is past medical history important in the musculoskeletal assessment?

A

A: Past medical history provides information about previous musculoskeletal conditions, trauma, surgeries, and general health status, which can impact the current musculoskeletal health. It helps in understanding the patient’s overall health context and potential risks.

162
Q

Q: How does family history influence the assessment of the musculoskeletal system?

A

A: Family history can reveal hereditary conditions, such as certain types of arthritis or other musculoskeletal disorders, which may impact the patient’s current condition and risk factors.

163
Q

Q: What should you look for during the inspection phase of a musculoskeletal assessment?

A

A: During inspection, look for symmetry of joints, muscles, and bones, and check for swelling, deformity, or changes in skin color.

164
Q

Q: What is the purpose of palpation in the musculoskeletal assessment?

A

A: Palpation allows you to feel for temperature changes, tenderness, swelling, or masses in the joints and surrounding tissues. It also helps assess muscle tone and strength.

165
Q

Q: How do you assess the range of motion in a musculoskeletal examination?

A

A: Ask the patient to move each joint through its full range of motion. Note any limitations, discomfort, or inability to perform the movement fully.

166
Q

Q: What is involved in assessing muscle strength during the physical examination?

A

A: Assess muscle strength by asking the patient to flex and extend each joint against your resistance. This helps determine the strength of the muscles and any weakness or functional impairment.

167
Q

Q: What is the purpose of cervical spine immobilisation?

A

A: Cervical spine immobilisation is performed to prevent movement of the neck and minimize further injury to the spinal cord in trauma patients. It helps protect the cervical spine from additional damage.

168
Q

Q: How is a cervical collar used in cervical spine immobilisation?

A

A: A cervical collar is a neck brace placed around the patient’s neck to limit mobility. It should be the correct size to ensure effective immobilisation while avoiding unnecessary discomfort or airway compromise.

169
Q

Q: What is the role of the spinal board in cervical spine immobilisation?

A

A: The spinal board is used to secure the patient’s body, typically with straps, to limit overall body movement and maintain cervical alignment while moving the patient.

170
Q

Q: When should cervical spine immobilisation be removed?

A

A: Cervical spine immobilisation should be removed as soon as it is deemed safe, usually after appropriate imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs confirm that it is no longer needed.

171
Q

What does GALS stand for?

A

Gait
Arms
Legs
Spine

172
Q

What are the NEXUS criteria?

A

No posterior midline cervical spine tenderness: The patient should not have tenderness along the posterior aspect of the cervical spine.

No evidence of intoxication: The patient should not be under the influence of alcohol or drugs that could impair their judgment or ability to communicate.

A normal level of alertness: The patient should be alert and oriented, with no significant changes in their level of consciousness.

No focal neurological deficits: The patient should not have any signs of neurological deficits, such as weakness, numbness, or altered reflexes, that could indicate spinal cord injury.

No painful distracting injuries: The patient should not have other injuries that could distract them from feeling or reporting cervical spine pain.

173
Q

What does it means if one or more of the NEXUS criteria are positive?

A

Further imaging and evaluation may be warranted to rule out cervical spine injury. C-collar and spinal board should be used

174
Q

Question: What is osteoporosis, and what are common signs you might observe during a physical examination?

A

Answer: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a loss of bone density, which leads to brittle and fragile bones. It is most common in postmenopausal women due to decreased estrogen levels. During a physical examination, common signs include a noticeable loss of height and a stooped or kyphotic posture.

175
Q

Question: How does arthritis present, and what should you look for during a physical examination?

A

Answer: Arthritis involves inflammation of the joints, leading to symptoms such as pain, swelling, and restricted movement. There are various types, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. In a physical examination, you should look for joint deformities, swelling, tenderness, and a reduced range of motion.

176
Q

Question: What are the typical symptoms of rotator cuff tears or frozen shoulder, and how would you assess these conditions during a physical exam?

A

Answer: Rotator cuff tears and frozen shoulder are characterized by shoulder pain and limited range of motion. During a physical examination, you should assess for asymmetry, check for any shoulder deformities, and evaluate the range of motion and strength. Look for signs of pain or discomfort during movement.

177
Q

Question: What are tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow, and what findings might you expect during a physical examination?

A

Answer: Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) and golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis) are conditions affecting the elbow, causing pain and discomfort. During a physical examination, look for pain on palpation of the affected elbow area and during specific movements that exacerbate the pain.

178
Q

Question: What is carpal tunnel syndrome, and what tests can you perform to diagnose it during an examination?

A

Answer: Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist, leading to symptoms such as weakness, numbness, and tingling in the hand. During a physical examination, you can perform Tinel’s sign (tapping over the median nerve to elicit tingling) and Phalen’s test (holding the wrists in flexion to provoke symptoms).

179
Q

Question: What are common knee conditions, and how should you assess them during a physical examination?

A

Answer: Common knee conditions include meniscal tears, ligament injuries, and arthritis. During a physical examination, assess for swelling, pain, stability, and range of motion. Perform special tests like the McMurray test for meniscal tears or the Lachman test for ligament injuries.

180
Q

Question: What conditions are commonly seen in the ankle and foot, and what should you look for during a physical exam?

A

Answer: Common conditions include plantar fasciitis, sprains, and fractures. During a physical examination, look for swelling, tenderness, and assess the range of motion. Pay attention to specific pain points and any difficulty with weight-bearing.

181
Q

Question: What are common spinal conditions, and how can they be assessed during a physical examination?

A

Answer: Common spinal conditions include scoliosis, kyphosis, and herniated discs. During a physical examination, observe for abnormal curvature of the spine (e.g., lateral curvature for scoliosis or increased thoracic curvature for kyphosis) and assess flexibility and range of motion.

182
Q

Question: What are some common pediatric musculoskeletal conditions, and how should you evaluate them during an examination?

A

Answer: Pediatric musculoskeletal conditions include developmental dysplasia of the hip, clubfoot, and scoliosis. During a physical examination, look for asymmetry in limb positioning, abnormal movements, or abnormal spinal curvature. Check for developmental milestones and any signs of discomfort or restricted movement.

183
Q

Question: What is the primary use of X-rays in musculoskeletal assessment, and what are some of its limitations?

A

Answer: X-rays are primarily used to visualize bones, joints, and degenerative lesions. They are effective for detecting fractures, joint dislocations, bone abnormalities, and degenerative changes. However, X-rays may not clearly show soft tissue injuries, such as those involving muscles or ligaments, and they provide less detail on complex bone structures compared to other imaging modalities.

184
Q

Question: How does a CT scan differ from an X-ray, and what are its primary uses in musculoskeletal imaging?

A

Answer: A CT scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body, offering a more comprehensive view compared to X-rays. It is particularly valuable for detecting complex fractures, bone and joint problems, and tumors. CT scans can evaluate both bone and soft tissue structures but are especially useful in complex cases requiring detailed cross-sectional imaging.

185
Q

Question: What makes MRI particularly useful for evaluating soft tissue injuries, and how does it differ from CT scans and X-rays?

A

Answer: MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of soft tissues such as ligaments, tendons, muscles, and the spinal cord. Unlike X-rays and CT scans, MRI does not involve radiation, making it a preferred choice for evaluating soft tissue injuries and certain tumors. MRI provides high-resolution images of soft tissues, which are not as clearly visible on X-rays or CT scans.

186
Q

Question: What is a bone scan, and what conditions can it help diagnose?

A

Answer: A bone scan is a type of nuclear imaging that uses a small amount of radioactive material to diagnose and track bone diseases. It is useful for diagnosing conditions like osteoporosis, fractures, infections, and tumors. Bone scans are often employed when a specific bone problem is not clearly visible on X-rays or CT scans and can detect conditions in their early stages.

187
Q

Question: How does ultrasound imaging assist in the evaluation of musculoskeletal conditions, and what are its key benefits?

A

Answer: Ultrasound imaging uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of soft tissues, muscles, and ligaments. It is useful for assessing soft tissue injuries, guiding needle placements for aspirations and injections, and evaluating tendons and ligaments. Ultrasound provides real-time imaging, allowing for dynamic assessment of soft tissues and joints, and is particularly advantageous for guiding interventional procedures.

188
Q

Question: What are the purposes of EMG and nerve conduction studies, and what conditions can they help diagnose?

A

Answer: EMG measures the electrical activity of muscles, while nerve conduction studies measure the speed and strength of nerve signals. These tests are used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome, myopathy, and other conditions affecting muscle and nerve function. EMG helps distinguish between muscle disorders and nerve disorders, while nerve conduction studies assess the efficiency of nerve signal transmission.

189
Q

Question: What is arthroscopy, and how does it benefit the diagnosis and treatment of joint problems?

A

Answer: Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a small camera inserted into the joint to visualize, diagnose, and treat joint problems. It is effective for diagnosing and treating intra-articular issues such as torn ligaments, cartilage damage, and joint inflammation. Arthroscopy allows for both direct visualization and therapeutic interventions within the joint.

190
Q

Question: How can blood tests be used in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal conditions?

A

Answer: Blood tests can identify specific types of arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions by measuring inflammatory markers and specific antibodies. They are useful for diagnosing conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and gout, assessing overall inflammation levels, and ruling out other systemic conditions that might mimic musculoskeletal symptoms.

191
Q

Question: What does a bone density test measure, and why is it important for diagnosing osteoporosis?

A

Answer: A bone density test measures the amount of calcium and other minerals in a segment of bone. It is crucial for diagnosing osteoporosis and evaluating bone strength. This test helps assess fracture risk and monitor bone health over time, particularly in individuals with risk factors for osteoporosis, such as postmenopausal women or those with a history of fractures.

192
Q

Question: What is the R.I.C.E. technique and how is each component important for managing a fracture?

A

The R.I.C.E. technique is a method used to manage acute injuries, including fractures, and stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation:

Rest: Involves immobilizing the injured area to prevent further damage and promote healing. Avoiding movement helps in reducing the risk of additional injury.
Ice: Applied to the injury for 20 minutes every 2 hours. Ice reduces swelling, numbs pain, and decreases inflammation. It’s important to wrap the ice in a cloth to avoid frostbite.
Compression: Using an elastic bandage to apply gentle pressure helps reduce swelling by limiting fluid accumulation. The bandage should be snug but not too tight to avoid impairing circulation.
Elevation: Elevating the injured limb above heart level helps reduce swelling by facilitating venous return. Maintaining elevation is crucial for effective swelling management.
Referral: Ensures the patient receives professional medical evaluation and treatment, which is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate care.

193
Q

Question: How should a sling be applied to support an injured arm or shoulder, and why is this important?

A

A sling is used to support and immobilize an injured arm or shoulder. Proper application involves:

Positioning: Place the sling under the arm with the elbow flexed at a right angle and the hand slightly higher than the elbow to help prevent swelling.
Adjustment: Adjust the sling to keep the arm close to the body and ensure comfort. It should support the weight of the arm and prevent movement to relieve pain and prevent further injury.

194
Q

Question: What are the components of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF), and when is this procedure used?

A

ORIF is a surgical procedure used to treat severe bone fractures:

Open Reduction: The surgeon makes an incision to access and realign the broken bone.
Internal Fixation: Devices such as screws, plates, or rods are used to hold the bone in place while it heals.

ORIF is used for complex fractures that cannot be adequately treated with casting or splinting alone, or when precise alignment is necessary for proper healing and function.

195
Q

Question: What factors should be considered in fracture management, and why are they important?

A

Considerations in fracture management include:

Overall Health Status: Assessing the patient’s general health, including conditions like diabetes or osteoporosis, is crucial as these can impact healing.
Type and Location of the Fracture: The type and location influence the choice of immobilization method and treatment plan. For example, weight-bearing bones like the femur may require different management compared to non-weight-bearing bones.
Patient’s Lifestyle: Considering the patient’s daily activities and needs helps in planning treatment and rehabilitation. A manual laborer may need different support compared to someone with a sedentary lifestyle.

196
Q

Question: Why is follow-up care important after initial fracture immobilization and treatment?

A

Follow-up care is essential for:

Monitoring Healing: Regular visits allow healthcare providers to assess bone healing through imaging and adjust the treatment plan as needed.
Adjusting Immobilization: Adjustments may be required based on healing progress and any complications.
Initiating Rehabilitation: Follow-up care includes starting rehabilitation exercises to restore full function and mobility of the affected limb.

197
Q

Question: What is the definition of neurovascular observations?

A

Answer: Neurovascular observations involve assessing the function of the neurological and vascular systems in the limbs to detect potential issues affecting nerve or blood supply.

198
Q

Question: What is the purpose of neurovascular observations?

A

Answer: The purpose is to monitor circulation, movement, and sensation of affected extremities and to identify complications such as compartment syndrome.

199
Q

Question: What is the expected level of swelling in a limb during a neurovascular assessment?

A

Answer: Minimal or no swelling.

200
Q

Question: What should the discomfort level be in a normal neurovascular assessment?

A

Answer: Minimal discomfort.

201
Q

Question: How should the color of the limb appear during a normal neurovascular assessment?

A

Answer: Consistent with the patient’s natural coloring.

202
Q

Question: What is the expected warmth of the limb?

A

Answer: Warm to touch.

203
Q

Question: What is the expected capillary refill time?

A

Answer: Rapid refill time.

204
Q

Question: How should sensation be described in a normal neurovascular assessment?

A

Answer: Normal sensations.

205
Q

Question: What is the expected ability of the patient regarding limb movement?

A

Answer: Ability to move fingers and toes.

206
Q

Question: What should you assess to evaluate circulation in a limb?

A

Answer: Peripheral pulses and capillary refill time.

207
Q

Question: How do you assess movement during a neurovascular observation?

A

Answer: Evaluate the ability to move fingers and toes.

208
Q

Question: How is sensation tested during a neurovascular assessment?

A

Answer: Test for normal sensory responses.

209
Q

Question: When should neurovascular observations be performed?

A

Answer: Frequently before, during, and after surgery or trauma that may disrupt nerve and vascular supply.

210
Q

Question: Name an indication of compartment syndrome related to pain.

A

Answer: Progressive unrelieved pain or pain on passive stretch.

211
Q

Question: What sensory changes might indicate compartment syndrome?

A

Answer: Paraesthesis (abnormal sensations such as tingling or numbness) and motor or sensory loss.

212
Q

Question: What are two possible skin changes in compartment syndrome?

A

Answer: Coolness and paleness.

213
Q

Question: How would capillary refill time appear in a limb with compartment syndrome?

A

Answer: Prolonged time for capillary refill.

214
Q

Question: What feeling might a patient experience in the affected area with compartment syndrome?

A

Answer: A sensation of tightness or pressure.

215
Q

Question: What tool can be used to document and track neurovascular observations?

A

Answer: Neurovascular Observation Chart.

216
Q

What are the 7Ps and what do they relate to?

A

The “7Ps” are a set of principles used in the context of neurovascular assessment
Pain
Pallor
Pulse
Paresthesia (sensation)
Paralysis
Pressure
Poikilothermia

217
Q

What is Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI)?

A

Answer: A sudden decrease in limb perfusion, typically due to arterial occlusion.

218
Q

Name two common causes of Acute Limb Ischemia .

A

Answer: Emboli (e.g., blood clots, fat emboli) and injury to vessels and joints.

219
Q

What is a potential treatment for Acute Limb Ischemia?

A

Answer: Thrombolysis (using drugs to break down clots) or embolectomy (surgical removal of emboli).

220
Q

How can hypercoagulable states contribute to Acute Limb Ischemia?

A

Answer: They increase clotting, which can lead to arterial occlusion.

221
Q

In what situation might amputation be considered as a treatment for Acute Limb Ischemia?

A

Answer: In extreme cases where limb viability is lost.

222
Q

List one cause of Compartment Syndrome.

A

Answer: Injury or tight plaster casts.

223
Q

What are two consequences of Compartment Syndrome?

A

Answer: Compression of blood vessels and nerves, and impaired sensation and perfusion.

224
Q

What is a common treatment for Compartment Syndrome?

A

Answer: Surgical fasciotomy (opening the compartment to relieve pressure).

225
Q

How can tight plaster casts contribute to Compartment Syndrome?

A

Answer: They can restrict blood flow and increase pressure within the muscle compartment.

226
Q

What is one indication for performing a neurovascular assessment in a post-operative patient?

A

Answer: Surgery (orthopedic, plastic, cardiac catheterization).

227
Q

Why might a neurovascular assessment be necessary for someone with a plaster cast?

A

Answer: To monitor for tight casts or bandages.

228
Q

What kind of burns require neurovascular assessment?

A

Answer: Circumferential burns (burns that encircle a limb).

229
Q

Name a condition that would necessitate neurovascular assessment due to potential swelling and clotting.

A

Answer: Envenomation (e.g., snakebites).

230
Q

When would a neurovascular assessment be important in relation to traction application?

A

Answer: For skin or skeletal traction.

231
Q

How should pain be assessed during a neurovascular examination?

A

Answer: Evaluate for pain intensity and compare pain at rest versus movement.

232
Q

What are you checking for in the sensation (paresthesia) component?

A

Answer: Numbness, tingling, or abnormal sensations compared to the unaffected limb.

233
Q

What is a key sign to observe in the color (pallor) assessment?

A

Answer: Changes like pallor, redness, or cyanosis compared to the unaffected limb.

234
Q

How do you assess temperature (poikilothermia/polar) in the limb?

A

Answer: Check the limb’s warmth using the back of your hand and compare with the unaffected limb.

235
Q

What should you do when assessing movement (paralysis) in the injured limb?

A

Answer: Evaluate motor function by testing specific movements (e.g., dorsiflexion, plantar flexion).

236
Q

What is the purpose of checking pulses during a neurovascular examination?

A

Answer: To palpate distal pulses and compare with the unaffected limb, indicating blood flow.

237
Q

Why is it important to assess for external pressure during a neurovascular examination?

A

Answer: To ensure that external devices like casts or bandages are not too tight and causing issues.

238
Q

How is a fall defined?

A

Answer: A fall is an event where a person unexpectedly falls to a lower level, occurring in various settings such as homes, hospitals, or other care facilities.

239
Q

Why are falls a significant concern in healthcare settings?

A

Answer: Falls are a leading cause of hospitalization and death among older adults and can lead to severe injuries.

240
Q

What is a common outcome of falls in older adults?

A

Answer: Falls are a significant cause of hospitalization and death among older adults.

241
Q

What is a common type of fracture associated with falls?

A

Answer: Hip, wrist, and ankle fractures.

242
Q

Name a type of head injury that can result from a fall.

A

Answer: Concussion or traumatic brain injury.

243
Q

Give an example of an intrinsic factor that could increase fall risk.

A

Answer: Reduced muscle strength or vision loss.

244
Q

What are intrinsic factors in falls risk?

A

Answer: Age-related changes, chronic diseases, sensory impairments, cognitive impairments, and medications.

245
Q

What is an extrinsic factor that can contribute to falls?

A

Answer: Environmental hazards like slippery floors or uneven surfaces.

246
Q

How can inadequate lighting affect fall risk?

A

Answer: It can increase the likelihood of tripping or not seeing obstacles.

247
Q

Why is proper footwear important in preventing falls?

A

Answer: Poor footwear can cause instability and increase the risk of falls.

248
Q

What should be included in a patient history for falls risk assessment?

A

Answer: Previous falls, medication history, and cognitive and psychological status.

249
Q

Name one aspect of mobility assessment.

A

Answer: Ability to walk and transfer.

250
Q

What is one factor to assess in the environmental assessment?

A

Answer: Accessibility of call bells.

251
Q

What does the Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT) evaluate?

A

Answer: Recent falls, medication, psychological and cognitive status, and mobility and sensory deficits.

252
Q

How is the risk level determined using FRAT?

A

Answer: Based on a score out of 20, with adjustments for additional concerns.

253
Q

What is one prevention strategy for falls?

A

Answer: Regularly orient patients to their surroundings.

254
Q

Why is scheduled toileting important in fall prevention?

A

Answer: It reduces the urgency to get to the bathroom quickly, which can prevent falls.

255
Q

What should be done immediately after a patient falls?

A

Answer: Perform a primary assessment, call for appropriate assistance, and conduct a head-to-toe assessment for injuries.

256
Q

How should ongoing management be handled after a fall?

A

Answer: Monitor and document the patient’s condition, review and adjust the falls risk assessment plan, and consult with physiotherapy if needed.

257
Q

What is the purpose of documenting falls in medical records?

A

Answer: To record details of the fall, track injuries, and help prevent future incidents.

258
Q

What should be included in an incident report for a fall?

A

Answer: Details of the fall and any injuries, using the hospital’s incident reporting system.

259
Q

What is the first step in managing a fall?

A

Answer: Perform a primary assessment with a head-to-toe check for injuries without moving the patient unless necessary.

260
Q

Why is a medical review important after a fall?

A

Answer: To assess the cause of the fall and revise the falls risk plan.

261
Q

Which of the following is not a component of the musculoskeletal system?

A) Bones
B) Muscles
C) Nerves
D) Ligaments

A

Answer: C) Nerves

262
Q

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

A) Produce hormones
B) Protect vital organs
C) Regulate body temperature
D) Store energy

A

Answer: B) Protect vital organs

263
Q

Which type of muscle is found in the walls of internal organs?

A) Skeletal muscle
B) Cardiac muscle
C) Smooth muscle
D) Striated muscle

A

Answer: C) Smooth muscle

264
Q

Which structure connects muscles to bones?

A) Ligaments
B) Tendons
C) Cartilage
D) Fascia

A

Answer: B) Tendons

265
Q

What is the primary goal of a musculoskeletal assessment?

A) Evaluate mental status
B) Identify signs of fractures
C) Assess blood pressure
D) Measure lung capacity

A

Answer: B) Identify signs of fractures

266
Q

Which method is commonly used to assess joint range of motion?

A) Palpation
B) Inspection
C) Goniometry
D) Auscultation

A

Answer: C) Goniometry

267
Q

What does the “Finkelstein test” assess?

A) Carpal tunnel syndrome
B) Tendonitis of the thumb
C) Shoulder impingement
D) Hip dysplasia

A

Answer: B) Tendonitis of the thumb

268
Q

Which of the following is a method for assessing muscle strength?

A) MRI
B) CT scan
C) Manual muscle testing
D) Ultrasound

A

Answer: C) Manual muscle testing

269
Q

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the joints?

A) Osteoporosis
B) Rheumatoid arthritis
C) Tendonitis
D) Osteomyelitis

A

Answer: B) Rheumatoid arthritis

270
Q

What is the primary symptom of a herniated disc?

A) Joint stiffness
B) Lower back pain radiating to the leg
C) Swelling in the knee
D) Headache

A

Answer: B) Lower back pain radiating to the leg

271
Q

Which condition involves the loss of bone density?

A) Osteomyelitis
B) Osteoporosis
C) Gout
D) Bursitis

A

Answer: B) Osteoporosis

272
Q

What is the main cause of gout?

A) Bacterial infection
B) Urate crystals in the joints
C) Autoimmune reaction
D) Tendon strain

A

Answer: B) Urate crystals in the joints

273
Q

Which imaging study is commonly used to visualize soft tissue injuries?

A) X-ray
B) MRI
C) Ultrasound
D) CT scan

A

Answer: B) MRI

274
Q

What does a bone density scan primarily diagnose?

A) Fractures
B) Arthritis
C) Osteoporosis
D) Muscle tears

A

Answer: C) Osteoporosis

275
Q

Which diagnostic test is used to assess bone fractures?

A) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
B) X-ray
C) Blood test
D) Endoscopy

A

Answer: B) X-ray

276
Q

Which diagnostic study uses sound waves to create images of muscles and tendons?

A) MRI
B) CT scan
C) Ultrasound
D) X-ray

A

Answer: C) Ultrasound

277
Q

What is the primary purpose of fracture immobilization?

A) Reduce pain
B) Prevent infection
C) Promote healing by immobilizing the fracture
D) Improve circulation

A

Answer: C) Promote healing by immobilizing the fracture

278
Q

Which of the following is a common method for immobilizing a fracture?

A) Casting
B) Physical therapy
C) Joint injections
D) Acupuncture

A

Answer: A) Casting

279
Q

Which type of splint is used for immediate immobilization of a fracture?

A) Rigid splint
B) Soft splint
C) Traction splint
D) Custom splint

A

Answer: C) Traction splint

280
Q

What should be checked regularly to ensure proper immobilization?

A) Blood pressure
B) Skin color and temperature
C) Heart rate
D) Respiratory rate

A

Answer: B) Skin color and temperature

281
Q

Which condition is characterized by increased pressure within a muscle compartment?

A) Acute limb ischemia
B) Compartment syndrome
C) Peripheral artery disease
D) Deep vein thrombosis

A

Answer: B) Compartment syndrome

282
Q

What is a common cause of compartment syndrome?

A) Chronic arthritis
B) Injury
C) Diabetes
D) Osteoporosis

A

Answer: B) Injury

283
Q

Which of the following is a sign of acute limb ischemia?

A) Warmth in the limb
B) Normal capillary refill
C) Sudden decrease in limb perfusion
D) Swelling and bruising

A

Answer: C) Sudden decrease in limb perfusion

284
Q

What is a potential complication of untreated compartment syndrome?

A) Increased bone density
B) Tissue necrosis
C) Enhanced muscle strength
D) Improved circulation

A

Answer: B) Tissue necrosis

285
Q

Which of the following is an indication for neurovascular assessment?

A) Routine physical examination
B) Post-operative monitoring
C) Regular dental check-up
D) Routine blood tests

A

Answer: B) Post-operative monitoring

286
Q

Why is neurovascular assessment important after applying a plaster cast?

A) To assess the fit of the cast
B) To monitor for tightness and potential impairment of blood flow
C) To determine the need for additional medication
D) To evaluate the patient’s cognitive function

A

Answer: B) To monitor for tightness and potential impairment of blood flow

287
Q

What is assessed by checking capillary refill time?

A) Bone density
B) Peripheral circulation
C) Muscle strength
D) Joint range of motion

A

Answer: B) Peripheral circulation

288
Q

Which component of a neurovascular examination involves checking for numbness or tingling?

A) Color
B) Sensation
C) Pulses
D) Movement

A

Answer: B) Sensation

289
Q

What does assessing limb warmth help determine in a neurovascular exam?

A) Presence of a fracture
B) Adequacy of blood flow
C) Range of joint motion
D) Level of muscle strength

A

Answer: B) Adequacy of blood flow

290
Q

Why is it important to assess movement during a neurovascular examination?

A) To evaluate joint alignment
B) To check for muscle atrophy
C) To ensure nerve function is intact
D) To determine bone density

A

Answer: C) To ensure nerve function is intact

#NUR1114 Nursing (16 decks)

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