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#NUR1114 Nursing > Week 4: Safe Administration of Intravenous Fluids > Flashcards

Week 4: Safe Administration of Intravenous Fluids Flashcards

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1
Q

Define

Intravenous Fluids (IV Fluids)

A

Fluids administered directly into the bloodstream through a catheter or needle inserted into a vein to maintain or restore fluid balance, deliver medications, or provide nutrients.

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2
Q

Define

Crystalloids

A

IV fluids composed of water and electrolytes that can easily pass through cell membranes, used to maintain or restore fluid and electrolyte balance.

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3
Q

Define

Colloids

A

IV fluids that contain larger molecules like proteins or starches to expand blood volume and maintain blood pressure by drawing fluid into the vascular space.

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4
Q

Define

Vascular Access Devices

A

Tools used to gain access to the bloodstream for administering fluids, medications, or drawing blood, including peripheral and central lines.

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5
Q

Define

Fluid Dynamics

A

The study of fluid movement in the body and its impact on physiological functions, including how fluids are administered, distributed, and absorbed.

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6
Q

Define

Renal Assessment

A

Evaluation of kidney function to monitor fluid balance, electrolytes, and overall fluid status, crucial for managing IV fluid therapy.

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7
Q

Define

Fluid Balance

A

The equilibrium between fluid intake and output in the body, monitored to ensure proper hydration and prevent complications.

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8
Q

Define

Patient Considerations

A

Factors such as patient history, current condition, and specific needs that influence the choice and management of IV fluid therapy.

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9
Q

Define

Drip Rates

A

The speed at which IV fluids are administered, measured in drops per minute, critical for ensuring proper dosage and preventing complications.

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10
Q

Define

Drop Factors

A

The number of drops needed to deliver 1 milliliter of fluid, used to calculate drip rates for gravity infusion.

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11
Q

Define

Priming a Line

A

The process of filling an IV line with fluid before connecting it to the patient to remove air bubbles and ensure accurate delivery.

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12
Q

Define

Gravity Infusion

A

A method of administering IV fluids where the fluid flows from a bag or bottle through a tube to the patient using gravity.

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13
Q

Define

Infusion Pump

A

A device that controls the rate and amount of IV fluid delivery, used for precise and continuous administration.

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14
Q

Define

Peripheral Venous Cannulas

A

Devices inserted into peripheral veins, such as those in the arm, for short-term IV access.

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15
Q

Define

Central Venous Catheters

A

Lines inserted into central veins, such as the subclavian or internal jugular, used for long-term access or when high-volume fluids are needed.

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16
Q

Define

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC Lines)

A

Long-term IV lines inserted into peripheral veins and advanced to central veins for prolonged access, commonly used for chemotherapy or long-term medications.

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17
Q

Define

Ports

A

Implanted devices placed under the skin for intermittent access to central veins, used for long-term treatments like chemotherapy.

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18
Q

Define

Introducer Needle

A

A needle used to initially access a vein before placing a catheter for IV fluid administration.

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19
Q

Define

Flashback

A

The observation of blood returning into the catheter hub, indicating proper placement of the cannula in the vein.

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20
Q

Define

IV Site

A

The specific location on the body where an IV catheter is inserted, typically in a vein.

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21
Q

Define

Cubital Fossa

A

The area around the elbow where veins are often accessed for IV insertion due to their size and accessibility.

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22
Q

Define

Hemodynamic Status

A

The condition of blood circulation and pressure in the body, monitored to assess the effectiveness and impact of IV fluid therapy.

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23
Q

Define

Flushing

A

The process of clearing the IV line or catheter with a sterile solution to prevent clotting and ensure patency.

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24
Q

Define

Aseptic Technique

A

A method of preventing infection by maintaining a sterile environment during IV insertion and maintenance.

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25
Q

Define

Clean Technique

A

A practice of maintaining cleanliness to reduce the risk of infection when accessing IV ports or changing dressings.

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26
Q

Define

Thrombosis

A

The formation of a blood clot within a vein, which can obstruct blood flow and cause complications.

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27
Q

Define

Air Embolism

A

A condition where air enters the bloodstream, potentially causing serious complications such as stroke or heart attack.

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28
Q

Define

Occlusion

A

Blockage of the IV catheter or tubing that prevents fluid from flowing properly.

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29
Q

Define

Pneumothorax

A

A potential complication of central venous catheter insertion where air enters the pleural space, causing lung collapse.

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30
Q

Define

Arrhythmias

A

Irregular heartbeats that can occur as a complication of central venous catheter irritation or fluid imbalances.

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31
Q

Define

Systemic Complications

A

Serious effects affecting the entire body, such as fluid overload or air embolism, resulting from IV fluid therapy.

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32
Q

Define

Local Complications

A

Problems occurring at the IV insertion site, including infiltration or phlebitis, which may affect only the area around the site.

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33
Q

Define

Fluid Overload

A

A condition where excessive fluid in the bloodstream leads to symptoms like edema, dyspnea, or increased central venous pressure.

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34
Q

Define

Hypervolemia

A

An excess of fluid in the blood, potentially leading to complications such as fluid overload or increased blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
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35
Q

Define

Cyanosis

A

A bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes indicating insufficient oxygen in the blood, potentially from air embolism.

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36
Q

Define

Infiltration

A

Leakage of IV fluid into surrounding tissue instead of the vein, causing swelling and discomfort at the site.

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37
Q

Define

Extravasation

A

Similar to infiltration but involves leakage of an irritant fluid, leading to tissue damage and potential necrosis.

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38
Q

Define

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein caused by irritation from the catheter or IV fluids, resulting in pain, redness, and swelling.

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39
Q

Define

Thrombophlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein with associated blood clot formation, causing pain, redness, and swelling.

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40
Q

Define

Hematomas

A

Bruising or swelling at the IV insertion site due to bleeding into the tissue, often resulting from poor technique or inadequate pressure post-removal.

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41
Q

Define

Obstruction

A

Blockage in the IV line or catheter that prevents proper fluid delivery, often due to clots or kinks.

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42
Q

Define

Thrombolytic Agent

A

Medication used to dissolve blood clots in the IV line or catheter to restore proper fluid flow.

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43
Q

Define

Anchoring IV

A

Securing the IV catheter to prevent movement and reduce the risk of complications such as dislodgement or irritation.

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44
Q

Define

Fluid Balance Charts

A

Records used to track the amount of fluid administered and removed from the patient to monitor their overall fluid status.

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45
Q

Define

Infusion Pumps

A

Devices that control the rate and volume of IV fluid delivery, providing precise and continuous administration.

How well did you know this?
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Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Define

Blood Transfusion

A

The process of administering blood products to a patient, requiring careful monitoring and compatibility checks to prevent adverse reactions.

How well did you know this?
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47
Q

What is

Fluids administered directly into the bloodstream through a catheter or needle inserted into a vein to maintain or restore fluid balance, deliver medications, or provide nutrients.

A

Intravenous Fluids (IV Fluids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
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48
Q

What is

IV fluids composed of water and electrolytes that can easily pass through cell membranes, used to maintain or restore fluid and electrolyte balance.

A

Crystalloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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49
Q

What is

IV fluids that contain larger molecules like proteins or starches to expand blood volume and maintain blood pressure by drawing fluid into the vascular space.

A

Colloids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is

Tools used to gain access to the bloodstream for administering fluids, medications, or drawing blood, including peripheral and central lines.

A

Vascular Access Devices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is

The study of fluid movement in the body and its impact on physiological functions, including how fluids are administered, distributed, and absorbed.

A

Fluid Dynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is

Evaluation of kidney function to monitor fluid balance, electrolytes, and overall fluid status, crucial for managing IV fluid therapy.

A

Renal Assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is

The equilibrium between fluid intake and output in the body, monitored to ensure proper hydration and prevent complications.

A

Fluid Balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is

Factors such as patient history, current condition, and specific needs that influence the choice and management of IV fluid therapy.

A

Patient Considerations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is

The speed at which IV fluids are administered, measured in drops per minute, critical for ensuring proper dosage and preventing complications.

A

Drip Rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is

The number of drops needed to deliver 1 milliliter of fluid, used to calculate drip rates for gravity infusion.

A

Drop Factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is

The process of filling an IV line with fluid before connecting it to the patient to remove air bubbles and ensure accurate delivery.

A

Priming a Line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is

A method of administering IV fluids where the fluid flows from a bag or bottle through a tube to the patient using gravity.

A

Gravity Infusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is

A device that controls the rate and amount of IV fluid delivery, used for precise and continuous administration.

A

Infusion Pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is

Devices inserted into peripheral veins, such as those in the arm, for short-term IV access.

A

Peripheral Venous Cannulas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is

Lines inserted into central veins, such as the subclavian or internal jugular, used for long-term access or when high-volume fluids are needed.

A

Central Venous Catheters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is

Long-term IV lines inserted into peripheral veins and advanced to central veins for prolonged access, commonly used for chemotherapy or long-term medications.

A

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC Lines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is

Implanted devices placed under the skin for intermittent access to central veins, used for long-term treatments like chemotherapy.

A

Ports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is

A needle used to initially access a vein before placing a catheter for IV fluid administration.

A

Introducer Needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is

The observation of blood returning into the catheter hub, indicating proper placement of the cannula in the vein.

A

Flashback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is

The specific location on the body where an IV catheter is inserted, typically in a vein.

A

IV Site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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67
Q

What is

The area around the elbow where veins are often accessed for IV insertion due to their size and accessibility.

A

Cubital Fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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68
Q

What is

The condition of blood circulation and pressure in the body, monitored to assess the effectiveness and impact of IV fluid therapy.

A

Hemodynamic Status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is

The process of clearing the IV line or catheter with a sterile solution to prevent clotting and ensure patency.

A

Flushing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is

A method of preventing infection by maintaining a sterile environment during IV insertion and maintenance.

A

Aseptic Technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is

A practice of maintaining cleanliness to reduce the risk of infection when accessing IV ports or changing dressings.

A

Clean Technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is

The formation of a blood clot within a vein, which can obstruct blood flow and cause complications.

A

Thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is

A condition where air enters the bloodstream, potentially causing serious complications such as stroke or heart attack.

A

Air Embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is

Blockage of the IV catheter or tubing that prevents fluid from flowing properly.

A

Occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is

A potential complication of central venous catheter insertion where air enters the pleural space, causing lung collapse.

A

Pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What is

Irregular heartbeats that can occur as a complication of central venous catheter irritation or fluid imbalances.

A

Arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is

Serious effects affecting the entire body, such as fluid overload or air embolism, resulting from IV fluid therapy.

A

Systemic Complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is

Problems occurring at the IV insertion site, including infiltration or phlebitis, which may affect only the area around the site.

A

Local Complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is

A condition where excessive fluid in the bloodstream leads to symptoms like edema, dyspnea, or increased central venous pressure.

A

Fluid Overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is

An excess of fluid in the blood, potentially leading to complications such as fluid overload or increased blood pressure.

A

Hypervolemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is

A bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes indicating insufficient oxygen in the blood, potentially from air embolism.

A

Cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is

Leakage of IV fluid into surrounding tissue instead of the vein, causing swelling and discomfort at the site.

A

Infiltration

83
Q

What is

Similar to infiltration but involves leakage of an irritant fluid, leading to tissue damage and potential necrosis.

A

Extravasation

84
Q

What is

Inflammation of a vein caused by irritation from the catheter or IV fluids, resulting in pain, redness, and swelling.

A

Phlebitis

85
Q

What is

Inflammation of a vein with associated blood clot formation, causing pain, redness, and swelling.

A

Thrombophlebitis

86
Q

What is

Bruising or swelling at the IV insertion site due to bleeding into the tissue, often resulting from poor technique or inadequate pressure post-removal.

A

Hematomas

87
Q

What is

Blockage in the IV line or catheter that prevents proper fluid delivery, often due to clots or kinks.

A

Obstruction

88
Q

What is

Medication used to dissolve blood clots in the IV line or catheter to restore proper fluid flow.

A

Thrombolytic Agent

89
Q

What is

Securing the IV catheter to prevent movement and reduce the risk of complications such as dislodgement or irritation.

A

Anchoring IV

90
Q

What is

Records used to track the amount of fluid administered and removed from the patient to monitor their overall fluid status.

A

Fluid Balance Charts

91
Q

What is

Devices that control the rate and volume of IV fluid delivery, providing precise and continuous administration.

A

Infusion Pumps

92
Q

What is

The process of administering blood products to a patient, requiring careful monitoring and compatibility checks to prevent adverse reactions.

A

Blood Transfusion

93
Q

What is the role of semi-permeable membranes in fluid dynamics?

A

Semi-permeable membranes allow some substances to pass through while blocking others, facilitating selective fluid and solute movement.

94
Q

What is the difference between crystalloids and colloids?

A

Crystalloids are water with electrolytes and can move between compartments, while colloids contain larger molecules that primarily stay in the intravascular space.

95
Q

Why is understanding fluid movement important for IV therapy?

A

It helps in predicting how fluids will distribute in the body, which is crucial for effective treatment and managing patient outcomes.

96
Q

What are some examples of crystalloids?

A

Normal saline and balanced solutions.

97
Q

What are colloids used for in IV therapy?

A

Colloids are used to expand blood volume and maintain blood pressure by staying in the intravascular space longer.

98
Q

What are vascular access devices used for?

A

To gain access to the bloodstream for administering fluids, medications, or drawing blood.

99
Q

Name three types of vascular access devices.

A

Peripheral venous cannulas, central venous catheters, and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC lines).

100
Q

What is the purpose of priming an IV line?

A

To remove air bubbles and ensure accurate fluid delivery.

101
Q

What does “intravascular space” refer to?

A

The space within blood vessels where IV fluids are initially administered.

102
Q

What are the signs of fluid overload in the interstitial space?

A

Edema or swelling.

103
Q

How does osmosis differ from diffusion?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water from low to high solute concentration, while diffusion is the movement of solutes from high to low concentration.

104
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure and its role in fluid dynamics?

A

Hydrostatic pressure is the pushing force exerted by fluid volume on blood vessel walls, contributing to fluid movement out of vessels.

105
Q

What does “on” in oncotic pressure mean?

A

Oncotic pressure refers to the pulling force exerted by plasma proteins to keep fluid within the blood vessels.

106
Q

Why is it important to understand the difference between hyper and hypo conditions?

A

It helps in diagnosing and managing conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or hypotension (low blood pressure) related to fluid imbalances.

107
Q

What is the significance of drip rates and drop factors for IV therapy?

A

They are crucial for calculating the correct flow rate of IV fluids to ensure proper dosing and patient safety.

108
Q

What should you check if a patient shows signs of fluid imbalance?

A

Monitor for signs of dehydration or fluid overload, and assess vital signs, input/output, and physical symptoms.

109
Q

How is tonicity related to crystalloids?

A

Tonicity describes the concentration of solutes in crystalloids, affecting how fluids move between body compartments.

110
Q

What are some common complications of IV fluid administration?

A

Complications include infection, air embolism, thrombosis, and fluid overload.

111
Q

What considerations are important when setting up an infusion pump?

A

Ensure the correct flow rate is set and verify the fluid type and dosage.

112
Q

What is the role of electrolytes in IV fluids?

A

Electrolytes help maintain fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle function.

113
Q

What should be done if an IV line becomes obstructed?

A

Check for kinks, clots, or other issues and take appropriate actions like flushing or replacing the line.

114
Q

What are the key differences between central and peripheral venous catheters?

A

Central catheters are placed in larger veins for long-term use, while peripheral catheters are used in smaller veins for short-term access.

115
Q

What is the importance of aseptic technique in IV fluid administration?

A

Aseptic technique prevents infections and maintains the sterility of the IV site and equipment.

116
Q

How does the capillary wall function in fluid dynamics?

A

It separates the intravascular space from the interstitial space, regulating fluid exchange between these compartments.

117
Q

Why is it important to calculate drip rates accurately?

A

Accurate drip rates ensure the correct volume of fluid is administered, which is essential for effective treatment and avoiding complications.

118
Q

What is the purpose of checking medication orders for missing components?

A

To ensure that all necessary information is included for safe and effective medication administration.

119
Q

What is the primary purpose of vascular access devices?

A

To administer fluids, medications, or treatments directly into the bloodstream.

120
Q

What is a peripheral venous cannula?

A

A device consisting of an introducer needle and a small plastic catheter used to administer fluids and medications into peripheral veins.

121
Q

What is indicated by a flashback of blood during cannula insertion?

A

It indicates that the cannula is correctly positioned in the vein and can be advanced further.

122
Q

Why should you avoid using veins in the leg for cannulation?

A

Due to a higher risk of clot formation and potential thromboembolism.

123
Q

Where should you ideally place a peripheral cannula?

A

In the arm veins, preferably starting with distal sites and moving proximally if needed.

124
Q

What is the reason for avoiding cannulation near joints?

A

To prevent discomfort and complications due to movement or flexion of the joint.

125
Q

What are some contraindications for placing a peripheral cannula?

A

Recent surgery, injuries, mastectomy, neuro deficits, or infections on the side of cannulation.

126
Q

What should you do if you accidentally cannulate an artery?

A

Apply direct pressure for about 5 minutes to stop the bleeding.

127
Q

What is the purpose of central venous catheters?

A

To administer medications that might irritate peripheral veins, monitor hemodynamic status, and obtain blood samples.

128
Q

Where are central venous catheters typically inserted?

A

Into central veins such as the subclavian or internal jugular veins.

129
Q

Why is X-ray confirmation important for central venous catheters and PICC lines?

A

To ensure the catheter is correctly positioned in the central venous system.

130
Q

What are PICC lines and where are they inserted?

A

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC lines) are inserted into peripheral veins and extend centrally, often used for long-term IV therapy.

131
Q

How long can a PICC line typically remain in place?

A

Up to a year.

132
Q

What is the purpose of a port in vascular access?

A

To provide a reliable access point for intermittent chemotherapy or other long-term treatments.

133
Q

How do ports differ from other vascular access devices?

A

Ports are placed under the skin with no external parts and require special needles for access.

134
Q

What is the recommended syringe size for flushing a catheter and why?

A

A 10-milliliter syringe is recommended to avoid too much or too little pressure that could dislodge the catheter.

135
Q

What technique should be used when changing dressings on a catheter?

A

Aseptic technique should be used to prevent infection.

136
Q

What are some common complications associated with central venous catheters?

A

Thrombosis, air embolism, infection, bleeding, occlusion, pneumothorax, and arrhythmias.

137
Q

What should you check before setting up an IV fluid infusion?

A

Ensure the fluid bag is not expired, the type and strength are correct, and there are no leaks. Attach time labels and initials appropriately.

138
Q

What are the different gauges of cannulas used for?

A

Larger gauges (14, 16) for high-risk surgeries or severe trauma, size 18 for blood transfusions, size 20 for routine use, and sizes 22 and 24 for pediatric and elderly patients.

139
Q

Why is it important to start cannulation at distal sites?

A

To minimize complications and facilitate finding alternative sites if initial attempts fail.

140
Q

What are the key characteristics to look for when selecting a vein for cannulation?

A

Veins should be firm, elastic, and not pulsatile, avoiding those that are hard, flat, bumpy, or tortuous.

141
Q

What is the role of hydrostatic pressure in fluid dynamics?

A

Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues.

142
Q

How does oncotic pressure help maintain fluid balance?

A

Oncotic pressure pulls fluid back into the blood vessels, helping to keep fluid within the intravascular space.

143
Q

What should you do if a catheter becomes obstructed?

A

Investigate the cause of obstruction, such as clots or kinks, and take appropriate action to resolve it.

144
Q

What are some key nursing considerations for managing central venous catheters?

A

Regular monitoring for complications, ensuring proper catheter position with X-ray, and adhering to aseptic techniques during care.

145
Q

How does a port’s access differ from other vascular access devices?

A

Ports require special needles for access and are not visible externally but can be palpated under the skin.

146
Q

What is the benefit of using a larger gauge cannula for certain procedures?

A

Larger gauge cannulas allow for faster infusion rates, which is necessary for high-risk surgeries or severe trauma.

147
Q

What is fluid overload, and what are its symptoms?

A

Fluid overload is the excess of fluid leading to hypervolemia, with symptoms like shortness of breath, distended jugular veins, edema around the ankles, and sudden weight gain.

148
Q

What should you do if you suspect a patient is experiencing fluid overload?

A

Stop the infusion, position the patient upright, perform a focused cardiac and respiratory assessment, apply oxygen if necessary, and escalate to the medical officer and nurse in charge.

149
Q

What is an air embolism, and what are its symptoms?

A

An air embolism occurs when air enters the bloodstream, causing symptoms such as dyspnea, cyanosis, increased heart rate, chest or back pain, and loss of consciousness.

150
Q

How should you manage an air embolism?

A

Clamp the cannula, assess vital signs, and position the patient on their left side with the head down to reduce the risk of air traveling to the lungs.

151
Q

What causes an infection related to IV fluids, and what are its symptoms?

A

Infection can be caused by IV solution or administration sets. Symptoms include sudden temperature rise, tachycardia, low blood pressure, shortness of breath, and decreased urine output.

152
Q

How can you manage an IV-related infection?

A

Maintain aseptic technique, provide symptomatic care, administer antibiotics, and consider inotropes for hemodynamic stability if needed.

153
Q

What is infiltration, and what are its symptoms?

A

Infiltration occurs when fluid leaks into surrounding tissue instead of the vein, causing edema, redness, and swelling.

154
Q

What is the management for infiltration?

A

Stop the infusion, remove the cannula, and apply a cold compress to reduce inflammation.

155
Q

What is extravasation, and how does it differ from infiltration?

A

Extravasation is similar to infiltration but involves an irritant fluid causing blistering and tissue necrosis.

156
Q

How should you manage extravasation?

A

Stop the infusion, notify the medical officer, follow local protocols, consider an antidote if applicable, and perform neurovascular observations.

157
Q

What is phlebitis, and what are its symptoms?

A

Phlebitis is inflammation of the vein due to irritation, causing pain, redness, warmth, swelling, and potentially fever.

158
Q

What is the management for phlebitis?

A

Stop the infusion, apply a warm compress, maintain good infection control, and use appropriately sized cannulas.

159
Q

What is thrombophlebitis, and how does it differ from phlebitis?

A

Thrombophlebitis involves a blood clot in the vein along with inflammation, causing pain, redness, warmth, swelling, and fever.

160
Q

How should you manage thrombophlebitis?

A

Stop the infusion, apply a cold compress, elevate the limb, and avoid flushing the cannula to prevent clot dislodgement.

161
Q

What are hematomas, and what causes them?

A

Hematomas are bruising or swelling at the insertion site caused by poor cannulation technique or failure to apply pressure when removing the cannula.

162
Q

What is the management for a hematoma?

A

Remove the IV cannula and apply direct pressure to the site.

163
Q

What causes clotting and obstruction in IV lines, and what are the symptoms?

A

Clotting and obstruction can be caused by kinks, slow infusion rates, or other issues, leading to reduced or stopped flow.

164
Q

How should you manage clotting and obstruction?

A

Stop the infusion, get a new set if needed, and regularly flush the cannula to prevent clot formation. A thrombolytic agent may be used by a doctor to dissolve the clot.

165
Q

What are key infection prevention measures for IV fluids?

A

Hand hygiene, checking IV containers, anchoring the IV, inspecting the IV site, flushing the IV every eight hours, and scrubbing the hub with an alcohol swab.

166
Q

How often should peripheral cannulas be replaced?

A

Every 72 hours to reduce the risk of infection.

167
Q

What should be documented regarding IV cannulas?

A

Insertion time to ensure timely replacement.

168
Q

What should be ensured regarding IV fluid flow rates?

A

Ensure flow rates match prescribed rates, calculate drip rates for gravity lines, or set rates on infusion pumps.

169
Q

How often should IV sites be checked during infusion?

A

Hourly during infusion.

170
Q

What should be completed alongside monitoring IV fluids?

A

Complete fluid balance charts.

171
Q

What are indications for administering blood?

A

Volume loss from trauma, surgery, hemorrhage, or conditions like anemia.

172
Q

What should be checked before administering blood?

A

Ensure compatibility of the correct blood type. Type O Negative can be used in emergencies.

173
Q

How should blood infusion be monitored?

A

Perform baseline vital signs, start the infusion slowly, and assess every 15 minutes initially. Report any changes immediately.

174
Q

Why should potassium never be administered as a bolus dose?

A

Due to the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias; always follow safety guidelines.

175
Q

What primarily controls the movement of intravenous fluids within the vascular space?

A) Blood pressure
B) Osmotic pressure
C) Temperature
D) pH level

A

B) Osmotic pressure

176
Q

Which mechanism helps maintain fluid balance between the vascular and interstitial spaces?

A) Filtration
B) Osmosis
C) Diffusion
D) Active transport

A

A) Filtration

177
Q

How does the movement of fluids across capillary membranes primarily occur?

A) Through active transport
B) By diffusion
C) By filtration and osmotic pressure
D) Through pinocytosis

A

C) By filtration and osmotic pressure

178
Q

What is the primary action if a patient shows signs of fluid overload?

A) Increase the infusion rate
B) Stop the infusion and position the patient upright
C) Change the IV site
D) Administer more fluids

A

B) Stop the infusion and position the patient upright

179
Q

How often should an IV site be inspected during infusion?

A) Once a shift
B) Every 30 minutes
C) Hourly
D) Every 4 hours

A

C) Hourly

180
Q

Which device is used to measure the rate of fluid infusion?

A) Infusion pump
B) Syringe
C) Blood pressure cuff
D) Thermometer

A

A) Infusion pump

181
Q

Which condition increases the risk of fluid overload during IV fluid administration?

A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Renal disease
C) Asthma
D) Hypertension

A

B) Renal disease

182
Q

What symptom might indicate that a patient is experiencing fluid overload?

A) Decreased urine output
B) Weight loss
C) Edema around the ankles
D) Dry mouth

A

C) Edema around the ankles

183
Q

Which patient group is at highest risk of fluid overload?

A) Healthy adults
B) Patients with chronic kidney disease
C) Pediatric patients
D) Pregnant women

A

B) Patients with chronic kidney disease

184
Q

What is the first step in managing an air embolism?

A) Start the infusion pump
B) Clamp the cannula
C) Increase the infusion rate
D) Administer a diuretic

A

B) Clamp the cannula

185
Q

Which complication is characterized by fluid leaking into surrounding tissue?

A) Phlebitis
B) Infiltration
C) Thrombophlebitis
D) Hematoma

A

B) Infiltration

186
Q

What is a common symptom of extravasation?

A) Pain and redness
B) Swelling and blistering
C) Fever
D) Dry skin

A

B) Swelling and blistering

187
Q

Which type of IV fluid is used to expand blood volume and includes examples like normal saline?

A) Colloid
B) Crystalloid
C) Hypertonic
D) Hypotonic

A

B) Crystalloid

188
Q

Which of the following is an example of a colloid solution?

A) Normal saline
B) Lactated Ringer’s
C) Dextrose 5% in water
D) Hydroxyethyl starch

A

D) Hydroxyethyl starch

189
Q

Crystalloid fluids primarily affect which part of the body?

A) Intracellular space
B) Extracellular space
C) Intravenous space only
D) Blood cells

A

B) Extracellular space

190
Q

Which device is typically used for short-term, peripheral access to administer IV fluids?

A) Central venous catheter
B) Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)
C) Peripheral venous cannula
D) Port

A

C) Peripheral venous cannula

191
Q

What is a common feature of central venous catheters?

A) Multiple lumens
B) Short-term use
C) Subcutaneous placement
D) Single lumen

A

A) Multiple lumens

192
Q

Which device is used for long-term IV therapy and is inserted into a peripheral vein?

A) Peripheral venous cannula
B) Central venous catheter
C) PICC line
D) Port

A

C) PICC line

193
Q

Which item is essential for administering IV fluids?

A) IV bag
B) Syringe
C) Stethoscope
D) Thermometer

A

A) IV bag

194
Q

What type of infusion device regulates the flow rate of IV fluids?

A) Sphygmomanometer
B) Infusion pump
C) Oxygen mask
D) Glucometer

A

B) Infusion pump

195
Q

Which tool is used to prevent air from entering the IV line?

A) Drip chamber
B) Flow regulator
C) Air detector
D) Cannula

A

C) Air detector

196
Q

What is the purpose of a drip chamber in an IV setup?

A) To monitor the infusion rate
B) To detect air bubbles
C) To prevent backflow
D) To allow the IV fluid to drip into the line

A

D) To allow the IV fluid to drip into the line

197
Q

Which device helps maintain sterility during IV administration?

A) Alcohol swab
B) Tourniquet
C) Needle
D) Infusion pump

A

A) Alcohol swab

198
Q

What is the purpose of using a sterile dressing in IV fluid administration?

A) To prevent infection
B) To secure the IV catheter
C) To absorb fluid
D) To increase comfort

A

A) To prevent infection

199
Q

What type of IV fluid is typically used for volume resuscitation?

A) Hypotonic solution
B) Isotonic solution
C) Hypertonic solution
D) Colloid solution

A

B) Isotonic solution

200
Q

Which IV fluid type is used to draw fluid out of the cells into the extracellular space?

A) Isotonic
B) Hypertonic
C) Hypotonic
D) Colloid

A

B) Hypertonic

201
Q

What is the primary purpose of a port in IV therapy?

A) Short-term access
B) Long-term access for intermittent treatments
C) Continuous infusion
D) Emergency access

A

B) Long-term access for intermittent treatments

202
Q

Which IV fluid type can be used to provide nutrients and calories?

A) Normal saline
B) Dextrose 5% in water
C) Lactated Ringer’s
D) Hydroxyethyl starch

A

B) Dextrose 5% in water

203
Q

What is a key consideration when using a PICC line?

A) It is for short-term use
B) It is confirmed by X-ray
C) It is visible externally
D) It requires no X-ray confirmation

A

B) It is confirmed by X-ray

204
Q

What is the primary purpose of using aseptic technique in IV fluid administration?

A) To ensure patient comfort
B) To prevent infection
C) To increase flow rate
D) To reduce costs

A

B) To prevent infection

#NUR1114 Nursing (16 decks)

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