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#NUR1114 Nursing > Week 2: Parental Meds & Diabetes Management > Flashcards

Week 2: Parental Meds & Diabetes Management Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition

An injection route where medications are administered directly into an artery.

A

Define

Intra-arterial

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2
Q

Definition

The measurement of the thickness of a needle, with a higher gauge indicating a thinner needle.

A

Define

Gauge

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3
Q

Definition

Common locations for subcutaneous injections: the outer aspect of the upper arm, abdomen (at least 5 cm away from the belly button), and the anterior aspect of the thigh.

A

Define

Injection Sites: Outer Arm, Abdomen, Anterior Thighs

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4
Q

Define

Intradermal Injections

A

Injections administered just under the skin’s surface, often used for allergy tests and tuberculosis screening.

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5
Q

Definition

A condition where the body does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels, common in Type 1 diabetes.

A

Define

Insulin Deficiency

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6
Q

Define

Vaccines

A

Biological preparations administered to stimulate the immune system and provide immunity against specific diseases.

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7
Q

Define

Calluses

A

Thickened skin areas that can develop on the feet due to pressure or friction, which can be problematic in individuals with diabetes.

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8
Q

Definition

A condition characterized by an imbalance of fluids in the body, leading to excessive thirst and the production of large volumes of dilute urine. This disorder is caused by a deficiency in the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or a failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH. It does not involve blood glucose levels but rather affects the regulation of water balance.

A

Diabetes Insipidus

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9
Q

Definition

A condition where the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels, often seen in Type 2 diabetes.

A

Define

Insulin Resistance

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10
Q

Define

Riskman

A

A system or form used for reporting and managing risks and incidents in healthcare settings.

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11
Q

Definition

Injections administered into the fatty layer of tissue just beneath the skin, used for medications requiring slow and steady absorption.

A

Define

Subcutaneous Injections

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12
Q

Define

Anatomical Sites

A

Specific locations on the body used for administering injections, such as the upper arm, thigh, abdomen, and buttock.

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13
Q

Define

Peripheral Pulses

A

The pulses found in the extremities, which should be assessed in diabetes patients to monitor circulation and detect potential issues.

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14
Q

Define

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst, commonly associated with high blood glucose levels that lead to increased urine output and dehydration.

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15
Q

Definition

A device used to hold and administer medication via a needle.

A

Define

Syringe

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16
Q

Definition

Procedures used to maintain sterility and prevent contamination during medication administration.

A

Define

Aseptic Techniques

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17
Q

Definition

The part of the syringe that is pushed to expel medication from the barrel.

A

Define

Plunger

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18
Q

Definition

Nerve damage that affects the limbs, causing symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling, commonly seen in diabetes.

A

Define

Peripheral Neuropathy

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19
Q

Definition

The pulses found in the extremities, which should be assessed in diabetes patients to monitor circulation and detect potential issues.

A

Define

Peripheral Pulses

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20
Q

Definition

An injection route where medications are administered into the spinal canal.

A

Define

Intraspinal

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21
Q

Definition

A test used to assess the sensation in the feet of diabetic patients, helping to identify peripheral neuropathy.

A

Monofilament Test

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22
Q

Definition

The angle at which the needle is inserted into the skin or muscle, affecting the effectiveness and comfort of the injection.

A

Define

Angle of Insertion

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23
Q

Define

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

A

A diagnostic test where blood glucose levels are measured after fasting and then after consuming a glucose solution, to assess how well the body processes glucose.

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24
Q

Define

Diabetes Insipidus

A

A condition characterized by an imbalance of fluids in the body, leading to excessive thirst and the production of large volumes of dilute urine. This disorder is caused by a deficiency in the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or a failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH. It does not involve blood glucose levels but rather affects the regulation of water balance.

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25
Q

Define

Intramuscular (IM)

A

An injection route where medications are administered into the muscle tissue.

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26
Q

Definition

High blood pressure, which is often associated with diabetes and can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications.

A

Define

Hypertension

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27
Q

Define

Insulin Resistance

A

A condition where the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels, often seen in Type 2 diabetes.

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28
Q

Define

Ventrogluteal Muscle

A

The muscle in the hip used for intramuscular injections, preferred for larger volumes and viscous medications.

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29
Q

Definition

A skin condition characterized by dark, velvety patches, often seen in areas such as the neck and armpits, associated with insulin resistance.

A

Define

Acanthosis Nigricans

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30
Q

Define

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure, which is often associated with diabetes and can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications.

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31
Q

Define

Inflammatory Responses

A

Body’s response to injury or infection, which can contribute to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.

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32
Q

Define

Intra-arterial

A

An injection route where medications are administered directly into an artery.

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33
Q

Define

Diabetic Neuropathy

A

A type of nerve damage caused by diabetes that can lead to symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling in the extremities.

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34
Q

Define

Deltoid Muscle

A

The muscle in the upper arm used for intramuscular injections, commonly for vaccines.

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35
Q

Define

Sharps Management

A

Protocols for handling and disposing of sharp objects like needles to prevent injuries and transmission of infections.

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36
Q

Define

Microalbuminuria

A

The presence of a small amount of albumin in the urine, which can be an early sign of kidney damage in diabetes.

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37
Q

Definition

A hollow, slender instrument used to draw up and inject medications.

A

Define

Needle

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38
Q

Define

Beta Cell Dysfunction

A

A condition where the beta cells in the pancreas do not function properly, leading to impaired insulin production and glucose control.

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39
Q

Definition

Body’s response to injury or infection, which can contribute to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.

A

Define

Inflammatory Responses

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40
Q

Definition

An anticoagulant medication administered subcutaneously to prevent blood clots.

A

Define

Heparin

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41
Q

Definition

A condition of excessive insulin in the blood, often associated with insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.

A

Define

Hyperinsulinemia

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42
Q

Define

Gauge

A

The measurement of the thickness of a needle, with a higher gauge indicating a thinner needle.

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43
Q

Define

Site Rotation

A

The practice of varying injection sites to prevent tissue damage and discomfort.

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44
Q

Define

Needle

A

A hollow, slender instrument used to draw up and inject medications.

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45
Q

Definition

The presence of a small amount of albumin in the urine, which can be an early sign of kidney damage in diabetes.

A

Define

Microalbuminuria

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46
Q

Definition

A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors.

A

Define

Type 2 Diabetes

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47
Q

Definition

A low molecular weight heparin used for anticoagulation, usually given subcutaneously.

A

Define

Enoxaparin

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48
Q

Definition

The angle used for intradermal injections, typically between 10 and 15 degrees to ensure the medication is placed just below the skin surface.

A

Define

10 to 15 Degrees (Intradermal)

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49
Q

Definition

A diabetes-related eye disease that damages the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to vision loss.

A

Define

Diabetic Retinopathy

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50
Q

Define

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

A

A blood test that measures blood glucose levels after fasting for at least 8 hours, used to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes.

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51
Q

Define

Sharps Container

A

A specialized container used for the safe disposal of needles and other sharp objects.

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52
Q

Definition

The practice of varying injection sites to prevent tissue damage and discomfort.

A

Define

Site Rotation

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53
Q

Define

Single-Dose Ampules

A

Vials containing a single dose of medication, typically used for injections.

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54
Q

Define

Gestational Diabetes

A

A form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery, but increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later.

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55
Q

Define

Insulin

A

A hormone administered subcutaneously to regulate blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes.

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56
Q

Define

Intravenous (IV)

A

An injection route where medications are administered directly into the bloodstream through a vein.

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57
Q

Define

Pancreatic Beta Cells

A

Cells in the pancreas that produce and secrete insulin, essential for regulating blood glucose levels.

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58
Q

Definition

A form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery, but increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later.

A

Define

Gestational Diabetes

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59
Q

Definition

An injection route where medications are administered into the peritoneal cavity.

A

Define

Intraperitoneal

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60
Q

Definition

Excessive hunger, often experienced by individuals with uncontrolled diabetes due to the body’s inability to use glucose effectively.

A

Define

Polyphagia

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61
Q

Define

Rubber-Capped Vials

A

Medication containers sealed with a rubber stopper, used for multiple doses.

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62
Q

Definition

The delivery of medications by routes other than oral, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous methods.

A

Define

Parenteral Medication Administration

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63
Q

Define

Diabetic Foot

A

Foot complications that can arise from diabetes, including infections, ulcers, and poor wound healing.

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64
Q

Define

Peripheral Neuropathy

A

Nerve damage that affects the limbs, causing symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling, commonly seen in diabetes.

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65
Q

Definition

A document used to report and document incidents, including medication errors, for review and resolution.

A

Define

Incident Report Form

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66
Q

Define

Polyphagia

A

Excessive hunger, often experienced by individuals with uncontrolled diabetes due to the body’s inability to use glucose effectively.

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67
Q

Define

45 to 90 Degrees (Subcutaneous)

A

The range of angles used for subcutaneous injections, depending on the thickness of the skin and tissue.

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68
Q

Definition

The cylindrical part of the syringe that holds the medication.

A

Define

Barrel

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69
Q

Define

Parenteral Medication Administration

A

The delivery of medications by routes other than oral, including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous methods.

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70
Q

Define

Intracardiac

A

An injection route where medications are administered directly into the heart.

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71
Q

Define

Type 1 Diabetes

A

A form of diabetes where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production.

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72
Q

Definition

The muscle in the thigh used for intramuscular injections, especially in infants and children.

A

Define

Vastus Lateralis Muscle

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73
Q

Define

Autoimmune Condition

A

A disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, such as the beta cells in Type 1 diabetes.

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74
Q

Definition

The thickness or diameter of a needle, affecting its ability to administer medications and the comfort of the injection.

A

Define

Needle Gauge

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75
Q

Define

Intraspinal

A

An injection route where medications are administered into the spinal canal.

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76
Q

Definition

Foot complications that can arise from diabetes, including infections, ulcers, and poor wound healing.

A

Define

Diabetic Foot

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77
Q

Definition

Specific locations on the body used for administering injections, such as the upper arm, thigh, abdomen, and buttock.

A

Define

Anatomical Sites

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78
Q

Definition

A hormone administered subcutaneously to regulate blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes.

A

Define

Insulin

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79
Q

Definition

A form of diabetes where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production.

A

Define

Type 1 Diabetes

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80
Q

Define

Hyperglycemia

A

A condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which can lead to symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.

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81
Q

Define

Subcutaneous Injections

A

Injections administered into the fatty layer of tissue just beneath the skin, used for medications requiring slow and steady absorption.

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82
Q

Definition

Cells in the pancreas that produce and secrete insulin, essential for regulating blood glucose levels.

A

Define

Pancreatic Beta Cells

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83
Q

Define

Insulin-Producing Cells

A

Cells in the pancreas, specifically beta cells, that produce insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.

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84
Q

Definition

Cells in the pancreas, specifically beta cells, that produce insulin to regulate blood glucose levels.

A

Define

Insulin-Producing Cells

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85
Q

Define

Autoantibodies

A

Antibodies that attack the body’s own cells, such as insulin-producing cells in Type 1 diabetes, leading to autoimmune destruction.

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86
Q

Definition

A system or form used for reporting and managing risks and incidents in healthcare settings.

A

Define

Riskman

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87
Q

Definition

The layer of fat just beneath the skin where subcutaneous injections are administered.

A

Define

Fatty Layer

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88
Q

Definition

Antibodies that attack the body’s own cells, such as insulin-producing cells in Type 1 diabetes, leading to autoimmune destruction.

A

Define

Autoantibodies

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89
Q

Definition

The muscle in the upper arm used for intramuscular injections, commonly for vaccines.

A

Define

Deltoid Muscle

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90
Q

Define

Heparin

A

An anticoagulant medication administered subcutaneously to prevent blood clots.

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91
Q

Definition

A disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, such as the beta cells in Type 1 diabetes.

A

Define

Autoimmune Condition

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92
Q

Define

Hypoglycemia

A

A condition where blood glucose levels are lower than normal, which can cause symptoms such as shaking, sweating, and confusion.

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93
Q

Definition

A diagnostic test where blood glucose levels are measured after fasting and then after consuming a glucose solution, to assess how well the body processes glucose.

A

Define

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

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94
Q

Definition

A condition where the beta cells in the pancreas do not function properly, leading to impaired insulin production and glucose control.

A

Define

Beta Cell Dysfunction

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95
Q

Define

Syringe

A

A device used to hold and administer medication via a needle.

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96
Q

Definition

A blood test that reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, used to monitor long-term glucose control.

A

Define

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)

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97
Q

Definition

Unintended and potentially harmful effects resulting from medication administration.

A

Define

Adverse Effects

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98
Q

Definition

Medication containers sealed with a rubber stopper, used for multiple doses.

A

Define

Rubber-Capped Vials

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99
Q

Define

Fatty Layer

A

The layer of fat just beneath the skin where subcutaneous injections are administered.

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100
Q

Definition

A sign of dehydration, where the skin lacks elasticity and does not return to its normal position after being pinched.

A

Define

Poor Skin Turgor

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101
Q

Define

Incident Report Form

A

A document used to report and document incidents, including medication errors, for review and resolution.

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102
Q

Definition

The use of insulin injections or an insulin pump to manage blood glucose levels in individuals with Type 1 or advanced Type 2 diabetes.

A

Define

Insulin Therapy

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103
Q

Define

Diabetic Retinopathy

A

A diabetes-related eye disease that damages the blood vessels of the retina, potentially leading to vision loss.

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104
Q

Define

Aseptic Techniques

A

Procedures used to maintain sterility and prevent contamination during medication administration.

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105
Q

Definition

Excessive thirst, commonly associated with high blood glucose levels that lead to increased urine output and dehydration.

A

Define

Polydipsia

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106
Q

Define

Angle of Insertion

A

The angle at which the needle is inserted into the skin or muscle, affecting the effectiveness and comfort of the injection.

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107
Q

Definition

A condition where blood glucose levels are lower than normal, which can cause symptoms such as shaking, sweating, and confusion.

A

Define

Hypoglycemia

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108
Q

Definition

An injection route where medications are administered directly into the bone marrow.

A

Define

Intraosseous

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109
Q

Define

Subcutaneous (Subcut)

A

An injection route where medications are administered into the layer of fat just beneath the skin.

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110
Q

Definition

A condition characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which can lead to symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.

A

Define

Hyperglycemia

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111
Q

Define

Hyperinsulinemia

A

A condition of excessive insulin in the blood, often associated with insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.

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112
Q

Definition

A specialized container used for the safe disposal of needles and other sharp objects.

A

Define

Sharps Container

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113
Q

Define

Insulin Therapy

A

The use of insulin injections or an insulin pump to manage blood glucose levels in individuals with Type 1 or advanced Type 2 diabetes.

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114
Q

Define

Vastus Lateralis Muscle

A

The muscle in the thigh used for intramuscular injections, especially in infants and children.

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115
Q

Definition

A blood test that measures blood glucose levels after fasting for at least 8 hours, used to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes.

A

Define

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

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116
Q

Define

Intraperitoneal

A

An injection route where medications are administered into the peritoneal cavity.

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117
Q

Define

Plunger

A

The part of the syringe that is pushed to expel medication from the barrel.

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118
Q

Define

Acanthosis Nigricans

A

A skin condition characterized by dark, velvety patches, often seen in areas such as the neck and armpits, associated with insulin resistance.

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119
Q

Define

Polyuria

A

Excessive urination, often caused by high blood glucose levels leading to an osmotic effect on the kidneys.

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120
Q

Definition

A type of nerve damage caused by diabetes that can lead to symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling in the extremities.

A

Define

Diabetic Neuropathy

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121
Q

Definition

The range of angles used for subcutaneous injections, depending on the thickness of the skin and tissue.

A

Define

45 to 90 Degrees (Subcutaneous)

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122
Q

Definition

The muscle in the hip used for intramuscular injections, preferred for larger volumes and viscous medications.

A

Define

Ventrogluteal Muscle

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123
Q

Define

Intramuscular Injections

A

Injections delivered into the muscle tissue, allowing for faster absorption due to the vascularity of the muscle.

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124
Q

Definition

An injection route where medications are administered into the muscle tissue.

A

Define

Intramuscular (IM)

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125
Q

Definition

Biological preparations administered to stimulate the immune system and provide immunity against specific diseases.

A

Define

Vaccines

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126
Q

Define

Poor Skin Turgor

A

A sign of dehydration, where the skin lacks elasticity and does not return to its normal position after being pinched.

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127
Q

Definition

Injections administered just under the skin’s surface, often used for allergy tests and tuberculosis screening.

A

Define

Intradermal Injections

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128
Q

Definition

An injection route where medications are administered into the layer of fat just beneath the skin.

A

Define

Subcutaneous (Subcut)

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129
Q

Define

Insulin Deficiency

A

A condition where the body does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels, common in Type 1 diabetes.

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130
Q

Define

Injection Sites: Outer Arm, Abdomen, Anterior Thighs

A

Common locations for subcutaneous injections: the outer aspect of the upper arm, abdomen (at least 5 cm away from the belly button), and the anterior aspect of the thigh.

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131
Q

Define

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)

A

A blood test that reflects the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, used to monitor long-term glucose control.

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132
Q

Definition

An injection route where medications are administered directly into the bloodstream through a vein.

A

Define

Intravenous (IV)

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133
Q

Definition

Thickened skin areas that can develop on the feet due to pressure or friction, which can be problematic in individuals with diabetes.

A

Define

Calluses

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134
Q

Define

Barrel

A

The cylindrical part of the syringe that holds the medication.

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135
Q

Define

Intraosseous

A

An injection route where medications are administered directly into the bone marrow.

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136
Q

Define

Needle Gauge

A

The thickness or diameter of a needle, affecting its ability to administer medications and the comfort of the injection.

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137
Q

Definition

Vials containing a single dose of medication, typically used for injections.

A

Define

Single-Dose Ampules

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138
Q

Definition

Protocols for handling and disposing of sharp objects like needles to prevent injuries and transmission of infections.

A

Define

Sharps Management

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139
Q

Define

Adverse Effects

A

Unintended and potentially harmful effects resulting from medication administration.

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140
Q

Define

Enoxaparin

A

A low molecular weight heparin used for anticoagulation, usually given subcutaneously.

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141
Q

Definition

An injection route where medications are administered directly into the heart.

A

Define

Intracardiac

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142
Q

Definition

Excessive urination, often caused by high blood glucose levels leading to an osmotic effect on the kidneys.

A

Define

Polyuria

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143
Q

Define

Type 2 Diabetes

A

A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors.

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144
Q

Define

10 to 15 Degrees (Intradermal)

A

The angle used for intradermal injections, typically between 10 and 15 degrees to ensure the medication is placed just below the skin surface.

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145
Q

Definition

Injections delivered into the muscle tissue, allowing for faster absorption due to the vascularity of the muscle.

A

Define

Intramuscular Injections

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146
Q

Define

Monofilament Test

A

A test used to assess the sensation in the feet of diabetic patients, helping to identify peripheral neuropathy.

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147
Q

What is the primary purpose of administering medications subcutaneously?

A

To achieve slow, controlled absorption of the medication.

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148
Q

Name three common sites for subcutaneous injections.

A

Outer aspects of the upper arm, abdomen, and anterior thighs.

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149
Q

What types of medications are typically administered via the subcutaneous route?

A

Insulin, heparin, enoxaparin, and many vaccines.

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150
Q

Why is the intramuscular route preferred for certain medications over the subcutaneous route?

A

Because it allows for faster absorption due to the increased vascularity of the muscle tissue.

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151
Q

List the three common sites for intramuscular injections.

A

Deltoid muscle, vastus lateralis muscle, and ventrogluteal muscle.

152
Q

What are some examples of medications administered intramuscularly?

A

Certain antibiotics, hormones, and vaccines.

153
Q

How does the absorption rate of medications administered intramuscularly compare to those administered subcutaneously?

A

Medications administered intramuscularly are absorbed faster due to increased vascularity in muscle tissue.

154
Q

What factors must be considered to ensure proper administration of both subcutaneous and intramuscular injections?

A

Correct needle length and gauge, proper injection site selection, and appropriate technique to minimize discomfort and avoid complications.

155
Q

Why is it important to follow proper technique during parenteral medication administration?

A

To ensure medication effectiveness, patient safety, minimize discomfort, and avoid potential complications.

156
Q

When is the subcutaneous route typically preferred for medication administration?

A

When a slower, sustained effect is desired, as seen with medications like insulin and heparin.

157
Q

What does “vascularity” refer to in the context of intramuscular injections?

A

The density of blood vessels in the muscle tissue, which affects the rate of medication absorption.

158
Q

What are some complications that can arise from improper injection techniques?

A

Discomfort, injury to nerves or blood vessels, infection, and ineffective medication delivery.

159
Q

Describe the main difference between subcutaneous and intramuscular routes in terms of absorption.

A

Subcutaneous injections result in slower absorption due to less vascular tissue, while intramuscular injections lead to faster absorption due to increased vascularity.

160
Q

What is a key benefit of using the intramuscular route for medications that are irritating?

A

It allows for the medication to be administered deeper into the muscle, reducing irritation at the injection site.

161
Q

How should you prepare the patient for an injection to ensure safety and comfort?

A

Inform the patient about the procedure, position them correctly, and choose an appropriate site for the injection.

162
Q

What equipment is essential for administering subcutaneous injections?

A

A syringe and needle, alcohol swabs, gloves, and a sharps container.

163
Q

What is the purpose of using alcohol swabs in the preparation for injections?

A

To maintain aseptic techniques by disinfecting the injection site.

164
Q

Why are gloves used during injection procedures?

A

To maintain hygiene and prevent contamination.

165
Q

What is the function of a sharps container?

A

To safely dispose of used needles and other sharp objects.

166
Q

How does the needle length and gauge differ between subcutaneous and intramuscular injections?

A

Subcutaneous injections use shorter needles with smaller gauges, while intramuscular injections use longer needles with larger gauges.

167
Q

What are the key components of a syringe?

A

The plunger (top part), barrel (middle part), and needle (attached to the end of the barrel).

168
Q

What does the gauge number of a needle indicate?

A

The diameter of the needle; a smaller gauge number indicates a larger diameter.

169
Q

What is a drawing-up needle used for?

A

To draw medication from a vial; it is not used for the actual injection.

170
Q

What needle sizes are typically used for intradermal injections?

A

25 to 26 gauge.

171
Q

What needle sizes are commonly used for subcutaneous injections?

A

25 to 27 gauge.

172
Q

What needle sizes are commonly used for intramuscular injections?

A

21 to 23 gauge.

173
Q

What is the typical color of an insulin syringe tip?

A

Orange

174
Q

Name some types of syringes used for subcutaneous or intramuscular injections.

A

Luer lock and slip tip syringes.

175
Q

What are the typical syringe sizes for medication administration?

A

From 1 mL to 60 mL.

176
Q

Why is it important to select the correct needle size and type for an injection?

A

To ensure proper medication delivery, minimize discomfort, and reduce the risk of complications.

177
Q

What should you always check before using a needle?

A

The packaging to confirm the gauge and size, as well as the needle’s sterility.

178
Q

Why is proper preparation and technique crucial in medication administration?

A

To ensure patient safety, effective medication delivery, and minimize discomfort.

179
Q

What is the first step in preparing subcutaneous or intramuscular medications?

A

Hand hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly.

180
Q

What equipment should you gather for administering subcutaneous or intramuscular medications?

A

The appropriate syringe, needle, alcohol wipes, and a sharps disposal container.

181
Q

What should you verify about the medication before administration?

A

Check the medication’s name, dosage, and expiration date. Cross-check with the doctor’s order and the patient’s medical record.

182
Q

How should you prepare the medication if it is in a vial?

A

Clean the top of the vial with an alcohol wipe, draw up the prescribed amount of medication into the syringe, check for air bubbles, tap the syringe to move bubbles to the top and expel them, and double-check the medication and dosage.

183
Q

What is the next step after preparing the medication?

A

Select the right injection site.

184
Q

What should you do to the patient before administering the medication?

A

Inform the patient about the procedure and position them correctly.

185
Q

What is the procedure for administering the medication?

A

Administer the medication using the correct technique.

186
Q

How should you dispose of the used needle and syringe?

A

Safely dispose of them in the sharps container.

187
Q

What should you do after administering the medication?

A

Document the administration in the patient’s medical record.

188
Q

What does aseptic technique involve during preparation and administration?

A

Maintaining sterility throughout the procedure.

189
Q

What types of containers might medications come in for injection?

A

Single-dose glass ampules, single-dose rubber-capped vials, multi-dose rubber-capped vials, or pre-filled cartridges.

190
Q

What are some of the specific steps for preparing medications for injection?

A

Use aseptic technique, select the correct equipment, understand the therapeutic interaction, and manage sharps carefully.

191
Q

What is the primary characteristic of intradermal injections?

A

They are injected into the dermal layer of the skin at a 10 to 15-degree angle and are commonly used for diagnostic procedures.

191
Q

What are the key aspects of post-procedure care?

A

Perform hand hygiene, dispose of equipment properly, document the procedure, and reassess the patient.

192
Q

What are the different routes of administration for parenteral medications?

A

Subcutaneous (Subcut), Intramuscular (IM), Intradermal, Intravenous (IV), Intra-arterial, Intracardiac, Intraperitoneal, Intraspinal, and Intraosseous.

193
Q

What is the purpose of using a drawing-up needle?

A

To draw medication from a vial; it is not used for the actual injection.

194
Q

What are common sites for intramuscular injections?

A

The deltoid, vastus lateralis, and ventrogluteal muscles.

195
Q

How do you ensure patient privacy during the injection procedure?

A

Ensure the patient is covered appropriately and that their privacy is maintained throughout the procedure.

196
Q

What should you do if you find air bubbles in the syringe?

A

Tap the syringe lightly to move the bubbles to the top and press the plunger slightly to expel them.

197
Q

What is the main purpose of administering subcutaneous injections?

A

To provide slow and steady absorption of medication.

198
Q

What are the common sites for subcutaneous injections?

A

The outer aspect of the upper arm
The anterior aspect of the thigh
The abdomen (at least five centimeters away from the belly button)
The upper outer quadrant of the buttock

199
Q

What is the maximum volume that can be administered in one site for intramuscular injections?

A

5 mL

200
Q

Why is it important to select the appropriate site for intramuscular injections?

A

To avoid large nerves, bones, and blood vessels and to prevent complications such as abscesses, necrosis, and nerve injuries.

201
Q

What is the typical angle for administering intramuscular injections?

A

90 degrees

202
Q

What angle is often used for subcutaneous injections?

A

45 to 90 degrees, depending on the thickness of the skin and underlying tissue.

203
Q

At what angle should intradermal injections be administered?

A

10 to 15 degrees

204
Q

What are the common sites for intramuscular injections?

A

Deltoid muscle (upper arm)
Vastus lateralis muscle (thigh)
Ventrogluteal muscle (hip)

205
Q

Which IM site is preferred for larger volumes and viscous medications?

A

The ventrogluteal muscle.

206
Q

What IM site is often used for infants and children, and for larger volumes in adults?

A

The vastus lateralis muscle.

207
Q

What IM site is commonly used for vaccines and small volumes of medication?

A

The deltoid muscle.

208
Q

Why is it important to rotate injection sites for patients receiving frequent or long-term injections?

A

To prevent tissue damage and enhance comfort.

209
Q

What are some potential complications of intramuscular injections?

A

Abscesses, necrosis, skin sloughing, nerve injuries, lingering pain, and periostitis.

210
Q

What should you do to minimize discomfort and potential complications when administering injections?

A

Select the appropriate site, use proper technique, and rotate sites as necessary.

211
Q

Why is adhering to sharps management protocols important?

A

To prevent the transmission of serious infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.

212
Q

What should you do immediately after using a sharp instrument?

A

Dispose of it in the appropriate sharps container.

213
Q

Why should needles never be recapped?

A

Recapping increases the risk of needle stick injuries.

214
Q

Do gloves protect against needle stick injuries?

A

No, gloves do not protect against needle stick injuries.

215
Q

What is the most dangerous route of medication administration and why?

A

Intravenous (IV) medication administration is the most dangerous because the drug is placed directly into the bloodstream, making it impossible to recall or slow its effects.

216
Q

What types of medications are often administered intravenously?

A

Emergency medications, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), antibiotics, and total parenteral nutrition (TPN).

217
Q

What must be accurately recorded on a medication chart or record?

A

The name of the medication, dosage, route of administration, time given, and the full signature or initials of the administering nurse or midwife.

218
Q

What should be documented if a medication is intentionally omitted?

A

The reason for the omission.

219
Q

What must be done if a drug is refused?

A

Document and report the refusal.

220
Q

What are some examples of medication errors?

A

Inappropriate prescribing of drugs
Extra, omitted, or incorrect doses
Administration to the wrong patient
Administration by the wrong route or at the wrong rate
Failure to give medication within the prescribed time
Incorrect preparation of the drug
Improper technique when administering the drug
Giving an expired drug

221
Q

What should you do immediately after administering medication?

A

Check the patient’s condition and observe for any adverse effects.

222
Q

What steps should be taken if a medication error occurs?

A

Notify the nurse manager or physician
Write a description of the error and remedial steps in the medical report
Complete an incident report form, such as Riskman

223
Q

What is the purpose of the Riskman report?

A

To document and report medication errors and incidents.

224
Q

Define Type 1 Diabetes.

A

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, resulting in little or no insulin production.

225
Q

What are common risk factors for Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Family history of diabetes, certain genetic factors, damaging immune system cells, and environmental or viral factors.

226
Q

Describe the onset and common age of Type 1 Diabetes.

A

Type 1 diabetes usually develops early in life, often in childhood or adolescence, but can occur at any age.

227
Q

Define Type 2 Diabetes.

A

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and/or insufficient insulin production, making it the most common type of diabetes.

228
Q

What are common risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, aging, family history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, and certain ethnicities.

229
Q

Describe the onset and common age of Type 2 Diabetes.

A

Type 2 diabetes usually develops later in life, though it can occur at any age.

230
Q

What is Gestational Diabetes?

A

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to placental hormones causing insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.

231
Q

How does Gestational Diabetes resolve and what is a long-term risk?

A

Gestational diabetes usually resolves after childbirth, but women with this condition have a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later.

232
Q

What are common risk factors for Gestational Diabetes?

A

Family history of diabetes, overweight or obesity, age over 30, history of gestational diabetes in previous pregnancies, having a baby weighing more than 9 lbs, and certain ethnicities.

233
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycemia.

234
Q

Describe Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes.

A

Body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to ineffective glucose transport into cells. The pancreas compensates by producing more insulin, resulting in hyperinsulinemia.

235
Q

Describe Beta Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes.

A

The increased demand for insulin strains beta cells in the pancreas. Initially, beta cells produce more insulin, but over time their function deteriorates, leading to insulin deficiency.

236
Q

List some contributing factors to Type 2 Diabetes.

A

Genetic predisposition, obesity (especially abdominal or visceral obesity), sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, aging, inflammatory responses, and hormonal changes.

237
Q

How can Type 2 Diabetes be managed and prevented?

A

Through lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and medication or insulin therapy as needed. Regular monitoring and healthcare consultations are also crucial.

238
Q

What is the normal range for Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG

A

Less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)

239
Q

What is the normal range for Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

A

Less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) two hours after consuming 75 grams of glucose

240
Q

What is the normal range for Random Plasma Glucose Test

A

Levels less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)

241
Q

What is the normal range for Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)

A

Less than 5.7%

242
Q

At what fasting plasma glucose level is diabetes typically diagnosed?

A

126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests

243
Q

What does the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) measure?

A

Blood glucose levels before and two hours after consuming a glucose-containing beverage

244
Q

What is the threshold two-hour glucose level in an OGTT that may indicate diabetes?

A

11 mmol/L or higher

245
Q

What is the significance of a random plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL or more?

A

It suggests diabetes, especially if accompanied by severe symptoms

246
Q

What does the Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) test measure?

A

The average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months

247
Q

At what HbA1C level is diabetes diagnosed?

A

6.5% or higher on two separate tests

248
Q

What are common symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexpected weight loss, and fatigue

249
Q

How does Type 2 diabetes onset differ from Type 1 diabetes?

A

Type 2 diabetes symptoms develop slowly over years, while Type 1 symptoms appear quickly over weeks

250
Q

What are some common symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight gain or loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing sores, frequent infections, and darkened skin areas

251
Q

What is acanthosis nigricans and what does it indicate?

A

A condition with dark, velvety skin patches, often in folds and creases, indicating insulin resistance

252
Q

What additional findings might be present in Type 1 diabetes?

A

Autoantibodies indicating an immune system attack on insulin-producing cells

253
Q

Why is it important to consider symptoms, medical history, and risk factors in diagnosing diabetes?

A

To get a complete picture beyond just diagnostic test results and ensure accurate diagnosis

254
Q

What might elevated microalbumin levels in urine indicate in diabetes patients?

A

Kidney damage

255
Q

What complications might be detected through eye examinations in diabetes patients?

A

Retinal damage

256
Q

In what situations would it be appropriate to obtain a blood glucose reading?

A

When symptoms of diabetes are present (e.g., excessive thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss) or as part of routine monitoring in at-risk individuals

257
Q

What blood glucose level is generally considered hypoglycemic?

A

Below 3.9 mmol/L

258
Q

What are common symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

Feeling shaky, confused, irritable, hungry, tired, sweating, or dizzy

259
Q

What is the immediate treatment for hypoglycemia?

A

Administer fast-acting carbohydrates such as fruit juice, regular soda, or glucose tablets

260
Q

What should be given after the initial treatment for hypoglycemia?

A

Longer-acting carbohydrates like a sandwich or piece of fruit

261
Q

How should blood sugar levels be monitored after a hypoglycemic event?

A

Closely monitor blood sugar levels and inform team members if in a hospital setting

262
Q

What should patients be educated about regarding hypoglycemia?

A

Recognizing early signs, managing meals, and the importance of regular glucose monitoring

263
Q

What are common symptoms of hyperglycemia?

A

Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, headache, confusion, and drowsiness

264
Q

What is the initial management approach for hyperglycemia?

A

Adjust meal plans or medications, encourage physical activity, and monitor blood sugar levels

265
Q

When should blood sugar levels be reported to a healthcare provider in cases of hyperglycemia?

A

If consistent high readings are observed or if the treatment plan may need modification

266
Q

What should patients be educated about regarding hyperglycemia?

A

Monitoring blood sugar levels, recognizing signs of hyperglycemia, the role of diet and exercise, and when to seek medical help

267
Q

What does a comprehensive diabetes assessment include?

A

History taking, physical examination, laboratory investigations, and psychosocial assessment

268
Q

What should be assessed in the history taking portion of a diabetes assessment?

A

Medical history, type and duration of diabetes, medications, associated diseases, dietary habits, exercise regimen, and any previous complications

269
Q

What physical signs should be assessed during a diabetes physical examination?

A

Dehydration, poor skin turgor, drowsiness, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, BMI, foot ulcers or deformities, eye changes, and signs of neuropathy

270
Q

What laboratory investigations are crucial for diabetes management?

A

Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, lipid profile, kidney function tests, and urine analysis for microalbuminuria

271
Q

Why is psychosocial assessment important in diabetes care?

A

To understand the patient’s coping mechanisms, family support, and barriers to effective diabetes management

272
Q

What do sulfonylureas do in diabetes management?

A

Stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells

273
Q

Name two second-generation sulfonylureas.

A

Glyburide and glipizide

274
Q

How do sulfonylureas work?

A

They bind to receptors on pancreatic beta cells, leading to increased insulin secretion

275
Q

What are common side effects of sulfonylureas?

A

Hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances

276
Q

What serious but rare side effects might sulfonylureas cause?

A

Allergic reactions and hematological issues like thrombocytopenia

277
Q

How should patients be educated regarding sulfonylureas?

A

Recognize symptoms of hypoglycemia, maintain regular eating habits, and monitor blood glucose regularly

278
Q

What is the primary role of Biguanides like Metformin?

A

Reduce glucose production by the liver and increase insulin sensitivity

279
Q

How does Metformin work?

A

Inhibits glycogenesis and enhances peripheral glucose uptake

280
Q

For which type of diabetes is Metformin typically the first-line treatment?

A

Type 2 diabetes

281
Q

What are common side effects of Metformin?

A

Gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

282
Q

What is a rare but serious side effect of Metformin?

A

Lactic acidosis

283
Q

What should be monitored when using Metformin?

A

Kidney or liver function, as well as risk factors for lactic acidosis

284
Q

What are the categories of insulin therapy?

A

Rapid-Acting, Short-Acting, Intermediate-Acting, Long-Acting, Ultra Long-Acting, and Premixed Insulin

285
Q

Name an example of Rapid-Acting Insulin.

A

Lispro or Aspart

286
Q

What is the onset and duration of Short-Acting Insulin?

A

Onset within 30 minutes, lasting 3-16 hours

287
Q

When is Intermediate-Acting Insulin typically used?

A

To manage blood glucose levels over a longer period, such as between meals or overnight

288
Q

What is the primary characteristic of Long-Acting Insulin?

A

It works over 24 hours with no clear peak

289
Q

What is the purpose of an insulin pump?

A

To deliver insulin through a reservoir and cannula, reducing the need for multiple daily injections

290
Q

What are some key points for patient education on insulin self-management?

A

Understanding diabetes and insulin, administration techniques, monitoring blood glucose, recognizing hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, insulin adjustment, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and regular follow-up

291
Q

Why is rotation of injection sites important?

A

To avoid lipodystrophy (fat buildup or loss at injection sites)

292
Q

What is the primary cause of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A

Insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia

293
Q

How does insulin deficiency lead to hyperglycemia in DKA?

A

Insulin deficiency prevents glucose use by cells, leading to high blood glucose levels.

294
Q

What happens to fat metabolism in DKA?

A

The body breaks down fat to produce ketones due to lack of glucose use.

295
Q

What does the production of excessive ketones lead to in DKA?

A

Ketosis and metabolic acidosis

296
Q

Which respiratory pattern is associated with metabolic acidosis in DKA?

A

Rapid breathing or Kussmaul respirations

297
Q

What are common symptoms of DKA?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, and fruity-scented breath

298
Q

How can DKA be assessed in a patient?

A

Through history taking, physical examination, laboratory investigations, continuous monitoring, and mental status assessment

299
Q

What laboratory findings confirm DKA?

A

Hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL), metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.3, bicarbonate <15), ketonemia or ketonuria, and electrolyte imbalances

300
Q

What is the main pathophysiological difference between Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) and DKA?

A

HHS does not present with abdominal pain, Kussmaul respirations, or fruity breath, unlike DKA

301
Q

What are the initial symptoms of Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)?

A

Subtle symptoms progressing to severe dehydration and neurologic changes

302
Q

How is Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) treated?

A

Through fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement

303
Q

What are common macrovascular complications of diabetes?

A

Atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke

304
Q

What risk factors contribute to macrovascular complications in diabetes?

A

Hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, family history of heart disease, and albuminuria

305
Q

What are common microvascular complications of diabetes?

A

Diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy

306
Q

What is the leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

307
Q

What does diabetic nephropathy progress from and to?

A

From microalbuminuria to end-stage kidney disease

308
Q

What can diabetic neuropathy lead to?

A

What can diabetic neuropathy lead to?

309
Q

What are key components of diabetes management to prevent long-term complications?

A

Good blood glucose control, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and routine screening

310
Q

What should be included in a nursing assessment for a diabetic patient?

A

Health status, medical history, lifestyle habits, challenges, blood glucose monitoring, medication regimen, and psychological well-being

311
Q

What are some common nursing diagnoses related to diabetes management?

A

Ineffective health management, risk of unstable blood glucose, risk of infection, and knowledge deficit

312
Q

What is the goal of the planning phase in diabetes care?

A

To develop a patient-centered plan with realistic goals for glycemic control, lifestyle habits, and patient education

313
Q

What does the implementation phase involve in diabetes care?

A

Executing the care plan, educating the patient on self-monitoring, medication, diet, and physical activity, and collaborating with healthcare providers

314
Q

How should nursing care be evaluated in diabetes management?

A

By regularly reviewing patient progress, modifying care plans based on health status and feedback, and providing empathetic support to improve adherence and outcomes

315
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

316
Q

Name the three main types of diabetes.

A

Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes

317
Q

What is the normal fasting blood glucose range for individuals without diabetes?

A

3.0-6.1 mmol/L

318
Q

What is the normal random blood glucose range for individuals without diabetes?

A

3.0-7.7 mmol/L

319
Q

What are the main hormones involved in blood glucose regulation?

A

Insulin and glucagon

320
Q

How does Type 1 diabetes differ from Type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes involves the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production. Type 2 diabetes involves a combination of insulin resistance and decreased insulin production.

321
Q

What is gestational diabetes and what causes it?

A

Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy due to the body’s inability to produce enough insulin to overcome insulin resistance caused by placental hormones.

322
Q

What is the role of HbA1c in diabetes management?

A

HbA1c measures the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months, helping to assess the long-term effectiveness of diabetes management and treatment compliance.

323
Q

If a patient has an HbA1c of 11.0%, what is their average blood glucose level in mmol/L? (See diabetes control card)

A

15.6 mmol/L

324
Q

What are common symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

Sweating, shaking, dizziness, confusion, irritability, headache, and possible loss of consciousness.

325
Q

What are the key symptoms of hyperglycemia?

A

Increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, fatigue, and headaches.

326
Q

What are the main acute complications of diabetes?

A

Hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS).

327
Q

How does diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) present and in which type of diabetes is it commonly seen?

A

DKA presents with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, rapid breathing, fruity-smelling breath, and confusion. It is commonly seen in Type 1 diabetes.

328
Q

What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) and in which type of diabetes is it commonly seen?

A

HHS is a condition characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels leading to severe dehydration and altered mental status. It is commonly seen in Type 2 diabetes.

329
Q

What is the primary treatment for hypoglycemia?

A

The primary treatment for hypoglycemia is the rapid administration of glucose, either orally (if the patient is conscious) or intravenously (if the patient is unconscious).

330
Q

How should the treatment for hypoglycemia differ based on the patient’s level of consciousness?

A

If the patient is conscious, they should be given oral glucose (e.g., glucose tablets, juice). If the patient is unconscious, intravenous glucose or glucagon injection should be administered.

331
Q

What are the long-term complications of diabetes related to the cardiovascular system?

A

Cardiovascular complications include coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke.

332
Q

What are the common long-term complications affecting the kidneys in diabetes?

A

Common complications include diabetic nephropathy, which can progress to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease.

333
Q

Which diagnostic test is important before administering a hypoglycemic agent?

A

Blood glucose level (BGL) test is important to ensure that the patient is hypoglycemic before administering a hypoglycemic agent.

334
Q

Name two classes of oral hypoglycemic agents used in Type 2 diabetes management.

A

Sulfonylureas
Biguanides

335
Q

What are the different types of insulin and their purposes?

A

Rapid-acting analogues: Act quickly to manage postprandial blood glucose levels.
Short-acting analogues: Manage blood glucose levels during meals.
Intermediate-acting analogues: Provide basal insulin coverage.
Long-acting analogues: Provide extended basal insulin coverage.

336
Q

What is the primary function of glucagon in diabetes management?

A

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver.

337
Q

What are some common adverse reactions of sulfonylureas?

A

Common adverse reactions include hypoglycemia, weight gain, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

338
Q

What is the main action of biguanides in diabetes treatment?

A

Biguanides, such as metformin, primarily work by reducing hepatic glucose production and increasing insulin sensitivity.

339
Q

How do rapid-acting insulin analogues differ from long-acting analogues in terms of onset and peak times?

A

Rapid-acting insulins have a quick onset and peak within 1-2 hours, while long-acting insulins have a gradual onset with a sustained effect lasting up to 24 hours.

340
Q

How often should HbA1c levels typically be monitored in patients with diabetes?

A

Every 3-6 months

341
Q

What is the impact of stress on blood glucose levels in diabetic patients?

A

Stress can cause an increase in blood glucose levels due to the release of stress hormones like cortisol, which can raise blood glucose.

342
Q

Why might a surgeon be concerned if a patient’s HbA1c is 12% before surgery?

A

A high HbA1c indicates poor long-term glucose control, increasing the risk of surgical complications such as wound infections, delayed wound healing, and general poor surgical outcomes.

343
Q

How can a nurse manage hyperglycemia in a diabetic patient?

A

Management includes administering insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents, monitoring blood glucose levels, ensuring adequate hydration, and educating the patient on dietary and lifestyle modifications.

344
Q

What is the impact of sustained hyperglycemia on the nervous system?

A

Sustained hyperglycemia can lead to diabetic neuropathy, causing symptoms like numbness, tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.

345
Q

How does Type 2 diabetes management generally differ from Type 1 diabetes management?

A

Type 2 diabetes management typically involves lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin, whereas Type 1 diabetes management relies primarily on exogenous insulin administration.

346
Q

What is the significance of monitoring blood glucose levels in relation to meal times?

A

Monitoring blood glucose levels helps assess the effectiveness of meal-related insulin or medication, manage postprandial blood glucose spikes, and adjust treatment plans as needed.

347
Q

What is the normal fasting blood glucose range for individuals without diabetes?

A) 3.0-5.0 mmol/L
B) 3.0-6.1 mmol/L
C) 4.0-7.0 mmol/L
D) 4.5-8.0 mmol/L

A

B) 3.0-6.1 mmol/L

348
Q

When should a blood glucose level be measured?

A) Only when symptoms of hypoglycemia are present
B) Before and after meals, during exercise, and if symptoms of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia occur
C) Only before meals
D) Only during physical examinations

A

B) Before and after meals, during exercise, and if symptoms of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia occur

349
Q

What is the normal random blood glucose range for individuals without diabetes?

A) 3.0-6.0 mmol/L
B) 3.0-7.7 mmol/L
C) 4.0-8.0 mmol/L
D) 5.0-9.0 mmol/L

A

B) 3.0-7.7 mmol/L

350
Q

Which type of diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells?

A) Type 1 diabetes
B) Type 2 diabetes
C) Gestational diabetes
D) Prediabetes

A

A) Type 1 diabetes

351
Q

Which of the following is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

A) Autoimmune disorders
B) Advanced age
C) Sudden weight loss
D) Excessive physical activity

A

B) Advanced age

352
Q

What is a common risk factor for gestational diabetes?

A) High physical activity levels
B) History of Type 1 diabetes
C) Obesity
D) Underweight

A

C) Obesity

353
Q

What is a common symptom of hypoglycemia?

A) Increased thirst
B) Frequent urination
C) Sweating
D) Blurred vision

A

C) Sweating

354
Q

How should hypoglycemia be treated if the patient is conscious?

A) Administer intravenous dextrose
B) Provide oral glucose
C) Inject glucagon
D) Increase insulin dosage

A

B) Provide oral glucose

355
Q

What is a key symptom of hyperglycemia?

A) Shaking
B) Confusion
C) Abdominal pain
D) Nausea

A

C) Abdominal pain

356
Q

How should hyperglycemia be managed?

A) Administer glucagon
B) Increase fluid intake and administer insulin
C) Provide oral glucose
D) Administer intramuscular medications

A

B) Increase fluid intake and administer insulin

357
Q

What is a long-term complication of diabetes related to the cardiovascular system?

A) Diabetic retinopathy
B) Diabetic nephropathy
C) Coronary artery disease
D) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

A

C) Coronary artery disease

358
Q

Which of the following is a short-term complication of diabetes?

A) Diabetic neuropathy
B) Diabetic retinopathy
C) Diabetic ketoacidosis
D) Peripheral arterial disease

A

C) Diabetic ketoacidosis

359
Q

What is diabetic nephropathy?

A) Nerve damage due to high blood glucose
B) Damage to the retina from high blood glucose
C) Kidney damage due to prolonged hyperglycemia
D) Heart disease related to diabetes

A

C) Kidney damage due to prolonged hyperglycemia

360
Q

Which class of oral hypoglycemic agents includes metformin?

A) Sulfonylureas
B) Biguanides
C) Thiazolidinediones
D) DPP-4 inhibitors

A

B) Biguanides

361
Q

What is the purpose of rapid-acting insulin analogues?

A) Provide long-term basal coverage
B) Increase insulin sensitivity
C) Manage overnight glucose levels
D) Manage blood glucose levels during meals

A

D) Manage blood glucose levels during meals

362
Q

Which medication is used to treat severe hypoglycemia in unconscious patients?

A) Oral glucose
B) Glucagon
C) Insulin
D) Biguanides

A

B) Glucagon

363
Q

What is the purpose of intravenous dextrose in diabetes management?

A) To increase blood glucose levels rapidly
B) To provide long-term insulin coverage
C) To reduce blood glucose levels
D) To manage blood glucose levels during meals

A

A) To increase blood glucose levels rapidly

364
Q

When is subcutaneous medication administration indicated?

A) For medications that require rapid absorption
B) For medications that need to act quickly
C) For medications that require slow, steady absorption
D) For medications that must be absorbed into the bloodstream immediately

A

C) For medications that require slow, steady absorption

365
Q

When is intramuscular medication administration indicated?

A) For medications that need to be absorbed slowly
B) For medications that require immediate and rapid absorption
C) For medications that need to act over a prolonged period
D) For medications that are not effective through other routes

A

B) For medications that require immediate and rapid absorption

366
Q

Which anatomical site is commonly used for subcutaneous injections?

A) Vastus lateralis
B) Deltoid muscle
C) Abdomen
D) Gluteus maximus

A

C) Abdomen

367
Q

Which anatomical site is commonly used for intramuscular injections?

A) Abdomen
B) Deltoid muscle
C) Forearm
D) Upper back

A

B) Deltoid muscle

368
Q

What equipment is needed for subcutaneous injections?

A) 18-gauge needle
B) 25-30 gauge needle, syringe
C) Intravenous catheter
D) 21-gauge needle

A

B) 25-30 gauge needle, syringe

369
Q

What equipment is required for intramuscular injections?

A) 25-30 gauge needle, syringe
B) 21-23 gauge needle, syringe
C) Intravenous catheter
D) 18-gauge needle, syringe

A

B) 21-23 gauge needle, syringe

370
Q

What is the correct procedure for administering a subcutaneous injection?

A) Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle, aspirate, inject medication
B) Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle, inject medication without aspirating
C) Insert the needle at a 30-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject medication
D) Insert the needle perpendicular to the skin, aspirate, and then inject

A

B) Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle, inject medication without aspirating

371
Q

What is the correct procedure for administering an intramuscular injection?

A) Insert the needle at a 15-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject
B) Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject medication
C) Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle, inject medication without aspirating
D) Insert the needle at a 30-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject medication

A

B) Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle, aspirate, and then inject medication

372
Q

What should be done immediately before administering any injection?

A) Clean the injection site with alcohol
B) Measure the blood glucose level
C) Administer oral glucose
D) Assess the patient’s vital signs

A

A) Clean the injection site with alcohol

373
Q

What is the recommended site for an intramuscular injection in infants?

A) Deltoid muscle
B) Vastus lateralis
C) Gluteus maximus
D) Abdomen

A

B) Vastus lateralis

374
Q

Which gauge needle is typically used for subcutaneous injections?

A) 18-gauge
B) 21-gauge
C) 23-gauge
D) 25-30 gauge

A

D) 25-30 gauge

375
Q

What is a key consideration when selecting an injection site for intramuscular administration?

A) Site should be chosen based on the patient’s skin color
B) Site should be avoided if there is muscle atrophy
C) Site should be chosen based on the medication’s dosage
D) Site should be chosen based on the patient’s age

A

B) Site should be avoided if there is muscle atrophy

#NUR1114 Nursing (16 decks)

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