Week 5 Flashcards
What are dual Labour Markets
divides the labour market into a primary and secondary labour market
What is a primary labour market
secured, well paying, has opportunities for advancement, and requires high skill
What is a secondary labour market
low wage unstable jobs with little career growth, not much skill requirement, dead end jobs, hard to move out of this stage and into primary, no opportunities for promotion
How is social class passed on
-Wealth determining future wealth
-supporting kids as they grow up
-where there level of education and occupation brings them in terms of wealth
What is upper class
most wealth, power and prestige, most of wealth from inheritance rather than self made, highly educated
What is middle class
More highly educated professionals and people in white collar jobs who have been very successful, able to send their kids to university
what is working class
lower incomes, little accumulated wealth, often working in relatively unskilled blue collar jobs, not likely to send kids to university
what is working poor
people who have jobs but are below the poverty line and struggle to make payments like rent, groceries, or utilities
Explain precarious work (Anne Kalleberg)
-Precarious work refers to employment that is insecure, unstable, and lacks security
-The new political economy or “risk society” is the growing insecurity in the terms of people’s work, stress, disruptive family and community effects, and disruptive to societies as people are agitated regarding their long term employment aspects
What causes precarious work?
restructuring: companies changing how they work: can be more flexible, jobs can be moved, or cut
technology: machines and computers may replace jobs or make them easier
globalization: work can be sent placed where labour is cheaper
Evidence of precarious work
-less attachment to employers (weak job stability and loyalty to a single company), long term unemployment, risk shifted to employees (self funded pensions)
What is a defined contribution pension plan
-where an employee pays the premium, takes the risk and puts the money in, if a company closes their money doesn’t go into the pension- you get a pension based on what you put in
What is a defined benefit plan
-where the employer takes on the risk, you put in monthly money but if the employer goes bankrupt they must honour the payment to you first, a guarantee pay from employer
-this form of plan is better than defined contribution pension
What is the cause of growth in precarious work
Growth and service industries lead to more layoffs and job cuts
Shifts in workplace values and policies have made jobs less secure, even for professionals in stable, well-paying careers
In social mobility, what is an open system
-people’s ability to climb socially is influenced by achievements, work experience will lead to higher wage, a system that rewards the worker
In social mobility, what is a closed system
-not based on achievement but ascription, determined by your birth or demographics (ethnicity or race), or family background, born into a certain system
What are the 2 types of mobility
inter: occurring between generations
intra: within your own generation
what is the difference between Horizontal mobility and Vertical mobility
Horizontal- people take jobs at the same level, they have mobility but may move to do the same work at a different company, often between organizations but at same level
Vertical- one is able to climb up in different positions, moving up in rank or increasing pay
How does social mobility work in Canada
-individuals can work their way up in their careers over time
it also examines intergenerational mobility- how a family’s social and economic status changes across generations
social mobility often happens gradually rather than in big jumps
what is social mobility in education
In the past, a university education often led to significant benefits
Now, it seems that the rewards of a university degree aren’t as high as they once were
This is likely because the previous generation already achieved a high level of success and education, making it harder to stand out today
Social mobility in gender
-intergenerational mobility is more typical in men
women tend to be more higher represented in lower level service jobs (e.x sales)
women earn on average less than men
even when they have the same qualifications and skills womens work is diminished
what are the 5 objective factors of career advancement
people who work more hours should get paid more
quality of work should be higher reward
bringing in clients and new business to an organization
measurable by skills and performance
quality of preparation
Subjective factors of career advancement
softer skills and harder to measure
things like workplace attitude
how articulate and expressive one is can be the extent to which you are perceived as intelligent, leader, or problem solver, and overall assessment of how others see you and your social abilities
what is professional development in career advancement
to help people advance in their careers
Apprenticeship model- Cravath system
This long period of exposure shows peoples missteps, accomplishments, and improvement
