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ANNA SOCY 305 > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What types of jobs are women more commonly found in?

A

customer-facing and part-time jobs

which were heavily impacted by the pandemic

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2
Q

How does gender segregation appear in the labor market?

A

certain jobs are predominantly done by one gender

75% or more workers being either male or female

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3
Q

What is the principle of homophily in hiring?

A

people prefer to hire and work with others similar to themselves

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4
Q

What are ‘tokens’ in the workplace

A

the minority in the workplace

often highly visible and face sterotypes

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5
Q

What is the glass ceiling

A

an invisible barrier preventing women from advancing to top-level positions

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6
Q

What is the glass escalator

A

the phenomenon where men in female-dominated fields receive faster promotions

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7
Q

What are some explanations for the gender income gap?

A

more part-time work

career interruptions

job type/field

seniority

employer biases

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8
Q

How does education affect the gender income gap?

A

women generally have higher education levels (except PhDs), but men often pursue higher-paying specializations

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9
Q

Supply vs Demand: What do supply-side explanations focus on?

A

focus on the characteristics of the individuals supplying labor, especially:

Individual choices

Preferences

Gender role socialization

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10
Q

Supply vs Demand: What do demand-side explanations focus on?

A

focuses on:

Employer behavior

Biases

Labor market dynamics

Influencing who gets hired or promoted

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11
Q

What stereotypes encourage women’s job placement in certain fields?

A

assumptions about caring nature, manual dexterity, honesty, and appearance

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12
Q

What stereotypes limit women’s access to certain jobs?

A

perceptions that women lack leadership, strength, science/math ability, or willingness to face danger

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13
Q

What is the goal of diversity management in organizations?

A

to promote equal opportunity

reduce bias

use diversity to improve performance and innovation

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14
Q

What are criticisms of corporate diversity programs?

A

they may be superficial

serve profit more than justice

overlook intersectionality

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15
Q

What is the ‘business case for diversity’?

A

diverse teams improve financial performance, innovation, and customer understanding

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16
Q

What is the ‘particularistic mobility thesis’?

A

the idea that minorities have limited, formal paths to career advancement

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17
Q

What is the ‘minority vulnerability thesis’?

A

Racialized minorities are more vulnerable to layoffs and demotions, even in high-status roles

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18
Q

How can clients influence workplace diversity?

A

by demanding diverse teams,

example: when Walmart dropped law firms for lack of diversity

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19
Q

What is ‘lookism’?

A

Discrimination based on appearance, such as tattoos, in hiring and wages

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20
Q

What does research say about how men and women adjust work after having children?

A

Men tend to work longer hours,

women often reduce or modify work to accommodate family needs

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21
Q

What is the difference between independent and interdependent role relationships in work-family conflict?

A

Independent (common in women) means work and family are separate and can cause guilt

Interdependent (common in men) means work is integrated with family role, like providing

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22
Q

What is the “gender chasm” in the new economy?

A

“gender chasm” means that even though more women are working, gender still affects who gets jobs, how much they’re paid, and who gets promoted

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23
Q

How does gender differ from biological sex in shaping labor markets?

A

gender is shaped by society and influences what jobs people are expected to do

biological sex does not create those same expectations

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24
Q

How does gender inequality in the labor market negatively affect men?

A

by limiting what roles they can take and pressuring them to fit into strict expectations

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25
What factors contribute to gendered patterns in work and career choices?
stereotypes, unfair treatment, how jobs are set up, and how some work is valued more than others all shape the kinds of jobs men and women tend to choose
26
What is the “second shift”?
The phenomenon where women, after working paid jobs, return home to unpaid domestic labor like childcare and housework.
27
What is the historical context of home-based work?
In pre-industrial household economies, men and women both worked within the home, and roles were more shared than modern “traditional” arrangements suggest
28
How did industrialization change perceptions of gender and work?
Industrialization separated work and home life Men were seen as the ones who earn money women were expected to stay home and take care of the family
29
What is the “ideology of separate spheres”?
the belief that men belong in the public/work sphere women in the private/domestic sphere reinforcing gender inequality
30
how did the 1908 Muller v. Oregon ruling reinforce gender roles?
It upheld limiting women's work hours to protect their maternal health framing them as biologically weaker and less capable workers.
31
What is the "cult of domesticity"?
A belief system that romanticized women’s roles in the home ignoring how hard it is, and how you dont get paid
32
How is domestic labor gendered today?
Women still perform more childcare and housework, even when they are the primary earners in the household
33
What impact did TV portrayals of families in the 1950s have on gender norms?
They reinforced the myth of a stay-at-home mother and breadwinning father as ideal, shaping cultural expectations
34
How has the “second shift” changed in the new economy?
People may spend less time on chores like cooking and cleaning, but parenting and other demands have made unpaid home work even more intense
35
What contributed to the rise in dual-earner couples in the U.S.?
Shifts in beliefs about gender roles the need for two incomes because men’s wages stopped rising more job opportunities in the service industry
36
What was the most common employment arrangement among married couples in 2015?
Both husband and wife working dual earners
37
What challenges has the rise of dual-earner families created?
created problems with balancing child and elder care, deciding whose career comes first, and still depending on old-fashioned gender roles
38
What is a key barrier for women reaching top income positions?
Women are often left out of important networks and don’t have the same access to high-level, well-paying jobs
39
Why might women still earn less, even when working full-time?
Concentration in lower-paying jobs, fewer hours worked, and undervaluation of women’s roles
40
Do wives often maintain a higher income than husbands long-term?
Rarely typically, the husband regains higher income after temporary setbacks
41
How does undervaluation of women’s roles affect pay?
Female contributions are often seen as less essential, leading to lower wages and fewer rewards
42
How do schools in blue-collar communities contribute to gendered career outcomes?
They often provide fewer college-prep courses and employment paths, especially for girls, limiting future options.
43
What is an “occupational ghetto”?
jobs that are highly segregated by gender and offer few opportunities for upward mobility.
44
What’s an example of a gendered job in the U.S.?
Secretaries women secretaries earn about 85% of what male secretaries earn
45
Why do boys often pursue math-related careers over girls?
people often believe boys are better at math boys are encouraged more, so they start to believe it too this leads them to choose math careers, even though there's no real difference in skill
46
What racial pattern exists in traditionally male jobs?
Poorly educated African American men have historically been excluded from these opportunities.
47
What’s a major difference in self-employment between men and women?
Men use it to advance careers women use it to balance work and family
48
What are "neotraditional arrangements"?
refers to families where both parents work but women still take on most of the caregiving responsibilities women adjust their careers to manage home and family duties
49
What are "mommy tracks"?
Career paths for women that involve shorter hours or flexible schedules but limit advancement and pay.
50
What does “converging divergences” mean in gender preferences?
men's and women's goals used to be different, but now their preferences are becoming more alike because of changes in society and the economy
51
What are gender schemas?
culturally based models of how men and women are expected to behave often influencing hiring and evaluation decisions
52
Why are pregnant women less likely to be hired for demanding jobs?
Stereotypes assume they’ll reduce work hours or leave the workforce post-birth regardless of actual intent or support systems
53
How does parental status affect hiring differently for men and women?
Parenthood increases perceived commitment for men but decreases it for women
54
What is the “two-body problem” in academia?
the difficulty of hiring a woman whose partner also needs a job often resulting in rejection of the female candidate.
55
What is “proportional prejudice”?
Employer reluctance to hire from a pool that has many gender-atypical applicants assuming it's a weak pool
56
What is hostile sexism?
The belief that women are inferior to men at specific tasks leads to biased evaluations and limited opportunities.
57
What is benevolent sexism?
The belief that women need protection, which can limit their access to challenging, high-reward opportunities.
58
How does motherhood affect earnings?
Mothers often earn 10% less per child and face lower wage growth
59
How does fatherhood affect earnings and perception?
it often improves men's perceived capability and promotion prospects called the “fatherhood premium.”
60
What is overt discrimination?
Visible, intentional acts of bias, such as explicitly barring women from occupations or paying them less
61
What is covert discrimination?
Subtle practices like scheduling conflicts, withholding training, or hostile work environments that disadvantage workers.
62
What is the glass ceiling?
An invisible barrier preventing women (especially white-collar) from rising to top leadership positions.
63
What is a hostile work environment?
A workplace where discrimination, harassment, or gendered hostility undermines one’s ability to work or advance.
64
What is the glass escalator?
The phenomenon where men in female-dominated fields (like nursing or teaching) are promoted more quickly than women.
65
What was the significance of the Lilly Ledbetter case?
It exposed the difficulty of detecting pay discrimination and led to the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act.
66
What does the Fair Pay Act do?
It allows workers to file pay discrimination complaints within 180 days of receiving any discriminatory paycheck.
67
What is "statistical discrimination"?
when individuals are judged based on assumptions or stereotypes about their group, rather than their own abilities, often leading to unfair treatment
68
What is one reason the wage gap persists even among full-time workers?
Women are overrepresented in low-paying jobs and underrepresented in high-paying jobs
69
What are “agents of socialization”?
Parents, schools, and media that influence beliefs about gender roles from childhood
70
How does socialization shape career choices?
It forms interests and perceptions about what kinds of work are appropriate or achievable
71
What is occupational gender segregation?
the concentration of men and women in different types of jobs
72
What is “benevolent sexism”?
A form of sexism where women are “protected,” but this limits their opportunities
73
What is the “ideal worker” norm?
A worker who is always available has no caregiving duties aligns with male life patterns
74
What is TANF and what are its flaws?
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; promotes work but lacks child care support and pushes poor women into low-wage jobs

ANNA SOCY 305 (21 decks)

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