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Physiology 1 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal BPM

A

60 - 100 Beats / min

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2
Q

Cardiac output (L)

A

5 - 6L / Min (10,000 / day)

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3
Q

How many heart contractions a day?

A

100,000

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4
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

90 - 95 mmHg

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5
Q

What conducts faster AV or SA node?

A

SA node

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6
Q

What is an intrinsic pacemaker frequency? (IPF)

A

Frequency if we remove all external effects
(hormones, autonomic inn.)

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7
Q

IPF of SA node

A

100 / min

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8
Q

IPF of Cardiomyocytes

A

No
No spontaneous excitation, they need AP from nodes

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9
Q

IPF of AV node & Bundle of His

A

40 - 60 / min

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10
Q

IPF of Bundle branches & Purkinje fibers

A

20 - 40 / min

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11
Q

Funny Current (If) Channel & Ions & Function

A

HCN4 (HCN1) V.G Channel
Na+
Pacemaker potential
(Gradual depol.) < -50 mV

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12
Q

What blocks the Funny Current (If)

A

Ivabradine

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13
Q

Ca T Current Channel & Ions & Function

A

T type VDCC
Ca2+ & Na+
Initial depol. -55 mV

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14
Q

What blocks the Ca, T Current?

A

Verapamil

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15
Q

Ca L Current Channel & Ions & Function

A

L type VDCC
Ca2+
Depol. -25 mV

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16
Q

K Current Channel & Ions & Function

A

Several Voltage Gated Types
K+
Repol.

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17
Q

K, ACh Current Channel & Ions & Function

A

GIRK 1 / GIRK 4 Channels
K+
Hyperpol.

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18
Q

Minimum diastolic potential of SA node

A

-65 mV

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19
Q

What is the Na+ influx from funny current called

A

Prepotential
(Gradual depol. towards threshold)

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20
Q

Chronotropic effect of Sympathetic

A

Positive chronotropic effect
(Increased heart rate)

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21
Q

Chronotropic effect of Parasympathetic

A

Negative chronotropic effect
(Decreased heart rate)

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22
Q

Which vagus nerve goes to SA & AV nodes

A

SA = Right Vagus
AV = Left Vagus

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23
Q

Does the Vagus n. innervate both atria and ventricles?

A

No, only the atria.
Ventricles not inn. by Vagus in Humans

24
Q

Sympathetic system signal and receptor in Heart

A

Norepinephrine
B1 Receptor
(inc. CAMP)

25
Q

Parasympathetic system signal and receptor in Heart

A

Acetylcholine
M2 muscarinic receptor
(dec. CAMP)

26
Q

What blocks the Parasympathetic system?

A

Atropine

27
Q

What blocks the Sympathetic system?

A

Propranolol

28
Q

What activates the HCN channel?

A

Hyperpolarization (S4 sensor)
CAMP direct binding

29
Q

What happens if the pacemaker activity of the SA node fails?

A

Other cells containing HCN channels take over the excitatory activity

30
Q

What does Lidocaine inhibit?

A

V.G Na+ Channel

31
Q

Where does most Ca2+ signaling to myocytes come from?

A

Ca2+ from E.C comes into cell, which allows for main Ca2+ signal from I.C stores in SR to be released

32
Q

What inhibits L type VDCC?

A

Nifedipine (DHP)
Diltiazem

33
Q

Importance of K+ channels in Heart

A

Provides a protective mechanism in case of Hypoxia by reducing O2 consumption

34
Q

What part of conduction system of Heart has fastest conduction?

A

Purkinje Fibers

35
Q

What causes delay bw Atrial and Ventricular contraction?

A

The slower conduction in the AV node

36
Q

Systole duration

A

0.27s

37
Q

Diastole duration

A

0.53s

38
Q

EDV of Ventricle

A

140 ml
(end diastolic volume)

39
Q

ESV of Ventricle

A

60 ml
(end systolic volume)

40
Q

First heart sound

A

AV valve closing

41
Q

Second heart sound

A

Aortic valve closing

42
Q

Pressure in Aorta
(Stystolic & Diastolic)

A

Systolic= 120 mmHg
Diastolic= 80 mmHg

43
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

EDV - ESV

44
Q

Ejection fraction Calculation & Normal range

A

EF = SV / EDV
0.5 < SV < 0.75

45
Q

How long is Skeletal muscle AP

A

2 - 4 ms

46
Q

How long is Cardiac muscle AP

A

200 ms

47
Q

What terminates Ca signal in Skeletal Muscle?

A

SERCA uptake to SR store

48
Q

What terminates Ca in Cardiac Muscle?

A

SERCA (phospholamban) - 70%
3Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger - 28%
(PMCA - 2%)

49
Q

What are Cardiac Glycosides used for? Helps by?

A

Heart weakness
Causes a positive inotropic effect by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

50
Q

What is Positive Inotropic effect?

A

The increase of force of contraction

51
Q

How do Cardiac Glycosides work?

A

1) Inhibits NA/K ATPase
2) Na buildup in cell
3) Slow down of Ca/Na pump
4) Higher I.C Ca
5) More Ca release at AP, so stronger signal, Stronger contraction

52
Q

What is muscle fiber Triad made up of?

A

1 Transverse Tubule
2 Terminal Cisternae of Longitudinal Tubules

53
Q

What is Troponin Complex made up of?

A

TnT (tropomyosin)
TnC (Ca2+)
TnI (inhibition

54
Q

Electromechanical Delay

A

Delay bw electrical signal (A.P) and muscle contraction
30 - 100 ms

55
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fiber types

A

Type1 = Slow Oxidative (Red)
Type2-a = Fast Oxidative (Red)
Type2-b = Fast Glycolytic (White)

56
Q

What links contracting elements to Extracellular Matrix

A

Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex

57
Q

Pressure in atria/ventricle during atrial contraction

A

From 4 to 8 mmHg

Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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