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Physiology 1 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do Parasympathetic nerves originate?

A

Cranial Nerves (3, 7, 9, 10)
Sacral spinal cord (S2-S4)

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2
Q

Where do Sympathetic nerves originate?

A

Thoracic spinal cord (T1-T12)
Lumbar spinal cord (L1-L2/3)

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3
Q

Where is the ggl in Parasympathetic system? Length of Pre/Post ggl fibers.

A

Near or within the organ.
Long Preggl
Short Postggl

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4
Q

Where is the ggl in Sympathetic system? Length of Pre/Post ggl fibers.

A

Close to the spinal cord
(Pre/Para-vertebral)
Short Preggl
Long Postggl

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5
Q

Preganglionic Axon Transmitter in Parasympathetic & Sympathetic?

A

Acetylcholine
ACh

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6
Q

Preganglionic Receptor in Parasympathetic & Sympathetic?

A

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
nAChR

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7
Q

Postganglionic Axon transmitter in Parasympathetic

A

Acetylcholine
ACh
(VIP, NO)

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8
Q

Postganglionic receptor in Parasympathetic

A

Muscarinic (1-5)
mAChR

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9
Q

Postganglionic Axon transmitter in Sympathetic

A

Norepinephrine
NE
(ACh)

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10
Q

Postganglionic receptor in Sympathetic

A

Adrenergic receptors
(a1/2 & B1/2/3)

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11
Q

Elimination of transmitters in Parasympathetic

A

ACh esterase
Reuptake of Choline
Diffusion

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12
Q

Elimination of transmitters in Sympathetic

A

NE Reuptake
(Degradation in the cytoplasm)
Diffusion

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13
Q

Modulation in Parasympathetic

A

Blocking ACh release
Blocking Choline reuptake
Blocking ACh esterase

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14
Q

Modulation in Sympathetic

A

Membrane NE transport inhib
NE vesicle carrier inhibition
Blocking NE synthesis

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15
Q

What enzyme converts NE to E? What does it depend on?

A

N-methyl-transferase
Adrenal steroid hormone dependent

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16
Q

What are the only 2 sources of NE in Humans?

A

Directly from Adrenal Medulla
Conversion of NE to E

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17
Q

What receptor is used for Vasoconstriction? What transmitter is it sensitive to?

A

a1
NE > E

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18
Q

What receptor is used for Vasodilation? What transmitter is it sensitive to?

A

B2
E > NE

19
Q

3 only similarities of SM and Skeletal?

A

Thin & Thick filaments
ATP cycle
I.C Calcium is critical cont. regulator
EVERYTHING ELSE IS DIFFERENT

20
Q

Morphology of SMC

A

Uninucleated
Not striated
No Z lines
No T tubules

21
Q

What are the Thin & Thick filaments anchored to?

A

Dense Bodies

22
Q

What junctions interconnect SMCs?

A

Gap Junctions

23
Q

3 Ways to increase I.C Calcium in SMCs

A

DEPOLARIZATION
- From neighboring cells through gap junctions.
- Neural Stimulation (transmitter)
- Mechanical Activation (mechanosensitive channels)

24
Q

Bayliss effect on Mechanosensitive channels

A

Stretching - Channel opens - Depolarization - Contraction

25
Q

SM Action potential VS neural AP

A

Smaller amplitude
Lasts much longer
Different ion channels

26
Q

What channels cause the Depolarization phase in SMC

A

L-type voltage gated Ca Channels

27
Q

What channels cause the Repolarization phase in SMC

A

Voltage gated late K Channel

28
Q

What channels cause the Plateau phase in SMC

A

Ca activated K Channel

29
Q

Can TTX inhibit SMC AP? And what else?

A

No
Ca Channel inhibitors

30
Q

2 mechanisms to increase IC Ca in SMC

A

Depolarization
Ligand binding to a membrane receptor
(a1 adrenergic receptor)

31
Q

Thin myofilament made of:

A

SMC actin
Tropomyosin

32
Q

Thick myofilament made of: (Types)

A

Myosin
Heavy Chain
Light Chain (2 per heavy chain)

33
Q

What does phosphorylation of MLC do?

A

Allows actin-myosin binding in response to Ca influx (Ca-Calmodulin)

34
Q

What mediates MLC phosphorylation?

A

MLCK
Myosin light chain Kinase

35
Q

3 Mechanisms to terminate Ca signal in SMC

A

Membrane Ca ATP-ase (Pump)
Membrane Na/Ca antiporter
SR Ca ATP-ase (pump)

36
Q

How can SMC contraction happen independent on Ca?

A

Rho-GTP which activates Rho-Kinase

37
Q

What does Rho-Kinase do?

A

It phosphorylates MLC to MLC-P
It means less Ca is needed to induce the same contraction.
So increased Ca sensitivity

38
Q

Mechanisms to induce SM relaxation

A

cAMP (B2-adrenergic R)
cGMP (NO-dependent act.)

39
Q

How does cAMP induce SM relaxation?

A

It induces MLCK-P
(Decreases calcium sensitivity)

40
Q

How does cGMP induce SM relaxation (3) ?

A

Activation of Phosphatase
Phosphorylation of IP3R
Inhibition of Ca entry into the cell

41
Q

Multiunit SM

A

Each SMC has its own innervation
Functions tightly regulated
Neural control of regulation
e.g: int eye muscles, Ductus deff.

42
Q

Single unit SM

A

Gap junctions bw cells
Spontaneous contractions
Basal activity
Neural signals only modulate activity
eg: GI tract, vascular SM

43
Q

SM contraction Characteristics

A

Contraction requires much less ATP vs Skeletal
Slow actin-myosin cycle in the cell
Actin-myosin cross bridges

Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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