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ANAPHY LEC > WEEK 4.2 > Flashcards

WEEK 4.2 Flashcards

1
Q

This system is composed of the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors.

A

Integumentary system

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2
Q

Medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, and disorders of the integumentary system.

A

Dermatology

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3
Q

The superficial, thinner portion of the skin which is composed of epithelial tissues.

A

Epidermis

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4
Q

Deeper, thicker connective tissue portion of the skin

A

Dermis

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5
Q

Deep to the dermis, but not part of the skin. Consists of areolar and adipose tissues. Serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin

A

Subcutaneous layer

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6
Q

The subcutaneous layer, and sometimes the dermis, contain nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure

A

Lamellated corpuscles

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7
Q

Epidermal cells which are arranged in four or five layers and procude the protein keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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8
Q

Epidermal cells which develop from the ectoderm of a developing embryo and produce the pigment melanin

A

Melanocytes

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9
Q

Yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light

A

Melanin

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10
Q

Arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis where they constitute a small fraction of the epidermal cells. Participate in immune responses mounted against microbes that invade the skin

A

Intraepidermal macrophages/Langerhans cells

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11
Q

Least numerous of the epidermal cells. Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis where they contact the flattened process of a sensory neuron

A

Tactile epithelial cells/Merkel cells

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12
Q

Is the transfer of a patch of healthy skin taken from a donor site to cover a wound

A

Skin graft

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13
Q

Superficial to the stratum basale. This stratum mainly consists of numerous keratinocytes arranged in 8-10 layers.

A

Stratum spinosum

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14
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis. Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

A

Stratum basale

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15
Q

At the middle of the epidermis. Consists of three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis

A

Stratum granulosum

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16
Q

Protein which assembles keratin intermediate filaments into keratin

A

Keratohyalin

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17
Q

Membrane-enclosed granules which fuse with the plasma membrane and release a lipid-rich secretion

A

Lamellar Granules

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18
Q

Present only in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles. Consists of four to six layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes

A

Stratum lucidum

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19
Q

Consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes, but can range in thickness from a few cells in thin skin to 50 or more cell layers in thick skin.

A

Stratum corneum

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20
Q

An abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum

A

Callus

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21
Q

A process in which the cells move from one epidermal layer to the next, accumulating more and more keratin

A

Keratinization

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22
Q

An excessive amount of keratinized cells shed from the skin of the scalp is called dandruff

A

Dandruff

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23
Q

Common and chronic skin disorder in which keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum

A

Psoriasis

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24
Q

Makes up about one-fifth of the thickness of the dermis. Contains thin collagen and fine elastic fibers

A

Papillary region

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25
Q

Small, nipple-shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis.

A

Dermal papillae

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26
Q

Tactile receptors that are sensitive to touch

A

Corpuscles of touch/Meissner corpuscles

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27
Q

Dendrites that lack any apparent structural specialization

A

Free nerve endings

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28
Q

attached to the subcutaneous layer, contains budles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and various wandering cells

A

Reticular region

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29
Q

The combination of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular region provides the skin with the ability to stretch

A

extensibility

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30
Q

The combination of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular region provides the skin with the ability to return to original shape after stretching

A

Elasticity

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31
Q

These ridges are produced during the third month of fetal development as downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae of the papillary region

A

Epidermal ridges

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32
Q

The study of the pattern of epidermal ridges

A

Dermatoglyphics

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33
Q

In some people who are genetically predisposed, melanin accumulates in patches called

A

Freckles

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34
Q

Flat blemishes that have nothing to do with the liver. They look like freckles and range in color from light brown to black.

A

Age spots

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35
Q

Round, flat, or raised area that represents a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes and usually develops in childhood or adolescence

A

Nevus

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36
Q

The enzyme that helps synthesize melanin

A

Tyrosinase

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37
Q

Melanin synthesis occurs in an organelle called

A

Melanosome

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38
Q

The inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin

A

Albinism

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39
Q

The partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin produces irregular white spots

A

Vitiligo

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40
Q

Red color; the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin

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41
Q

Yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots their color

A

Carotene

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42
Q

When blood is not picking up an adequate amount of oxygen from the lungs, the mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin appear bluish orrrrrrrrr

A

Cyanotic

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43
Q

This condition gives a yellowish appearance to the skin and the whites of the eyes due to a buildup of the yellow pigment bilirubin in the skin

A

Jaundice

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44
Q

Redness of the skin caused by engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with blood due to skin injury, exposure to heat, infection, inflammation, or allergic reactions

A

Erythema

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45
Q

Paleness of the skin, may occur in conditions such as shock and anemia

A

Pallor

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46
Q

A permanent coloration of the skin in which a foreign pigment is deposited with a needle into macrophages in the dermis

A

Tattooing

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47
Q

The insertion of jewelry through an artificial opening

A

Body piercing

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48
Q

Are present on most skin surfaces. Usually, the most heavily distributed across the scalp, eyebrows, armpits, and around the external genitalia

A

Hair

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49
Q

Superficial portion of the hair, projects above the surface of the skin

A

Hair shaft

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50
Q

Portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrated into the dermis, and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer

A

Hair root

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51
Q

Surrounds the root of the hair. Made up of an external root sheath and an internal root sheath

A

Hair follicle

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52
Q

Downward continuation of the epidermis

A

External root sheath

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53
Q

Produced by the matrix and forms a cellular tubular sheath of epithelium between the external root sheath and the hair

A

Internal root sheath

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54
Q

Together, the external and internal root sheath are referred to as the

A

Epithelial root sheath

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55
Q

The dense dermis surrounding the dermal root sheath is an onion-shaped structure called

A

Hair bulb

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56
Q

This structure houses a nipple-shaped indentation which contains areolar connective tissue and many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle

A

Papilla of the hair

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57
Q

A germinal layer of cells contained by the hair bulb

A

Hair matrix

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58
Q

Substance that removes hair

A

Depilatory

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59
Q

An electric current is used to destroy the hair matrix so the hair cannot regrow

A

Electrolysis

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60
Q

Another method of removing the hair with lasersssssssssssss pewpew

A

Laser treatment

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61
Q

Smooth muscle which extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle

A

Arrector pili

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62
Q

Dendrites of neurons that surround each follicle and are sensitive to touch

A

Hair root plexus

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63
Q

Durin this stage of hair growth, the cells of the hair matrix divide.

A

Growth stage

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64
Q

During this stage of hair growth, the cells of the hair matrix stop dividing, the hair follicle trophies, and the hair stops growing

A

Regression stage

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65
Q

During this stage of hair growth, the hair rests. Following this, a new growth cycle begins

A

Resting stage

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66
Q

The partial or complete lack of hair, may results from genetic factors, aging, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy, or skin disease

A

Alopecia

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67
Q

The treatment of diseases, usually cancer, by means of chemical substances or drugs

A

Chemotherapy

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68
Q

Excessive body hair or body hair in areas that usually are not hairy

A

Hirsutism

69
Q

The most common form of baldness. Hair loss in men that begins with a receding hairline

A

Androgenic alopecia

70
Q

Very fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs produced by the fifth month of development after fertilization

A

Lanugo

71
Q

Prior to birth, the lanugo of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp are shed and replaced by long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs called

A

Terminal hairs

72
Q

Commonly called “peach fuzz”, which are short, fine, pale hairs that are barely visible to the naked eye

A

Vellus hairs

73
Q

A process that adds or removes pigment from the hair

A

Hair coloring

74
Q

Simple, branched acinar glands. With few exceptions, they are connected to hair follicles

A

Sebaceous glands

75
Q

Inflammation of sebaceous glands that usually begins at puberty

A

Acne

76
Q

Condition that can permanently scar the epidermis

A

Cystic acne

77
Q

The secretion of sebaceous glands. A mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts

A

Sebum

78
Q

The cells of these glands release sweat, or perspiration, into hair follicles or onto the skin surface through pores.

A

Sudoriferous glands

79
Q

Simple, coiled tubular sweat glands. Distributed throughout the skin of most regions of the body, lips and nail beds are not included

A

Eccrine sweat glands

80
Q

The homeostatic regulation of body temperature

A

Thermoregulation

81
Q

The role of eccrine sweat glands in helping the body to achieve thermoregulation is known as

A

Thermoregulatory sweating

82
Q

Sweat that evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture

A

Insensible perspiration

83
Q

Sweat that is excreted in larger amounts and is seen as moisture on the skin

A

Sensible perspiration

84
Q

Eccrine sweat glands release sweat in response to an emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment. Type of sweating called

A

Emotional sweating

85
Q

Simple, coiled tubular sweat glands but have larger ducts and lumens than eccrine glands

A

Apocrine sweat glands

86
Q

Modified sweat glands in the external ear that produces a waxy lubricating secretion

A

Ceruminous glands

87
Q

The combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands

A

Cerumen/earwax

88
Q

The visible portion of the nail

A

Nail body

89
Q

Part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit

A

Free edge

90
Q

Portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin

A

Nail root

91
Q

The whitish crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body

A

Lunula

92
Q

Beneath the free edge is a thickened region of stratum corneum

A

Hyponychium

93
Q

Skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium

A

Nail bed

94
Q

Narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the margin of the nail wall

A

Eponychium

95
Q

Small torn piece of skin at the side or base of a fingernail or toenail, usually caused by dryness of the eponychium

A

Hangnail

96
Q

The portion of the epithelium proximal to the nail root

A

Nail matrix

97
Q

Function of the skin: The dermis houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry 8-10% of the total blood flow in a resting adult

A

Blood reservoir

98
Q

Function of the skin: Sensatioons that arise in the skin, including tactile sensations as well as thermal sensations such as warmth and coolness

A

Cutaneous sensations

99
Q

Function of the skin: Elimination of substances from the body, and passage of materials from the external environment into body cells

A

Excretion and absorption

100
Q

An alternative route that enables a drug contained within an adhesive skin patch to pass across the epidermis and into the blood vessels of the dermis

A

Transdermal drug administration

101
Q

Synthesis which requires the activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by ultraviolet rays in the sunlight

A

Synthesis of vitamin D

102
Q

When epidermal cells encounter one another, they stop migrating due to a cellular response called

A

Contact inhibition

103
Q

A hormone which stimulates basal stem cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved into the wound

A

Epidermal growth factor

104
Q

Occurs when an injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer

A

Deep wound healing

105
Q

Phase of deep wound healing where a blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unites the wound edges

A

Inflammatory phase

106
Q

Phase of deep wound healing where the clot becomes a scab, and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound

A

Migratory phase

107
Q

Phase of dwh which is characterized by extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns, and continued growth of blood vessels

A

Proliferative phase

108
Q

The last phase of dwh where the scab sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to normal thickness

A

Maturation phase

109
Q

Tissue filling the wound during migratory phase

A

Granulation tissue

110
Q

If a scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound, it is called

A

Hypertrophic scar

111
Q

If a scar extends beyond the boundaries into normal surrounding tissues, it is called

A

Keloid scar

112
Q

Covers the surface of the embryo

A

Ectoderm

113
Q

At the beginning of the seventh week of fertilization, divides and forms a superficial protected layer of flattened cells

A

Basal layer

114
Q

By about 11 weeks, the basal layer forms a _________ layer of cells.

A

Intermediate layer

115
Q

The dermis arises from this place, located deep to the surface ectoderm. Gives rise to a loosely organized embryonic tissue called mesenchyme

A

Mesoderm

116
Q

Nails are developed at about 10 weeks. Initially, they consist of a thicklayer of epithelium called the

A

Primary nail field

117
Q

A skin condition that affects mostly light-skinned adults between the ages of 30 and 60

A

Rosacea

118
Q

Products that bleach the skin to tone down blotches and blemishes or decrease fine wrinkles and roughness

A

Topical products

119
Q

The use of tiny crystals under pressure to remove and vacuum the skin’s surface cells to improve skin texture and reduce blemishes

A

Microdermabrasion

120
Q

The application of a mild acid to the skin to remove surface cells to improve skin texture and reduce blemishes

A

Chemical peel

121
Q

The use of a laser to clear up blood vessels near the skin surface, even out blotches and blemishes, and decrease fine wrinkles

A

Laser resurfacing

122
Q

Injections of human collagen, hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite, or poly-L-lactic acid that plumps up the skin to smooth out wrinkles and fill in furrows

A

Dermal fillers

123
Q

Fat from one part of the body is injected into another location such as around the eyes

A

Fat transplantation

124
Q

Diluted version of a toxin that is injected into the skin to paralyze skeletal muscles that cause the skin to wrinkle

A

Botulinum toxin or Botox

125
Q

The use of radio frequency emissions to tighten the deeper layers of the skin of the jowls, neck, and sagging eyebrows and eyelids

A

Radio frequency nonsurgical facelift

126
Q

Invasive surgery in which loose skin and fat are removed surgically and the underlying connective tissue and muscle are tightened

A

Facelift, browlift, necklift

127
Q

Topically applied substances, contain a color additive that produces a tanned appearance by interacting with proteins in the skin

A

Self-tanning lotions

128
Q

Topically applied preparations that contain various chemical agents that absorb UVB ras but let most of the UVA rays pass through

A

Sunscreens

129
Q

Topically applied preparations that contain substances such as zinc oxide that reflect and scatter both UVB and UVA ras

A

Sunblocks

130
Q

These cells account for about 78% of all skin cancers. Arise from cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis and rarely metastasize

A

Basal cell carcinomas

131
Q

These cells account for about 20% of all skin cancers, arise from the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, and they have a variable tendency to metastasize

A

Squamous cell carcinomas

132
Q

Arise from melanocytes and account for about 2% of all skin cancers

A

Malignant melanomas

133
Q

Risk factor for skin cancer; individuals with light-colored skin who never tan but always burn are at high risk

A

Skin type

134
Q

Risk factor for skin cancer; People who live in areas with many days of sunlight per year and at high altitudes have a higher risk of developing skin cancer.

A

Sun exposure

135
Q

Risk factor for skin cancer; Skin cancer rates are higher in some families than in others

A

Family history

136
Q

Risk factor for skin cancer;Older people are more prone to skin cancer owing to longer total exposure to sunlight

A

Age

137
Q

Risk factor for skin cancer; immunosuppressed individuals have a higher incidence of skin cancer

A

Immunological status

138
Q

Tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in the skin

A

Burn

139
Q

Burn that only involves the epidermis. Characterized by mild pain and erythema but no blisters

A

First-degree burn

140
Q

Burn that destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis. Some skin functions are lost

A

Second-degree burn

141
Q

Burn that destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. Most skin functions are lost

A

Third-degree burn

142
Q

Ulcers that are caused by a constant deficiency of blood flow to tissues.

A

Pressure ulcers/decubitus ulcers

143
Q

An area where skin has been scraped away

A

Abrasion

144
Q

Collection of serous fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and dermis, due to short-term but severe friction

A

Blister

145
Q

Refers to a large blister

A

Bulla

146
Q

A lesion caused by type 1 herpes simplex virus transmitted by oral or respiratory routes.

A

Cold sore

147
Q

Collection of sebaceous material and dead cells in the hair follicle and excretory duct of the sebaceous gland

A

Comedo

148
Q

Inflammation of the skin characterized by redness, itching, and swelling and caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that bring about an allergic reaction

A

Contact dermatitis

149
Q

Condition in which tissue deep to the skin is damaged, but the epidermis is not broken

A

Contusion

150
Q

A painful conical thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis of the epidermis found principally over toe joints and between the toes, often caused by friction or pressure

A

Corn

151
Q

A sac with a distinct connective tissue wall, containing a fluid or other material

A

Cyst

152
Q

An inflammation of the skin characterized by patches of red, blistering, dry, extremely itchy skin

A

Eczema

153
Q

Local destruction of skin and subcutaneous tissue on exposed surfaces as a result of extreme cold

A

Frostbite

154
Q

Localized benign tumor of the skin and subcutaneous layer that results from an abnormal increase in the number of blood vessels

A

Hemangioma

155
Q

Reddened elevated patches of skin that are often itchy. Most commonly caused by infections, physical trauma, medications, emotional stress, food additives, and certain food allergies

A

Hives/urticaria

156
Q

Formation of a hardened growth of epidermal tissue

A

Keratosis

157
Q

Type of keratosis that is a premalignant lesion of the sun-exposed skin of the face and hands

A

Solar keratosis

158
Q

An irregular tear of the skin

A

Laceration

159
Q

Contagious arthropods that include two basic forms

A

Lice

160
Q

Tiny, jumping arthropods that suck blood from the scalp.

A

Lice

161
Q

Tiny arthropods that do not jump; look like miniature crabs

A

Pubic lice

162
Q

A small, round skin elevation less than 1 cm in diameter

A

Papule

163
Q

Itching, one of the most common dermatological disorders. May be caused by skin disorders, systemic disorders, psychogenic factors, or allergic reactions

A

Pruritus

164
Q

Fungal infection characterized by scaling, itching, and sometimes painful lesions that may appear on any part of the body; aka ringworm

A

Tinea corporis

165
Q

Fungal infection that thrive in the skin folds of the groin

A

Tinea cruris

166
Q

Fungal infection that thrive in between the toes

A

Tinea pedis

167
Q

In reference to medication, applied to the skin surface rather than ingested or injected

A

Topical

168
Q

Mass produced by uncontrollable growth of epithelial skin cells

A

Wart

ANAPHY LEC (10 decks)

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