WEEK 4.2 Flashcards
This system is composed of the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors.
Integumentary system
Medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, and disorders of the integumentary system.
Dermatology
The superficial, thinner portion of the skin which is composed of epithelial tissues.
Epidermis
Deeper, thicker connective tissue portion of the skin
Dermis
Deep to the dermis, but not part of the skin. Consists of areolar and adipose tissues. Serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin
Subcutaneous layer
The subcutaneous layer, and sometimes the dermis, contain nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure
Lamellated corpuscles
Epidermal cells which are arranged in four or five layers and procude the protein keratin
Keratinocytes
Epidermal cells which develop from the ectoderm of a developing embryo and produce the pigment melanin
Melanocytes
Yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light
Melanin
Arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis where they constitute a small fraction of the epidermal cells. Participate in immune responses mounted against microbes that invade the skin
Intraepidermal macrophages/Langerhans cells
Least numerous of the epidermal cells. Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis where they contact the flattened process of a sensory neuron
Tactile epithelial cells/Merkel cells
Is the transfer of a patch of healthy skin taken from a donor site to cover a wound
Skin graft
Superficial to the stratum basale. This stratum mainly consists of numerous keratinocytes arranged in 8-10 layers.
Stratum spinosum
The deepest layer of the epidermis. Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
Stratum basale
At the middle of the epidermis. Consists of three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis
Stratum granulosum
Protein which assembles keratin intermediate filaments into keratin
Keratohyalin
Membrane-enclosed granules which fuse with the plasma membrane and release a lipid-rich secretion
Lamellar Granules
Present only in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles. Consists of four to six layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes
Stratum lucidum
Consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes, but can range in thickness from a few cells in thin skin to 50 or more cell layers in thick skin.
Stratum corneum
An abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum
Callus
A process in which the cells move from one epidermal layer to the next, accumulating more and more keratin
Keratinization
An excessive amount of keratinized cells shed from the skin of the scalp is called dandruff
Dandruff
Common and chronic skin disorder in which keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum
Psoriasis
Makes up about one-fifth of the thickness of the dermis. Contains thin collagen and fine elastic fibers
Papillary region
Small, nipple-shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis.
Dermal papillae
Tactile receptors that are sensitive to touch
Corpuscles of touch/Meissner corpuscles
Dendrites that lack any apparent structural specialization
Free nerve endings
attached to the subcutaneous layer, contains budles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and various wandering cells
Reticular region
The combination of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular region provides the skin with the ability to stretch
extensibility
The combination of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular region provides the skin with the ability to return to original shape after stretching
Elasticity
These ridges are produced during the third month of fetal development as downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae of the papillary region
Epidermal ridges
The study of the pattern of epidermal ridges
Dermatoglyphics
In some people who are genetically predisposed, melanin accumulates in patches called
Freckles
Flat blemishes that have nothing to do with the liver. They look like freckles and range in color from light brown to black.
Age spots
Round, flat, or raised area that represents a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes and usually develops in childhood or adolescence
Nevus
The enzyme that helps synthesize melanin
Tyrosinase
Melanin synthesis occurs in an organelle called
Melanosome
The inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin
Albinism
The partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin produces irregular white spots
Vitiligo
Red color; the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
Yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots their color
Carotene
When blood is not picking up an adequate amount of oxygen from the lungs, the mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin appear bluish orrrrrrrrr
Cyanotic
This condition gives a yellowish appearance to the skin and the whites of the eyes due to a buildup of the yellow pigment bilirubin in the skin
Jaundice
Redness of the skin caused by engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with blood due to skin injury, exposure to heat, infection, inflammation, or allergic reactions
Erythema
Paleness of the skin, may occur in conditions such as shock and anemia
Pallor
A permanent coloration of the skin in which a foreign pigment is deposited with a needle into macrophages in the dermis
Tattooing
The insertion of jewelry through an artificial opening
Body piercing
Are present on most skin surfaces. Usually, the most heavily distributed across the scalp, eyebrows, armpits, and around the external genitalia
Hair
Superficial portion of the hair, projects above the surface of the skin
Hair shaft
Portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrated into the dermis, and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer
Hair root
Surrounds the root of the hair. Made up of an external root sheath and an internal root sheath
Hair follicle
Downward continuation of the epidermis
External root sheath
Produced by the matrix and forms a cellular tubular sheath of epithelium between the external root sheath and the hair
Internal root sheath
Together, the external and internal root sheath are referred to as the
Epithelial root sheath
The dense dermis surrounding the dermal root sheath is an onion-shaped structure called
Hair bulb
This structure houses a nipple-shaped indentation which contains areolar connective tissue and many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle
Papilla of the hair
A germinal layer of cells contained by the hair bulb
Hair matrix
Substance that removes hair
Depilatory
An electric current is used to destroy the hair matrix so the hair cannot regrow
Electrolysis
Another method of removing the hair with lasersssssssssssss pewpew
Laser treatment
Smooth muscle which extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the side of the hair follicle
Arrector pili
Dendrites of neurons that surround each follicle and are sensitive to touch
Hair root plexus
Durin this stage of hair growth, the cells of the hair matrix divide.
Growth stage
During this stage of hair growth, the cells of the hair matrix stop dividing, the hair follicle trophies, and the hair stops growing
Regression stage
During this stage of hair growth, the hair rests. Following this, a new growth cycle begins
Resting stage
The partial or complete lack of hair, may results from genetic factors, aging, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy, or skin disease
Alopecia
The treatment of diseases, usually cancer, by means of chemical substances or drugs
Chemotherapy
Excessive body hair or body hair in areas that usually are not hairy
Hirsutism
The most common form of baldness. Hair loss in men that begins with a receding hairline
Androgenic alopecia
Very fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs produced by the fifth month of development after fertilization
Lanugo
Prior to birth, the lanugo of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp are shed and replaced by long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs called
Terminal hairs
Commonly called “peach fuzz”, which are short, fine, pale hairs that are barely visible to the naked eye
Vellus hairs
A process that adds or removes pigment from the hair
Hair coloring
Simple, branched acinar glands. With few exceptions, they are connected to hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Inflammation of sebaceous glands that usually begins at puberty
Acne
Condition that can permanently scar the epidermis
Cystic acne
The secretion of sebaceous glands. A mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts
Sebum
The cells of these glands release sweat, or perspiration, into hair follicles or onto the skin surface through pores.
Sudoriferous glands
Simple, coiled tubular sweat glands. Distributed throughout the skin of most regions of the body, lips and nail beds are not included
Eccrine sweat glands
The homeostatic regulation of body temperature
Thermoregulation
The role of eccrine sweat glands in helping the body to achieve thermoregulation is known as
Thermoregulatory sweating
Sweat that evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture
Insensible perspiration
Sweat that is excreted in larger amounts and is seen as moisture on the skin
Sensible perspiration
Eccrine sweat glands release sweat in response to an emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment. Type of sweating called
Emotional sweating
Simple, coiled tubular sweat glands but have larger ducts and lumens than eccrine glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Modified sweat glands in the external ear that produces a waxy lubricating secretion
Ceruminous glands
The combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands
Cerumen/earwax
The visible portion of the nail
Nail body
Part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit
Free edge
Portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin
Nail root
The whitish crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body
Lunula
Beneath the free edge is a thickened region of stratum corneum
Hyponychium
Skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium
Nail bed
Narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the margin of the nail wall
Eponychium
Small torn piece of skin at the side or base of a fingernail or toenail, usually caused by dryness of the eponychium
Hangnail
The portion of the epithelium proximal to the nail root
Nail matrix
Function of the skin: The dermis houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry 8-10% of the total blood flow in a resting adult
Blood reservoir
Function of the skin: Sensatioons that arise in the skin, including tactile sensations as well as thermal sensations such as warmth and coolness
Cutaneous sensations
Function of the skin: Elimination of substances from the body, and passage of materials from the external environment into body cells
Excretion and absorption
An alternative route that enables a drug contained within an adhesive skin patch to pass across the epidermis and into the blood vessels of the dermis
Transdermal drug administration
Synthesis which requires the activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by ultraviolet rays in the sunlight
Synthesis of vitamin D
When epidermal cells encounter one another, they stop migrating due to a cellular response called
Contact inhibition
A hormone which stimulates basal stem cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved into the wound
Epidermal growth factor
Occurs when an injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer
Deep wound healing
Phase of deep wound healing where a blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unites the wound edges
Inflammatory phase
Phase of deep wound healing where the clot becomes a scab, and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound
Migratory phase
Phase of dwh which is characterized by extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns, and continued growth of blood vessels
Proliferative phase
The last phase of dwh where the scab sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to normal thickness
Maturation phase
Tissue filling the wound during migratory phase
Granulation tissue
If a scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound, it is called
Hypertrophic scar
If a scar extends beyond the boundaries into normal surrounding tissues, it is called
Keloid scar
Covers the surface of the embryo
Ectoderm
At the beginning of the seventh week of fertilization, divides and forms a superficial protected layer of flattened cells
Basal layer
By about 11 weeks, the basal layer forms a _________ layer of cells.
Intermediate layer
The dermis arises from this place, located deep to the surface ectoderm. Gives rise to a loosely organized embryonic tissue called mesenchyme
Mesoderm
Nails are developed at about 10 weeks. Initially, they consist of a thicklayer of epithelium called the
Primary nail field
A skin condition that affects mostly light-skinned adults between the ages of 30 and 60
Rosacea
Products that bleach the skin to tone down blotches and blemishes or decrease fine wrinkles and roughness
Topical products
The use of tiny crystals under pressure to remove and vacuum the skin’s surface cells to improve skin texture and reduce blemishes
Microdermabrasion
The application of a mild acid to the skin to remove surface cells to improve skin texture and reduce blemishes
Chemical peel
The use of a laser to clear up blood vessels near the skin surface, even out blotches and blemishes, and decrease fine wrinkles
Laser resurfacing
Injections of human collagen, hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite, or poly-L-lactic acid that plumps up the skin to smooth out wrinkles and fill in furrows
Dermal fillers
Fat from one part of the body is injected into another location such as around the eyes
Fat transplantation
Diluted version of a toxin that is injected into the skin to paralyze skeletal muscles that cause the skin to wrinkle
Botulinum toxin or Botox
The use of radio frequency emissions to tighten the deeper layers of the skin of the jowls, neck, and sagging eyebrows and eyelids
Radio frequency nonsurgical facelift
Invasive surgery in which loose skin and fat are removed surgically and the underlying connective tissue and muscle are tightened
Facelift, browlift, necklift
Topically applied substances, contain a color additive that produces a tanned appearance by interacting with proteins in the skin
Self-tanning lotions
Topically applied preparations that contain various chemical agents that absorb UVB ras but let most of the UVA rays pass through
Sunscreens
Topically applied preparations that contain substances such as zinc oxide that reflect and scatter both UVB and UVA ras
Sunblocks
These cells account for about 78% of all skin cancers. Arise from cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis and rarely metastasize
Basal cell carcinomas
These cells account for about 20% of all skin cancers, arise from the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, and they have a variable tendency to metastasize
Squamous cell carcinomas
Arise from melanocytes and account for about 2% of all skin cancers
Malignant melanomas
Risk factor for skin cancer; individuals with light-colored skin who never tan but always burn are at high risk
Skin type
Risk factor for skin cancer; People who live in areas with many days of sunlight per year and at high altitudes have a higher risk of developing skin cancer.
Sun exposure
Risk factor for skin cancer; Skin cancer rates are higher in some families than in others
Family history
Risk factor for skin cancer;Older people are more prone to skin cancer owing to longer total exposure to sunlight
Age
Risk factor for skin cancer; immunosuppressed individuals have a higher incidence of skin cancer
Immunological status
Tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in the skin
Burn
Burn that only involves the epidermis. Characterized by mild pain and erythema but no blisters
First-degree burn
Burn that destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis. Some skin functions are lost
Second-degree burn
Burn that destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. Most skin functions are lost
Third-degree burn
Ulcers that are caused by a constant deficiency of blood flow to tissues.
Pressure ulcers/decubitus ulcers
An area where skin has been scraped away
Abrasion
Collection of serous fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and dermis, due to short-term but severe friction
Blister
Refers to a large blister
Bulla
A lesion caused by type 1 herpes simplex virus transmitted by oral or respiratory routes.
Cold sore
Collection of sebaceous material and dead cells in the hair follicle and excretory duct of the sebaceous gland
Comedo
Inflammation of the skin characterized by redness, itching, and swelling and caused by exposure of the skin to chemicals that bring about an allergic reaction
Contact dermatitis
Condition in which tissue deep to the skin is damaged, but the epidermis is not broken
Contusion
A painful conical thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis of the epidermis found principally over toe joints and between the toes, often caused by friction or pressure
Corn
A sac with a distinct connective tissue wall, containing a fluid or other material
Cyst
An inflammation of the skin characterized by patches of red, blistering, dry, extremely itchy skin
Eczema
Local destruction of skin and subcutaneous tissue on exposed surfaces as a result of extreme cold
Frostbite
Localized benign tumor of the skin and subcutaneous layer that results from an abnormal increase in the number of blood vessels
Hemangioma
Reddened elevated patches of skin that are often itchy. Most commonly caused by infections, physical trauma, medications, emotional stress, food additives, and certain food allergies
Hives/urticaria
Formation of a hardened growth of epidermal tissue
Keratosis
Type of keratosis that is a premalignant lesion of the sun-exposed skin of the face and hands
Solar keratosis
An irregular tear of the skin
Laceration
Contagious arthropods that include two basic forms
Lice
Tiny, jumping arthropods that suck blood from the scalp.
Lice
Tiny arthropods that do not jump; look like miniature crabs
Pubic lice
A small, round skin elevation less than 1 cm in diameter
Papule
Itching, one of the most common dermatological disorders. May be caused by skin disorders, systemic disorders, psychogenic factors, or allergic reactions
Pruritus
Fungal infection characterized by scaling, itching, and sometimes painful lesions that may appear on any part of the body; aka ringworm
Tinea corporis
Fungal infection that thrive in the skin folds of the groin
Tinea cruris
Fungal infection that thrive in between the toes
Tinea pedis
In reference to medication, applied to the skin surface rather than ingested or injected
Topical
Mass produced by uncontrollable growth of epithelial skin cells
Wart
