WEEK 2 Flashcards
This state of matter is compact and has a definite shape and volume.
Solid
The science of the structure and interactions of matter.
Chemistry
The force of gravity acting on matter. Change
Weight
All forms of matter are made up of limited number of building blocks called
Chemical Elements
The four elements that constitute about 96% of the body’s mass are called
Major elements.
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter
The amount of matter in any object. No change
Mass
How many different chemical elements are normally present in Rafael John F Dubria’s body?
26
Has a definite shape and volume; takes the shape of their container
Liquid
The smallest atoms; diameter less than 0.1 nanometer (0.1 x 10-9m = 0.0000000001 m) Not sure pila ka 0 pero u get the gist
Hydrogen Atoms
These 14 elements are present in tiny amounts. Account for 0.4% of the body’s mass; some function as cofactors.
Trace Elements
Have neither a definite shape nor volume.
Gas
Each named element is designated by one or two letters of the English alphabet, Latin, or another language. What is this designation called?
Chemical Symbol
Rest question
Rafael John F. Dubria is handsome
The dense central core of an atom is called…………………….
Nucleus
These 8 elements contribute about 3.6% of the body’s mass
Lesser Elements.
This element is a part of water and many organic (carbon-containing) molecules; used to generate ATP, a molecule used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy. About 65% of the body’s mass
Oxygen
This subatomic particle is positively charged ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Protons
A certain region around the nucleus where groups of electrons are most likely to move around in.
Electron Shell
This designation of an element is = number of protons
Atomic Number
The sum of an element’s protons and neutrons
Mass Number
Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers.
Isotopes
Certain Isotopes are unstable. What are these unstable isotopes called hmm?
Radioactive Isotopes/Radioisotopes
Some radioisotopes are used to follow the movement of certain substances through the body. What are these radioisotopes called, team?
Tracers
The time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample of an isotope to decay into a more stable form
Half-life
The standard unit for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles is called?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Dalton
Substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements
Compound
An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell
Free Radical
The average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes in an element
Atomic Mass
An atom that has a positive or negative charge because of its unequal amount of protons and electrons
Ions
These subatomic particles are negatively charged ———————-
Electrons
Substances that inhibit oxygen-derived free radicals
Antioxidants
Under the right conditions, two or more atoms can interact in ways that produce a chemically stable arrangement of eight valence electrons for each atom. What chemical principle is this?
Octet Rule
Under the right conditions, two or more atoms can interact in ways that produce a chemically stable arrangement of eight valence electrons for each atom. What chemical principle is this?
Octet Rule
The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges.
Ionic Bond
The total number of electrons exceed the number of protons; a negatively charged ion
Anion
The total number of protons exceeds the number of electrons; a positively charged ion
Cation
An ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solutions
Electrolyte
Two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them.
Covalent Bonds
This bond results when two atoms share one electron pair.
Single Covalent Bond
This bond results when two atoms share two pairs of electrons.
Double Covalent Bond
This bond results when two atoms share three pairs of electrons.
Triple Covalent Bond
In some covalent bonds, two atoms share the electrons equally— one atom does not attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
the sharing of electrons between two atoms is unequal—the nucleus of one atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly than the nucleus of the other atom.
Polar Covalent Bond
The power of atoms to attract electrons to themselves.
Electronegativity
This type of bond forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms.
Hydrogen Bond
True or False: Hydrogen bonds occur because hydrogen atoms in one water molecule are attracted to the partial negative charge of the oxygen atom in another water molecule.
True
A measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid.
Surface Tension
The energy currency of living systems; transfers energy liberated in exergonic catabolic reactions to power cellular activities that require energy
Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
Occurs when new bonds form or old ones break between atoms.
Chemical Reactions
The starting substances of chemical reactions.
Reactants
The ending substances of chemical reactions
Products
The capacity to do work
Energy
Energy stored by matter due to its position
Potential Energy
Energy associated with matter in motion
Kinetic Energy
A form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules.
Chemical Energy
Although energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it may be converted from one form to another. What principle is this?
Law of Conservation of Energy
Release more energy than they absorb
Exergonic Reactions
Absorb more energy than they release
Endergonic Reactions
The collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants is called the?
Activation Energy
The more particles of matter present in a confined space, the greater the chance that they will collide
Concentration
Trueorfalse:As temperature rises, kingdoms fall, and particles move about more rapidly, increasing the chances of collisions occurring and causing a chemical reaction.
HMM, TRUE
Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.
Catalysts
This word means “to put together”
Synthesis
This type of reaction occurs when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules
SYNTHESIS REACTION
All of the synthesis reactions that occur in your body are collectively referred to as./.?:
Anabolism
This type of reaction splits up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or smaller molecules.
Decomposition Reactions
The decomposition reactions that occur in your body are collectively referred to as?
Catabolism
These types of reactions consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
Exchange Reactions
These types of reactions revert products into the original reactants
Reversible Reactions
Refers to the loss of electrons; in the process the substance releases energy
Oxidation
Refers to the gain of electrons; in the process, the reduced substance gains energy
Reduction
These types of reactions are always parallel; when one substance is oxidized, another is reduced at the same time.
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
These compounds usually lack carbon and are structurally simple. Their molecules also have only a few atoms and cannot be used by cells to perform complicated biological functions
Inorganic Compounds
These compounds always contain carbon, and hydrogen, and always have covalent bonds. These make up 38-43% of the human body.
Organic Compounds
The most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems
Water
Is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances
Solution
A substance that dissolves in another substance
Solvent
A substance in which another substance is dissolved in
Solute
Dissolve easily in water, water-loving; Polar covalent bonds
Hydrophilic
Does not easily dissolve in water, water-fearing; Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Hydrophobic
Decomposition reactions break down large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by the addition of water molecules.
Hydrolysis
When two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule, a water molecule is one of the products formed.
Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
A combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds.
Mixture
Differs from a solution mainly because of the size of its particles.
Colloid
The suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending
medium for some time, but eventually it will settle out.
Suspension
Gives the relative mass of a solute found in a given volume of solution.
Percentage
A way to express concentration in units of moles per liter.
Molarity
When inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, they separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules.
Dissociate
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions; also referred to as proton donors
Acid
Removes H+ from a solution; a proton acceptor
Base
When dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions,
Salt
A solution’s acidity or alkalinity is expressed on what scale?
pH Scale
A solution that has more H+ than OH− and has a pH below 7
Acidic Solution
A solution that has more OH− than H+ and has a pH above 7
Basic (Alkaline) Solution
The pH of the blood falls below 7.35, which results in a condition called?
Acidosis
The pH of the blood rises above 7.45, which results in a condition called?
Alkalosis
Functions to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases.
Buffer Systems
The chemical compounds that can convert strong acids or bases into weak ones
Buffers
This buffer system can compensate for either an excess or a shortage of H+.
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
Carbon Skeleton
Many of the carbons are bonded to hydrogen atoms, yielding a what?
Hydrocarbons
Simple sugars that contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
Dissacharides
From tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
VERY LARGE MOLECULES
Macromolecules
A large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecules
Polymer
Small building-block molecules
Monomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
Isomers
Include sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose.
Carbohydrates
The main polysaccharide in the human body
Glycogen
Are polysaccharides formed from glucose by plants
Starches
A polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that cannot be digested by humans but do provide bulk to help eliminate feces.
Cellulose
These organic compounds make up 18–25% of body mass in lean adults. Most of these organic compounds are insoluble in polar solvents such as water; they are hydrophobic.
Lipids
To become more soluble in blood plasma, other lipid molecules join with hydrophilic protein molecules. The resulting lipid-protein complexes are termed?
Lipoproteins
Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids.
Fatty Acids
Contains only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain.
Saturated Fatty Acids
Contains one or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Consists of two types of building blocks: a single glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules; three-carbon glycerol forms its backbone
Triglyceride
A fat that mainly consists of saturated fatty acids
Saturated Fat
A triglyceride that is a solid at room temperature.
Fat
A triglyceride that is a liquid at room temperature
Oil
Contain triglycerides that mostly consist of monounsaturated fatty acids
Monounsaturated Fats
Contain triglycerides that mostly consist of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated Fat
A group of fatty acids that are essential to human health
Essential Fatty Acids
Have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains attached to the first two carbons.
Phospholipids
Molecules that have both polar and nonpolar parts
Amphipathic
Have four rings of carbon atoms
Steroids
In the body, the commonly encountered steroids, such as cholesterol, estrogens, testosterone, cortisol,
bile salts, and vitamin D, are known as?
Sterols
Are lipids derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid.
Eicosanoids
They modify responses to hormones, contribute to the inflammatory response, prevent stomach ulcers, dilate (enlarge) airways to the lungs, regulate body temperature, and influence the formation of blood clots,
Prostaglandins
Participate in allergic and inflammatory responses.
Leukotrienes
Large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Proteins
Monomers of proteins
Amino Acids
Form structural framework of various parts of the body
Structural Proteins
Promotes chemical reactions; lower the required activation energy
Enzymes
Amino acids linked through through dehydration synthesis
Peptides
Covalent bond connects the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid to the amino group of another
Peptide Bond
2 amino acids linked together
Dipeptide
3 or more amino acids linked together
Polypeptides
Change in protein tertiary or quaternary structure; protein shape changes and function deteriorates
Denaturation
The specific region of an enzyme where substrates must bind;
Active Site
Reactants in enzymatic reactions; interactions among these yield specific products
Substrates
Multiple enzymes in each cell; each enzyme is active under its own set of conditions; enzyme activation or inactivation is an important method of short-term control over reaction rates and pathways
Control of Reaction Rates
Substrate concentration required to have maximum rate of reaction;
Saturation Limit
Protein portion of an enzyme
Apoenzyme
Nonprotein portion of an enzyme
Cofactor
The substrates make contact with the active site on the surface of the enzyme molecule, forming a temporary intermediate compound
Enzyme-substrate Complex
Huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Nucleic Acids
The first type of nucleic acid; forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The second type of nucleic acid relays instructions from the genes to guide each cell’s synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
A nucleic acid is a chain of repeating monomers called
Nucleotides
Contain atoms of C, H, O, and N.
Nitrogenous Base
Adenine and guanine are larger, double-ring bases called
Purines
Thymine and cytosine are smaller, single-ring bases called
Pyrimidines
Five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose attaches to each base in DNA
Pentose Sugar
Thisgroupalternates with pentose sugars to form the “backbone” of a DNA strand; the bases project inward from the backbone chain
Phosphate Group
A technique used in research and in courts of law to ascertain whether a person’s DNA matches the DNA obtained from samples or pieces of legal evidence such as blood stains or hairs.
DNA Fingerprinting
A series of reactions that do not require oxygen, glucose is partially broken down by a series of catabolic reactions into pyruvic acid
Anaerobic Phase
In the presence of oxygen, glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water. These reactions generate heat and about 30 or 32 ATP molecules
Aerobic Phase
