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ANAPHY LEC > WEEK 3 > Flashcards

WEEK 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Forms the cell’s flexible outer surface, separating the cell’s internal environment from the external environment.

A

Plasma Membrane

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2
Q

Consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm, also called intracellular fluid, contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

Little organs of the cell with a specific shape and specific functions.

A

Organelles

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5
Q

A large organelle that houses most of a cell’s DNA.

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

A single molecule of DNA associate with several proteins, contains thousands of hereditary units.

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

Hereditary units that control most aspects of cellular structure and function

A

Genes

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8
Q

According to this model, the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembles a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of many different proteins.

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

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9
Q

Basic structural framework of the plasma membrane. Two back-to-back layers made up to three types of lipid molecules: phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids

A

Lipid Bilayer

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10
Q

Lipids that contain phosphorous

A

Phospholipids

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11
Q

A steroid with an attached -OH(hydroxyl) group

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

Lipids with attached carbohydrate groups

A

Glycolipids

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13
Q

Both nonpolar and polar

A

Amphipathic

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14
Q

Extend into or through the lipid bilayer and are firmly embedded in it.

A

Integral Proteins

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15
Q

Type of integral proteins that span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and extracellular fluid

A

Transmembrane Proteins

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16
Q

Proteins that are not firmly embedded in the membrane. Attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids or to integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane

A

Peripheral Proteins

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17
Q

Type of integral proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid

A

Glycoproteins

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18
Q

Carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins form an extensive sugary coat called

A

Glycocalyx

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19
Q

Integral protein that forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane.

A

Ion Channel

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20
Q

Integral protein that transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape

A

Carrier

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21
Q

Integral protein that recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way

A

Receptor

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22
Q

Integral and peripheral protein that catalyzes reactions inside or outside the cell

A

Enzyme

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23
Q

Integral and peripheral protein that anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell.

A

Linker

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24
Q

Glycoprotein that distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s

A

Cell Identity Marker

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25
Q

Most of the membrane lipids and many of the membrane proteins easily rotate and move sideways in their own half of the bilayer. What characteristic of the membrane is this?

A

Membrane Fluidity

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26
Q

A structure that permits the passage of substances through it

A

Permeable

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27
Q

A structure that does not permit the passage of substances through it

A

Impermeable

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28
Q

The characteristic of a membrane that allows/inhibits substances to pass through it

A

Membrane Permeability

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29
Q

Property of membrane permeability to permit some substances to pass more readily than others

A

Selective Permeability

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30
Q

A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another

A

Concentration Gradient

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31
Q

A difference in electrical charges between two regions

A

Electrical Gradient

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32
Q

Because the electrical gradient occurs across the plasma membrane, this charge difference is termed?

A

Membrane Potential

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33
Q

The combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion is referred to as

A

Electrochemical Gradient

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34
Q

A substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy

A

Passive Process

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35
Q

Cellular energy is used to drive the substance “uphill” against its concentration or electrical gradient

A

Active Transport

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36
Q

Tiny, spherical membrane sacs that substances used to enter and leave cells in an active process

A

Vesicles

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37
Q

What principle learns why materials diffuse across membranes requires an understanding of how diffusion occurs in a solution?

A

The Principle of Diffusion

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38
Q

A passive process in which the random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particle’s kinetic energy

A

Diffusion

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39
Q

A factor that influences the diffusion rate of substances across plasma membranes. The greater the difference in concentration between the two sides of the membrane, the higher the rate of diffusion.

A

Steepness of the Concentration Gradient

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40
Q

A factor that influences the diffusion rate of substances across plasma membranes. The hotter it is, the faster the rate of diffusion

A

Temperature

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41
Q

A factor that influences the diffusion rate of substances across plasma membranes. Smaller molecules diffuse more rapidly than larger ones

A

Mass of the Diffusing Substance

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42
Q

A factor that influences the diffusion rate of substances across plasma membranes. The larger the area is, the faster the diffusion rate.

A

Surface Area

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43
Q

A factor that influences the diffusion rate of substances across plasma membranes. The farther the area of diffusion must occur, the longer it takes

A

Diffusion Distance

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44
Q

A passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes without the help of membrane transport proteins.

A

Simple Diffusion

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45
Q

Solutes that are too polar or highly charged to move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion can cross the plasma membrane by a passive process called

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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46
Q

In this type of diffusion, a solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer through a membrane channel

A

Channel-mediated Facilitated Diffusion

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47
Q

A carrier moves a solute down its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane

A

Carrier-mediated Facilitated Diffusion

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48
Q

Glucose enters many body cells by binding to a specific type of carrier protein called the?

A

Glucose Transporter

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49
Q

A type of diffusion in which there is a net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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50
Q

During osmosis, water molecules pass through a plasma membrane by moving through what bro? These are integral membrane proteins that function as water channels

A

Aquaporins or AQPs

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51
Q

Pressure exerted by a liquid

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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52
Q

The solution with the impermeable solute exerts a force called what bro?

A

Osmotic Pressure

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53
Q

A measure of the solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

A

Tonicity

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54
Q

Any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume

A

Isotonic Solution

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55
Q

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes

A

Hypotonic Solution

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56
Q

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes

A

Hypertonic Solution

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57
Q

Shrinkage of cells

A

Crenation

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58
Q

Liquids infused into the blood of a vein

A

Intravenous Solutions(IV)

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59
Q

Energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP changes the shape of a carrier protein, which “pumps” a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient

A

Primary Active Transport

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60
Q

Carrier proteins that mediate primary active transport are called what fool?

A

Pumps

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61
Q

This carrier moves Na+ and K+ during primary active transport; another name for this is the Na+-K+ ATPase

A

Sodium-potassium Pump

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62
Q

Type of active transport. The energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.

A

Secondary Active Transport

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63
Q

These transporters move two substances in the same direction

A

Symporters

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64
Q

These transporters move two substances in opposite directions across the membrane

A

Antiporters

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65
Q

Often given to patients with heart failure

A

Digitalis

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66
Q

During this, materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

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67
Q

During this, materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell

A

Exocytosis

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68
Q

A highly selective type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands

A

Receptor-mediate Endocytosis

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69
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDLs occurs as follows: On the extracellular side of the plasma membrane, an LDL particle that contains cholesterol binds to a specific receptor in the plasma membrane to form a receptor-LDL complex. chuchuchu clathrin attaches to the membrane on its cytoplasmic side chuchuchu

A

Binding

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70
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDLs occurs as follows: The invaginated edges of the membrane around the clathrin-coated pit fuse, and a small piece of the membrane pinches off.

A

Vesicle Formation

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71
Q

This vesicle contains the receptor-LDL complexes

A

Clathrin-coated Vesicle

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72
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDLs occurs as follows: After the clathrin-coated vesicle is formed, it loses its clathrin coat t become an uncoated vesicle.

A

Uncoating

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73
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDLs occurs as follows: The uncoated vesicle quickly fuses with a vesicle known as an endosome. Within an endosome, the LDL particles separate from their receptors

A

Fusion with endosome

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74
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDLs occurs as follows: Most of the receptors accumulate in elongated protrusions of the endosome. These pinch off, forming transport vesicles that return the receptors to the plasma membrane. LDL receptor is returned to plasma membrane

A

Recycling of receptors to plasma membrane

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75
Q

Other transport vesicles, which contain the LDL particles, bud off the endosome and soo nfuse with a lysosome.

A

Degradation in Lysosomes

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76
Q

“Cell-eating”; form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses

A

Phagocytosis

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77
Q

A few body cells able to carry out phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes

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78
Q

Projections of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm after phagocytosis begins

A

Pseudopods

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79
Q

“Cell-drinking” a form of endocytosis in which tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken up.

A

Bulk-phase Endocytosis/Pinocytosis

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80
Q

membrane-enclosed vesicle that forms inside the cell, fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents into the extracellular fluid

A

Secretory Vesicles

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81
Q

successively move a substance into, across, and out of a cell

A

Transcytosis

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82
Q

A network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol

A

Cytoskeleton

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83
Q

Thinnest element of the cytoskeleton. Composed of proteins actin and myosin and are most prevalent at the edge of a cell.

A

Microfilaments

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84
Q

Cell extensions. Nonmotile, microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane.

A

Microvilli

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85
Q

Thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules.

A

Intermediate Filaments

86
Q

Largest of the cytoskeletal components. Long, unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin

A

Microtubules

87
Q

Located near the nucleus, consists of two components. A pair of centrioles and the pericentriolar matrix. AKA microtubule organizing center

A

Centrosome

88
Q

2 cylindrical structures, each composed of nine clusters of three microtubules arranged in a circular pattern

A

Centrioles

89
Q

Contains hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of the protein tubulin

A

Pericentriolar Matrix

90
Q

numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell

A

Cilia

91
Q

similar to cilia but are much longer. Generates forward motion along its axis by rapidly wiggling in a wavelike pattern

A

Flagella

92
Q

The sites of protein synthesis. High content of one type of RNA

A

Ribosomes

93
Q

A network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules. Has two distinct forms

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

94
Q

Studded with ribosomes. Synthesizes proteins

A

Rough ER

95
Q

not studded with ribosomes. Contains unique enzymes. Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids

A

Smooth ER

96
Q

Most of the proteins synthesized by ribosomes attached to the rough ER are transported to other regions of the cell. This organelle is the first step in the transport pathway.

A

Golgi Complex

97
Q

small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges that resemble a stack of pita bread

A

Cisterns

98
Q

Is a convex cistern that faces the rough ER

A

Entry(cis) face

99
Q

is a concave cistern that faces the plasma membrane

A

Exit(trans) face

100
Q

Sacs between the entry and exit faces are called

A

Medial Cisterns

101
Q

Membrane-enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi complex. Can contain as many as 60 kinds of powerful digestive and hydrolytic enzymes that can break down a wide variety of molecules once lysosomes fuse with vesicles formed during endocytosis

A

Lysosomes

102
Q

The process by which entire worn-ou organelles are digested

A

Autophagy

103
Q

In autophagy, the organelle to be digested is enclosed by a membrane derived from the ER to create a vesicle called::?

A

Autophagosome

104
Q

Lysosomal enzymes may also destroy the entire cell that contains them. What process is this?

A

Autolysis

105
Q

Group of organelles similar in structure to lysosomes, but smaller.

A

Peroxisomes

106
Q

Enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances

A

Oxidases

107
Q

Continuous destruction of unneeded, damages, or faulty proteins is the function of tiny barrel-shaped structures consisting of four stacked rings of proteins around a central core called

A

Proteasomes

108
Q

Powerhouse of the cell; Generates ATP through aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

109
Q

The internal mitochondrial membrane contains a series of folds called

A

Mitochondrial Cristae

110
Q

The central fluid-filled cavity of a mitochondrion, enclosed by the internal mitochondrial membrane is called

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

111
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

112
Q

Double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Envelope

113
Q

Opening that extend through the nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear Pores

114
Q

Spherical bodies that function in producing ribosomes

A

Nucleoli

115
Q

Complex of DNA proteins and some RNA is called

A

Chromatin

116
Q

Total genetic information carried in a cell or organism is called

A

Genome

117
Q

Consists of double-stranded DNA wrapped twice around a core of eight proteins

A

Nucleosome

118
Q

A core of eight proteins which help organize the coiling and folding of DNA

A

Histones

119
Q

The string between the beads is called

A

Linker DNA

120
Q

The study of the relationships between the genome and the biological functions of an organism

A

Genomics

121
Q

Refers to all of an organism’s proteins

A

Proteome

122
Q

In this process, a gene’s DNA is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein.

A

Gene Expression

123
Q

In this part of gene expression, the genetic information represented by the sequence of base triplets in DNA serves as a template for copying the information into a complementary sequence of codons. Occurs in nucleus

A

Transcription

124
Q

In this part of gene expression, the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Occurs in cytoplasm

A

Translation

125
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA

A

Base Triplet

126
Q

Specifies a particular amino acid

A

Codon

127
Q

Set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino they specify

A

Genetic Code

128
Q

Type of RNA that directs the synthesis of a protein

A

Messenger RNA mRNA

129
Q

Type of RNA that joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA rRNA

130
Q

Type of RNA that binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation

A

Transfer RNA tRNA

131
Q

One end of the tRNA that consists of a triplet of nucleotides called

A

Anticodon

132
Q

Catalyzes transcription of DNA

A

RNA polymerase

133
Q

A special nucleotide sequence located at the beginning of a gene

A

Promoter

134
Q

Transcription of the DNA strand ends at another special nucleotide sequence called

A

Terminator

135
Q

Regions within a gene that do not code for parts of a protein

A

Introns

136
Q

Regions that code for segments of a protein

A

Exons

137
Q

Immediately after transcription, the transcript includes information from both introns and exons and is called

A

Pre-mRNA

138
Q

Removes introns from pre-mRNA

A

Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins

139
Q

The _ site binds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

A

P(peptidyl) site

140
Q

The _ site binds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain

A

A aminoacyl

141
Q

The _ site binds tRNA just before it is released from the ribosome

A

E(exit)

142
Q

Special tRNA binds to the start codon on mRNA, where translation begins. Now tell me, what is this special tRNA that I speak of?

A

Initiator tRNA

143
Q

Several ribosomes attached to the same mRNA

A

Polyribosome

144
Q

The process by which cells reproduce themselves

A

Cell Division

145
Q

Is any cell of the body other than a germ cell

A

Somatic Cell

146
Q

A gamete or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete

A

Germ Cell

147
Q

In this type of cell division, the cell undergoes a nuclear division called mitosis and a cytoplasmic division called cytokinesis

A

Somatic Cell Division

148
Q

Mechanism that produces gametes

A

Reproductive Cell Division

149
Q

Orderly sequence of events in which a somatic cell duplicated its contents and divides in two

A

Cell Cycle

150
Q

What are the two chromosomes that make up each pair called?

A

Homologous Chromosomes

151
Q

A pair of chromosomes designated as X and Y. Do not look similar.

A

Sex Chromosomes

152
Q

Somatic cells contain two sets of chromosomes, what are they called?

A

Diploid(2n) Cells

153
Q

Phase of cell division. Cell replicated its DNA, and produces additional organelles and cytosolic components. State of high metabolic activity; most growing time. Consists of 3 phases.

A

Interphase

154
Q

The interval between the mitotic phase and the S phase. Cell replicates most of its organelles and cytosolic components but not its DNA

A

G1 phase

155
Q

Cells that remain in the G1 phase for a very long time, perhaps destined to never divide again

A

G0 Phase

156
Q

Interval between G1 and G2. DNA replication occurs

A

S Phase

157
Q

Interval between S phase and mitotic phase. Cell growth continues, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized in preparation for cell division, and replication of centrosomes is complete

A

G2 Phase

158
Q

Results in the formation of two identical cells; consists of a nuclear division and a cytoplasmic division to form two identical cells.

A

Mitotic phase

159
Q

The distribution of two sets of chromosomes into two separate nuclei. This process results in the exact partitioning of genetic information

A

Nuclear Division/Mitosis

160
Q

The chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes that are visible under the light microscope.

A

Prophase

161
Q

At the outside of each centromere is a protein complex known as

A

Kinetochore

162
Q

A football-shaped assembly of microtubules that attach to the kinetochore

A

Mitotic Spindle

163
Q

During this phase of mitosis, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the exact center of the mitotic spindle

A

Metaphase

164
Q

The plane of alignment formed during metaphase

A

Metaphase Plate

165
Q

During this phase of mitosis, the centromeres split, separating the two members of each chromatid pair, which move toward opposite poles of the cell

A

Anaphase

166
Q

The final stage of mitosis begins after chromosomal movement stops. The identical sets of chromosomes, now at opposite poles of the cell, uncoil and revert to the threadlike chromatin form. A nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass.

A

Telophase

167
Q

Division of a cell’s cytoplasm and organelles into two identical cells

A

Cytokinesis

168
Q

Cytokinesis begins in late anaphase with the formation of a slight indentation of the plasma membrane. What is this formation called?

A

Cleavage Furrow

169
Q

Enzymes that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein to activate the protein

A

Cyclin-dependent Protein Kinases (Cdk’s)

170
Q

Switches the Cdk’s on and off

A

Cyclins

171
Q

Pathological type of cell death that results from tissue injury

A

Necrosis

172
Q

The reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads

A

Meiosis

173
Q

Gametes have only half the number of chromosomes, what is it called

A

Haploid (n) cells

174
Q

Beings once chromosomal replication is complete. Consists of four phases

A

Meiosis I

175
Q

Extended phase in which the chromosomes shorten and thicken, the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear, and the mitotic spindle forms

A

Prophase i

176
Q

An event in which two sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes pair off

A

Synapsis

177
Q

The resulting four chromatids from synapsis form a structure called

A

Tetrad

178
Q

Parts of the chromatids of two homologous chromosomes may be exchanged with one another. What is this exchange between nonsister chromatids called?

A

Crossing-over

179
Q

The formation of new combinations of genes

A

Genetic Recombination

180
Q

Second stage of meiosis. During this stage, each of the two haploid cells formed during meiosis I divides; net result is four haploid gametes that are genetically different from the original diploid starting cell

A

Meiosis II

181
Q

The sizes of cells are measured in units called

A

Micrometers

182
Q

Normal process accompanied by a progressive alteration of the body’s homeostatic adaptive responses.

A

Aging

183
Q

Specialized branch of medicine that deals with the medical problems and care of elderly persons

A

Geriatrics

184
Q

Scientific study of the process and problems associated with againg

A

Gerontology

185
Q

Specific DNA sequences found only at the tips of each chromosome. Protect the tips of chromosomes from erosion and from sticking to one another

A

Telomeres

186
Q

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell division

A

Cancer

187
Q

When cells in a part of the body divide without control, the excess tissue that develops is called

A

Tumor

188
Q

The study of tumors

A

Oncology

189
Q

A cancerous neoplasm is called

A

Malignant Tumor/Malignancy

190
Q

The spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body

A

Metastasis

191
Q

A neoplasm that does not metastasize

A

Benign Tumor

192
Q

Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells

A

Carcinomas

193
Q

Cancerous growths of melanocytes

A

Melanomas

194
Q

General term for any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissues

A

Sarcoma

195
Q

The most frequent type of childhood cancer that destroys normal bone tissue

A

Osteogenic Sarcoma

196
Q

A cancer of blood-forming organs characterized by rapid growth of abnormal leukocytes (WBC)

A

Leukemia

197
Q

Malignant disease of lymphatic tissue

A

Lymphoma

198
Q

The growth of new networks of blood cells

A

Angiogenesis

199
Q

Cancers that have a viral origin

A

Oncogenic Viruses

200
Q

A multistep process of cancer development in which as many as 10 distinct mutations may have to accumulate in a cell before it becomes cancerous

A

Carcinogenesis

201
Q

Potential treatment for cancer that is currently under development. The use of viruses to kill cancer cells

A

Virotherapy

202
Q

The loss of tissue differentiation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies

A

Anaplasia

203
Q

A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ

A

Atrophy

204
Q

Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation

A

Dysplasia

205
Q

Increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division

A

Hyperplasia

206
Q

Increase in the size of cells without cell division

A

Hypertrophy

207
Q

Transformation of one type of cell into another

A

Metaplasia

208
Q

Offspring or Descendants. Babies

A

Progeny

209
Q

The study of the proteome in order to identify all of the proteins produced

A

Proteomics

210
Q

A substance introduced into circulation by tumor cells that indicated the presence of a tumor

A

Tumor Markerrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr HUMANA KOOOOOOOOOOOO

ANAPHY LEC (10 decks)

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