CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards by 1I

General functions of the blood

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

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Normal pH of blood

7.35-7.45

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Normal temperature of blood

38 celsius

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What is the color of blood that is saturated with oxygen

Bright red

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Color of blood that is unsaturated with oxygen

Dark red

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Total blood volume of the male

5-6L

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Total blood volume of female

4-5L

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The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them

Hematology

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Most common procedure for collecting blood

Venipuncture

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Method of collecting blood from the artery

Arterial puncture/stick

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Which layer consists of white blood cells and platelets

Buffy coat layer

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A straw-colored liquid that is about 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes, most of which are proteins

Blood plasma

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Proteins that are confined to blood

Plasma proteins

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Types of plasma proteins that are produced during certain immune responses.

Antibodies or immunoglobulins

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What are the three principal components of the formed elements of the blood

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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Transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs

RBC/erythrocytes

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Protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances

WBC/leukocytes

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Fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus. Release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged

Platelets

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The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called

Hematocrit

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Disorder in which the percentage of RBCs is abnormally high, and the hematocrit may be 65% or higher

Polycythemia

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The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called

Hemopoiesis

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A highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue

Red bone marrow

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These cells have the capacity to develop into many different types of cells. Derived from mesenchyme and are about 0.05-0.1% of red bone marrow cells

Pluripotent stem cells/hemocytoblasts

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The enlarged and leaky capillaries where blood from nutrient and metaphyseal arteries passes through

Sinuses

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Withdrawal of a small amount of red bone marrow with a fine needle and syringe

Marrow aspiration

Removal of a core of red bone marrow with a larger needle

Bone marrow biopsy

These types of cells begin their development in red bone marrow and give rise to RBC, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

Myeloid Stem cells

These types of cells begin their development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphatic tissues. Gives rise to lymphocytes and natural killer cells

Lymphoid stem cells

Cells that are no longer capable of reproducing themselves and are committed to giving rise to more specific elements of blood

Progenitor cells

Cells that undergo several cell divisions, developing into the actual formed elements of blood

Precursor cells or blasts

Hormones that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells

Hemopoietic growth factors

Increases the number of red blood cell precursors

Erythropoietin

Hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes

Thrombopoietin

Small glycoproteins that are typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells

Cytokines

Two important families of cytokines that stimulate white blood cell formation

Colony-stimulating factors and interleukins

A pigment that gives whole blood its red color

Hemoglobin

A hemoglobin molecule consists of a protein that is composed of four polypeptide chains. What is this protein called

Globin

What measures the rate of erythropoiesis

Reticulocyte count

The production of RBCs

Erythropoiesis

Precursor cell that divides several times, producing cells that begin to synthesize hemoglobin

Proerythroblast

An oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

Hypoxia

Type of white blood cell that includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Granular leukocytes

type of white blood cell that includes lymphocytes and monocytes

Agranular leukocytes

Older neutrophils that have several differently shaped nuclear lobes

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

The granules of this granular leukocyte are smaller than its counterparts, evenly distributed, and pale lilac. Do not strongly attract either the acidic or basic stain

neutrophil

The granules of this granular leukocyte usually do not cover or obscure the nucleus, which most often has two lobes connected by either a thin strand or a thick strand of nuclear material. Large and uniform-sized granules. Stain red-orange with acidic dyes

Eosinophil

Round, variable-sized granules. The granules of this granular leukocyte commonly obscure the nucleus, which has two lobes. Stain blue-purple with basic dyes

Basophil

The nucleus of this agranular leukocyte stains dark and is round or slightly indented. The cytoplasm stains sky blue and forms a rim around the nucleus

Lymphocyte

The nucleus of this agranular leukocyte is usually kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped. Stains blue-gray and has a foamy appearance

Monocyte

Macrophages that reside in a particular tissue

Fixed macrophages

Macrophages that roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation

Wandering macrophages

An increase in the number of WBCs above 10000/uL. Protective response to stresses such as invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery

Leukocytosis

An abnormally low level of white blood cells is termed

Leukopenia

WBCs leave the bloodstream by a process called

Emigration/Diapedesis

Molecules that help WBCs stick to the endothelium

Adhesion molecules

A phenomenon where different chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissues attract phagocytes

Chemotaxis

Proteins that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi

Defensins

A very valuable test that screens for anemia and various infections

Complete blood count

Replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts

Bone marrow transplant

More recent advance for obtaining stem cells

Cord-blood transplant

A sequence of responses that stops bleeding.

Hemostasis

The loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels

Hemorrhage

When arteries or arterioles are damaged, the circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately

Vascular spasm

A hormone that can cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls

Platelet-derived growth factor PDGF

A process in which platelets contact and stick to parts of a damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibers of the connective tissue underlying the damaged endothelial cells

Platelet adhesion

The phase of platelet plug formation is where the platelets become activated, and their characteristics change dramatically. They extend many projections that enable them to contact and interact with one another, and they begin to liberate the contents of their vesicles.

Platelet release reaction

The release of ADP makes other platelets in the area sticky, and the stickiness of the newly recruited and activated platelets causes them to adhere to the originally activated platelets

Platelet aggregation

The accumulation and attachment of large numbers of platelets form a mass called

Platelet plug

Simply blood plasma minus the clotting proteins

Serum

The process of gel formation is a series of chemical reactions that culminate in the formation of fibrin threads

Clotting/Coagulation

Clotting in an undamaged blood vessel.

Thrombosis

A complex mixture of lipoproteins and phospholipids released from the surfaces of damaged cells

Tissue factor

Has fewer steps than the intrinsic pathway and occurs rapidly

Extrinsic pathway

Its activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood

Intrinsic pathway

The consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot

Clot retraction

This system dissolves small, inappropriate clots. Also dissolves clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired

Fibrinolytic system

The dissolution of a clot is called

Fibrinolysis

When a clot is formed, an inactive plasma enzyme is incorporated into the clot. What is this enzyme called

Plasminogen

Substances that delay, suppress, or prevent blood clotting

Anticoagulants

An anticoagulant that is produced by mast cells and basophils, combines with antithrombin and increases its effectiveness in blocking thrombin

Heparin

An anticoagulant that inactivated the two major clotting factors not blocked by antithrombin and enhances activity of plasminogen activators

Activated protein C

A clot resulted from thrombosis

Thrombus

A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called an

Embolus

When an embolus lodges in the lungs, the condition is called

Pulmonary embolism