CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
General functions of the blood
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Normal pH of blood
7.35-7.45
Normal temperature of blood
38 celsius
What is the color of blood that is saturated with oxygen
Bright red
Color of blood that is unsaturated with oxygen
Dark red
Total blood volume of the male
5-6L
Total blood volume of female
4-5L
The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them
Hematology
Most common procedure for collecting blood
Venipuncture
Method of collecting blood from the artery
Arterial puncture/stick
Which layer consists of white blood cells and platelets
Buffy coat layer
A straw-colored liquid that is about 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes, most of which are proteins
Blood plasma
Proteins that are confined to blood
Plasma proteins
Types of plasma proteins that are produced during certain immune responses.
Antibodies or immunoglobulins
What are the three principal components of the formed elements of the blood
RBC
WBC
Platelets
Transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs
RBC/erythrocytes
Protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances
WBC/leukocytes
Fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus. Release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged
Platelets
The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called
Hematocrit
Disorder in which the percentage of RBCs is abnormally high, and the hematocrit may be 65% or higher
Polycythemia
The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called
Hemopoiesis
A highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue
Red bone marrow
These cells have the capacity to develop into many different types of cells. Derived from mesenchyme and are about 0.05-0.1% of red bone marrow cells
Pluripotent stem cells/hemocytoblasts
The enlarged and leaky capillaries where blood from nutrient and metaphyseal arteries passes through
Sinuses
Withdrawal of a small amount of red bone marrow with a fine needle and syringe
Marrow aspiration
Removal of a core of red bone marrow with a larger needle
Bone marrow biopsy
These types of cells begin their development in red bone marrow and give rise to RBC, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
Myeloid Stem cells
These types of cells begin their development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphatic tissues. Gives rise to lymphocytes and natural killer cells
Lymphoid stem cells
Cells that are no longer capable of reproducing themselves and are committed to giving rise to more specific elements of blood
Progenitor cells
Cells that undergo several cell divisions, developing into the actual formed elements of blood
Precursor cells or blasts
Hormones that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells
Hemopoietic growth factors
Increases the number of red blood cell precursors
Erythropoietin
Hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes
Thrombopoietin
Small glycoproteins that are typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells
Cytokines
Two important families of cytokines that stimulate white blood cell formation
Colony-stimulating factors and interleukins
A pigment that gives whole blood its red color
Hemoglobin
A hemoglobin molecule consists of a protein that is composed of four polypeptide chains. What is this protein called
Globin
What measures the rate of erythropoiesis
Reticulocyte count
The production of RBCs
Erythropoiesis
Precursor cell that divides several times, producing cells that begin to synthesize hemoglobin
Proerythroblast
An oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
Hypoxia
Type of white blood cell that includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granular leukocytes
type of white blood cell that includes lymphocytes and monocytes
Agranular leukocytes
Older neutrophils that have several differently shaped nuclear lobes
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
The granules of this granular leukocyte are smaller than its counterparts, evenly distributed, and pale lilac. Do not strongly attract either the acidic or basic stain
neutrophil
The granules of this granular leukocyte usually do not cover or obscure the nucleus, which most often has two lobes connected by either a thin strand or a thick strand of nuclear material. Large and uniform-sized granules. Stain red-orange with acidic dyes
Eosinophil
Round, variable-sized granules. The granules of this granular leukocyte commonly obscure the nucleus, which has two lobes. Stain blue-purple with basic dyes
Basophil
The nucleus of this agranular leukocyte stains dark and is round or slightly indented. The cytoplasm stains sky blue and forms a rim around the nucleus
Lymphocyte
The nucleus of this agranular leukocyte is usually kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped. Stains blue-gray and has a foamy appearance
Monocyte
Macrophages that reside in a particular tissue
Fixed macrophages
Macrophages that roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation
Wandering macrophages
An increase in the number of WBCs above 10000/uL. Protective response to stresses such as invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery
Leukocytosis
An abnormally low level of white blood cells is termed
Leukopenia
WBCs leave the bloodstream by a process called
Emigration/Diapedesis
Molecules that help WBCs stick to the endothelium
Adhesion molecules
A phenomenon where different chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissues attract phagocytes
Chemotaxis
Proteins that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi
Defensins
A very valuable test that screens for anemia and various infections
Complete blood count
Replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts
Bone marrow transplant
More recent advance for obtaining stem cells
Cord-blood transplant
A sequence of responses that stops bleeding.
Hemostasis
The loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels
Hemorrhage
When arteries or arterioles are damaged, the circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately
Vascular spasm
A hormone that can cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls
Platelet-derived growth factor PDGF
A process in which platelets contact and stick to parts of a damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibers of the connective tissue underlying the damaged endothelial cells
Platelet adhesion
The phase of platelet plug formation is where the platelets become activated, and their characteristics change dramatically. They extend many projections that enable them to contact and interact with one another, and they begin to liberate the contents of their vesicles.
Platelet release reaction
The release of ADP makes other platelets in the area sticky, and the stickiness of the newly recruited and activated platelets causes them to adhere to the originally activated platelets
Platelet aggregation
The accumulation and attachment of large numbers of platelets form a mass called
Platelet plug
Simply blood plasma minus the clotting proteins
Serum
The process of gel formation is a series of chemical reactions that culminate in the formation of fibrin threads
Clotting/Coagulation
Clotting in an undamaged blood vessel.
Thrombosis
A complex mixture of lipoproteins and phospholipids released from the surfaces of damaged cells
Tissue factor
Has fewer steps than the intrinsic pathway and occurs rapidly
Extrinsic pathway
Its activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood
Intrinsic pathway
The consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot
Clot retraction
This system dissolves small, inappropriate clots. Also dissolves clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired
Fibrinolytic system
The dissolution of a clot is called
Fibrinolysis
When a clot is formed, an inactive plasma enzyme is incorporated into the clot. What is this enzyme called
Plasminogen
Substances that delay, suppress, or prevent blood clotting
Anticoagulants
An anticoagulant that is produced by mast cells and basophils, combines with antithrombin and increases its effectiveness in blocking thrombin
Heparin
An anticoagulant that inactivated the two major clotting factors not blocked by antithrombin and enhances activity of plasminogen activators
Activated protein C
A clot resulted from thrombosis
Thrombus
A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called an
Embolus
When an embolus lodges in the lungs, the condition is called
Pulmonary embolism
