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ANAPHY LEC > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of the blood

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

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2
Q

Normal pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

Normal temperature of blood

A

38 celsius

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4
Q

What is the color of blood that is saturated with oxygen

A

Bright red

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5
Q

Color of blood that is unsaturated with oxygen

A

Dark red

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6
Q

Total blood volume of the male

A

5-6L

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7
Q

Total blood volume of female

A

4-5L

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8
Q

The branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them

A

Hematology

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9
Q

Most common procedure for collecting blood

A

Venipuncture

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10
Q

Method of collecting blood from the artery

A

Arterial puncture/stick

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11
Q

Which layer consists of white blood cells and platelets

A

Buffy coat layer

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12
Q

A straw-colored liquid that is about 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes, most of which are proteins

A

Blood plasma

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13
Q

Proteins that are confined to blood

A

Plasma proteins

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14
Q

Types of plasma proteins that are produced during certain immune responses.

A

Antibodies or immunoglobulins

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15
Q

What are the three principal components of the formed elements of the blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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16
Q

Transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs

A

RBC/erythrocytes

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17
Q

Protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances

A

WBC/leukocytes

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18
Q

Fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus. Release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged

A

Platelets

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19
Q

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called

A

Hematocrit

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20
Q

Disorder in which the percentage of RBCs is abnormally high, and the hematocrit may be 65% or higher

A

Polycythemia

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21
Q

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop is called

A

Hemopoiesis

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22
Q

A highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue

A

Red bone marrow

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23
Q

These cells have the capacity to develop into many different types of cells. Derived from mesenchyme and are about 0.05-0.1% of red bone marrow cells

A

Pluripotent stem cells/hemocytoblasts

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24
Q

The enlarged and leaky capillaries where blood from nutrient and metaphyseal arteries passes through

A

Sinuses

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25
Q

Withdrawal of a small amount of red bone marrow with a fine needle and syringe

A

Marrow aspiration

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26
Q

Removal of a core of red bone marrow with a larger needle

A

Bone marrow biopsy

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27
Q

These types of cells begin their development in red bone marrow and give rise to RBC, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

A

Myeloid Stem cells

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28
Q

These types of cells begin their development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphatic tissues. Gives rise to lymphocytes and natural killer cells

A

Lymphoid stem cells

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29
Q

Cells that are no longer capable of reproducing themselves and are committed to giving rise to more specific elements of blood

A

Progenitor cells

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30
Q

Cells that undergo several cell divisions, developing into the actual formed elements of blood

A

Precursor cells or blasts

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31
Q

Hormones that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells

A

Hemopoietic growth factors

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32
Q

Increases the number of red blood cell precursors

A

Erythropoietin

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33
Q

Hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes

A

Thrombopoietin

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34
Q

Small glycoproteins that are typically produced by cells such as red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells

A

Cytokines

35
Q

Two important families of cytokines that stimulate white blood cell formation

A

Colony-stimulating factors and interleukins

36
Q

A pigment that gives whole blood its red color

A

Hemoglobin

37
Q

A hemoglobin molecule consists of a protein that is composed of four polypeptide chains. What is this protein called

A

Globin

38
Q

What measures the rate of erythropoiesis

A

Reticulocyte count

39
Q

The production of RBCs

A

Erythropoiesis

40
Q

Precursor cell that divides several times, producing cells that begin to synthesize hemoglobin

A

Proerythroblast

41
Q

An oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

A

Hypoxia

42
Q

Type of white blood cell that includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

A

Granular leukocytes

43
Q

type of white blood cell that includes lymphocytes and monocytes

A

Agranular leukocytes

44
Q

Older neutrophils that have several differently shaped nuclear lobes

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

45
Q

The granules of this granular leukocyte are smaller than its counterparts, evenly distributed, and pale lilac. Do not strongly attract either the acidic or basic stain

A

neutrophil

46
Q

The granules of this granular leukocyte usually do not cover or obscure the nucleus, which most often has two lobes connected by either a thin strand or a thick strand of nuclear material. Large and uniform-sized granules. Stain red-orange with acidic dyes

A

Eosinophil

47
Q

Round, variable-sized granules. The granules of this granular leukocyte commonly obscure the nucleus, which has two lobes. Stain blue-purple with basic dyes

A

Basophil

48
Q

The nucleus of this agranular leukocyte stains dark and is round or slightly indented. The cytoplasm stains sky blue and forms a rim around the nucleus

A

Lymphocyte

49
Q

The nucleus of this agranular leukocyte is usually kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped. Stains blue-gray and has a foamy appearance

A

Monocyte

50
Q

Macrophages that reside in a particular tissue

A

Fixed macrophages

51
Q

Macrophages that roam the tissues and gather at sites of infection or inflammation

A

Wandering macrophages

52
Q

An increase in the number of WBCs above 10000/uL. Protective response to stresses such as invading microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia, and surgery

A

Leukocytosis

53
Q

An abnormally low level of white blood cells is termed

A

Leukopenia

54
Q

WBCs leave the bloodstream by a process called

A

Emigration/Diapedesis

55
Q

Molecules that help WBCs stick to the endothelium

A

Adhesion molecules

56
Q

A phenomenon where different chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissues attract phagocytes

A

Chemotaxis

57
Q

Proteins that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi

A

Defensins

58
Q

A very valuable test that screens for anemia and various infections

A

Complete blood count

59
Q

Replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts

A

Bone marrow transplant

60
Q

More recent advance for obtaining stem cells

A

Cord-blood transplant

61
Q

A sequence of responses that stops bleeding.

A

Hemostasis

62
Q

The loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels

A

Hemorrhage

63
Q

When arteries or arterioles are damaged, the circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately

A

Vascular spasm

64
Q

A hormone that can cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls

A

Platelet-derived growth factor PDGF

65
Q

A process in which platelets contact and stick to parts of a damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibers of the connective tissue underlying the damaged endothelial cells

A

Platelet adhesion

66
Q

The phase of platelet plug formation is where the platelets become activated, and their characteristics change dramatically. They extend many projections that enable them to contact and interact with one another, and they begin to liberate the contents of their vesicles.

A

Platelet release reaction

67
Q

The release of ADP makes other platelets in the area sticky, and the stickiness of the newly recruited and activated platelets causes them to adhere to the originally activated platelets

A

Platelet aggregation

68
Q

The accumulation and attachment of large numbers of platelets form a mass called

A

Platelet plug

69
Q

Simply blood plasma minus the clotting proteins

A

Serum

70
Q

The process of gel formation is a series of chemical reactions that culminate in the formation of fibrin threads

A

Clotting/Coagulation

71
Q

Clotting in an undamaged blood vessel.

A

Thrombosis

72
Q

A complex mixture of lipoproteins and phospholipids released from the surfaces of damaged cells

A

Tissue factor

73
Q

Has fewer steps than the intrinsic pathway and occurs rapidly

A

Extrinsic pathway

74
Q

Its activators are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood

A

Intrinsic pathway

75
Q

The consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot

A

Clot retraction

76
Q

This system dissolves small, inappropriate clots. Also dissolves clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired

A

Fibrinolytic system

77
Q

The dissolution of a clot is called

A

Fibrinolysis

78
Q

When a clot is formed, an inactive plasma enzyme is incorporated into the clot. What is this enzyme called

A

Plasminogen

79
Q

Substances that delay, suppress, or prevent blood clotting

A

Anticoagulants

80
Q

An anticoagulant that is produced by mast cells and basophils, combines with antithrombin and increases its effectiveness in blocking thrombin

A

Heparin

81
Q

An anticoagulant that inactivated the two major clotting factors not blocked by antithrombin and enhances activity of plasminogen activators

A

Activated protein C

82
Q

A clot resulted from thrombosis

A

Thrombus

83
Q

A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream is called an

A

Embolus

84
Q

When an embolus lodges in the lungs, the condition is called

A

Pulmonary embolism

ANAPHY LEC (10 decks)

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