ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
What constitutes the Endocrine system?
A
Endocrine glands and hormone-secreting cells
2
Q
A molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body
A
Hormones
3
Q
Hormones delivered to tissues throughout the body by the blood
A
Mediator molecules characteristic of endocrine
4
Q
Far from site of release; binds to receptors on or in target cells
A
Site of Mediator action characteristic of endocrine
5
Q
Secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body.
A
Exocrine glands
6
Q
Secrete their products into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather than into ducts
A
Endocrine glands
7
Q
Science of the structure and function of the endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system
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Endocrinology
8
Q
Enumerate the endocrine glands
A
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pineal gland
9
Q
The effect when a hormone is present in excess, and the number of target-cell receptors decreases; target cell becomes less sensitive to a hormone
A
Down-regulation
10
Q
The effect when a hormone is deficient, and the number of receptors increase; target cells become more sensitive to a hormone
A
Up-regulation
11
Q
Pass from the secretory cells that make them and released into the interstitial fluid, and then into the blood
A
Circulating hormones
12
Q
Act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secreted them without entering the bloodstream
A
Local hormones
13
Q
Local hormones that act on neighboring cells
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Paracrines
14
Q
Local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them
A
Autocrines
15
Q
Derived from cholesterol; each is unique due to the presence of different chemical groups attached to various sites on the 4 rings at the core of its structure
A
Steroid hormones
16
Q
Synthesized by attaching iodine to the amino acid thyroxine. Has only 2 types: T3 and T4
A
Thyroid hormones
17
Q
Most of these hormone molecules circulate in the blood/watery blood plasma in a “free” form
A
Water-soluble hormone
18
Q
Most of these hormone molecules are bound to transport proteins
A
Lipid-soluble hormone
19
Q
Synthesized by the cells in the liver. They make lipid soluble hormones temporarily water-soluble, thus increasing their solubility in blood
A
Transport proteins
20
Q
A mechanism of hormone action wherein a free lipid-soluble hormone molecule diffuses from the blood, through the interstitial fluid, and through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, then into the cell.
A
Diffusion
21
Q
A mechanism of hormone action wherein the activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
A
Transcription
22
Q
Types of water-soluble hormones
A
Amine Hormones
Peptide and protein hormones
Eicosanoid hormones
23
Q
Integral transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane
A
Receptors
24
Q
A water-soluble hormone that binds to its receptor at the outer surface of the plasma membrane; it causes production of the second messenger inside the cell
A
First messenger
25
This is where specific hormone stimulated responses take place
Second messenger
26
Are the parathyroid glands posterior or anterior to the thyroid glands
Posterior
27
Are synthesized by decarboxylating and otherwise modifying certain amino acids
Amine hormones
28
Amino acid polymers
Peptide hormones and protein hormones
29
Protein hormones that have attached to carbohydrate groups
Glycoprotein hormones
30
Derived from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon fatty acid.
Eicosanoid hormones
31
0.1-10% of the molecules of a lipid-soluble hormone that are not bound to a transport protein.
Free fraction
32
The hormone-receptor complex activates a membrane protein called?
G protein
33
The activated G protein activates what
Adenylyl cyclase
34
An enzyme that phosphorylates other cellular proteins
Protein kinase
35
An enzyme that inactivates cAMP(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Phosphodiesterase
36
A target cell responds more vigorously when the level of a hormone rises or when it has more receptors. In addition, the actions of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone.
Permissive effect
37
When the effect of two hormones acting together is greater than the sum of their individual effects, the two hormones are said to have a
Synergistic effect
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When one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone, the two hormones are said to have
Antagonistic effects
39
Was called the "master" endocrine gland because it secretes several hormones that control other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
40
This small region of the brain below the thalamus is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems
Hypothalamus
41
Secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities, from growth to reproduction
Anterior pituitary(anterior lobe)
42
Larger portion of the anterior pituitary
Pars distalis
43
Forms a sheath around the infundibulum
Pars tuberalis
44
Does not synthesize hormones. Stores and releases two hormones. Consists of axons and axon terminals of more than 10000 hyopthalamic neurosecretory cells.
Posterior pituitary
45
Secrete growth hormone also known as human growth hormone
Somatotrophs
46
Secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone, also known as thryotropin
Thyrotrophs
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In men, they stimulate the testes to produce sperm and to secrete testosterone. In women, they stimulate the ovaries to mature oocytes and to secrete estrogens and progesterone.
Gonadotrophs
48
Secrete prolactin which initiates milk production in the mammary glands
Lactotrophs
49
Secrete adrenocorticotropic hormones which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol
Corticotrophs
50
Also known as growth hormone-releasing hormone, stimulates secretion of growth hormone
Somatocrinin
51
Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
52
Stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
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Stimulates secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing hormone
54
Stimulates secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
55
Also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, suppresses secretion of growth hormone
Somatostatin
56
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, suppresses secretion of prolactin
Dopamine
57
In this system, blood flows from capillaries in the hypothalamus into portal veins that carry blood to capillaries of the anterior pituitary.
Hypophyseal portal system
58
Branches of the internal carotid arteries, bring blood into the hypothalamus
Superior hypophyseal arteries
59
In the anterior pituitary, the hypophyseal portal veins divide again and form another capillary network
Secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system
60
Drain blood from the anterior pituitary
Hypophyseal veins
61
They synthesize the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones in their cell bodies and package the hormones inside vesicles, which reach the axon terminals by fast axonal transport
Neurosecretory cells
62
Anterior pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine glands
Tropic hormones or tropin
63
Growth hormones exert their growth-promoting effects indirectly through small protein hormones called
Insulin-like growth factors or somatomedins
64
Increases skin pigmentation in amphibians by stimulating the dispersion of melanin granules in melanocytes
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
65
In females, stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum. In males, stimulates testes to produce testosterone
Luteinizing hormone
66
Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
67
These cells have a supporting role similar to that of astrocytes
Pituicytes
68
Blood is supplied to the posterior pituitary by what arteries
The inferior hypophyseal arteries
69
A capillary network that receives secreted oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
Capillary plexus of the infundibular process
70
Is a substance that decreases urine production
Antidiuretic
71
What neuron is capable of detecting high blood osmolarity.
Osmoreceptor
72
Located just inferior to the larynx. It is composed of right and left lateral lobes, one on either side of the trachea
Thyroid gland
73
Microscopic spherical sacs that make up most of the thyroid gland
Thyroid follicles
74
Cells that constitute the wall of each follicle
Follicular cells
75
The follicular cells produce two hormones. Enumerate
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
76
A few cells which lie between follicles. They produce the hormone calcitonin, which helps regulate calcium homeostasis
Parafollicular cells or C cells
77
The thyroglobin with attached iodine atoms, a sticky material that accumulates and is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
Colloid
78
As cells produce and use more ATP, BMR increases, more heat is given off, and body temperature rises, what is this phenomenon called?
Calorigenic effect
79
Can decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone extracellular matrix.
Calcitonin CT
80
Partially embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. Several, small, round masses of tissue
Parathyroid glands
81
Type of epithelial cell in the parathyroid gland. More numerous cells that produce parathyroid hormone.
Chief cells or principal cells
82
Type of epithelial cell in the parathyroid gland.
Its presence helps to identify the parathyroid gland histologically due to its unique staining characteristics
Oxyphil cell
83
Active form of vitamin D
Calcitriol
84
Produces steroid hormones that are essential for life.
Adrenal cortex
85
The outer zone, just deep to the connective tissue capsule, of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa
86
The middle zone of the adrenal cortex. Widest of the three
Zona fasciculata
87
The cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete what hormone
mineralocorticoids
88
Inner zone of the adrenal cortex.
Zona reticularis
89
What hormones do the cells of the zona reticularis synthesize
Androgens
90
What do the cells of the zona fasciculata secrete
Glucocorticoids
91
The major mineralocorticoid. Regulates homeostasis of two mineral ions
Aldosterone
92
Controls secretion of aldosterone
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway
93
Regulate metabolism and resistance to stress
Glucocorticoids
94
The breakdown of triglycerides and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood
Lipolysis
95
Conversion of a substance other than glycogen or another monosaccharide into glucose
Gluconeogenesis
96
Promotes the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
97
The major androgen secreted by the adrenal gland
Dehydroepiandrosterone
98
Genetic disorder in which one or more enzymes needed for synthesis of cortisol are absent
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
99
The inner region of the adrenal gland. Modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system
Adrenal medulla
100
Hormone-producing cells. Innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the ANS
Chromaffin cells
101
Two major hormones synthesized by the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
102
Both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Endocrine controls blood sugar. Exocrine helps digestion.
Pancreas
103
Produce digestive enzymes, which flow into the gastrointestinal tract through a network of ducts
Acini
104
Tiny clusters of endocrine tissue scattered among the exocrine acini
Pancreatic islets
105
Constitute about 17% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete glucagon
Alpha or A cells
106
Constitute about 70% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete insulin
Beta or B cells
107
Constitute about 7% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete somatostatin
Delta or D cells
108
Constitute the remained of pancreatic islet cells and secrete pancreatic polypeptide
F cells
109
The neurotransmitter liberated from axon terminals of parasympathetic vagus nerve fibers that innervate the pancreatic islets
Acetylcholine
110
Organs that produce gametes
Gonads
111
Paired oval bodies located in the female pelvic cavity; produce several steroid hormones
Ovaries
112
A protein hormone that inhibits secretion of FSH. Produced by ovaries
Inhibin
113
Peptide hormone which increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy and helps dilate the uterine cervix during labor and delivery
Relaxin
114
Oval glands that lie in the scrotum
Testes
115
Stimulates descent of the testes before birth, regulates production of sperm, and stimulates the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.
Testosterone
116
Small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline.
Pineal gland
117
An amine hormone derived from serotonin. Secretion of pineal gland
Melatonin
118
A type of depression that afflicts some people during the winter months, when day length is short.
Seasonal affective disorder
119
Located behind the sternum between the lungs. Produces thymosin, thymic humoral factor, etc
Thymus
120
Hormone that plays a role in the synthesis of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D
Cholecalciferol
121
A modified PG that constricts blood vessels and promotes platelet activation
Thromboxane
122
Hormone that promotes secretion of gastric juice
Gastrin
123
Hormone that stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide(GIP)
124
Hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile
Secretin
125
Hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice; regulates release of bile from gallbladder
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
126
Hormone that stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy
Human chorionic somatomammotropin
127
Hormone that is a part of a reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone
Renin
128
Hormone that increases rate of red blood cell formation
Erythropoietin
129
Hormone that aids in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus
Calcitriol
130
Hormone that decrease blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)
131
Hormone that suppresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity
Leptin
132
Hormones that play important roles in tissue development, growth, and repair. Are mitogenic
Growth factors
133
Stress that prepares us to meet certain challenges and thus is helpful
Eustress
134
Harmful stress
Distress
135
Any stimulus that produces a stress response is called
Stressor
136
First stage in stress response. Initiated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, including the adrenal medulla, quickly mobilizes the body's resources for immediate physical activity
Fight-or-flight response
137
Second stage in stress response. Initiated in large part by hypothalamic releasing hormones and is a longer-lasting response
Resistance reaction
138
The resources of the body may eventually become so depleted that they cannot sustain the resistance stage, and this ensues
Exhaustion
139
Anxiety disorder that may develop in an individual who has experienced, witnessed, or learned about a physically or psychologically distressing event
Post-traumatic stress disorder
140
An outgrowth of ectoderm where the posterior pituitary is derived from
Neurohypophyseal bud
141
The anterior pituitary is derived from an outgrowth of ectoderm from the roof of the mouth cawlled
Hypophyseal pouch or Rathke's pouch
142
The thyroid gland develops during the fourth week as a midventral outgrowth of endoderm called the
Thyroid diverticulum
143
The parathyroid glands develop during what week after fertilization
fourth
144
Disorder of the endocrine system. Inadequate release of a hormone
Hyposecretion
145
Disorder of the endocrine system. Excessive release of a hormone
Hypersecretion
146
Hyposecretion of growth hormones during the growth years slows bone growth, and the epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached
Pituitary dwarfism
147
Hypersecretion of growth hormones during childhood causes an abnormal increase in the length of long bones
Giantism
148
Hypersecretion of growth hormones during adulthood is called
Acromegaly
149
This disorder is due to defects in antidiuretic hormone receptors or an inability to secrete ADH
Diabetes insipidus
150
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones that is present at birth, has devastating consequences if not treated promptly
Congenital hypothyroidism
151
Hypothyroidism during the adult years. A hallmark of this disorder is edema that causes the facial tissues to swell and look puffy
Myxedema
152
An autoimmune disorder in which the person produces antibodies that mimic the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone
Graves disease
153
Graves patients often have a peculiar edema behind the eyes which causes the eyes to protrude.
Exophthalmos
154
Simply an enlarged thyroid gland
Goiter
155
normal secretion of thyroid hormone
Euthyroidism
156
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Addison's disease
157
Benign tumors of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Causes hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Pheochromocytomas
158
Too little parathyroid hormones. Causes neurons and muscle fibers to depolarize and produce action potentials spontaneously
Hypoparathyroidism
159
Elevated level of parathyroid hormone, most often is due to a tumor of one of the parathyroid glands
Hyperparathyroidism
160
Hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex produces
Cusing's syndrome
161
Caused by an inability to produce or use insulin
Diabetes mellitus
162
Occurs because the person's immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells
Type 1 diabetes
163
The by-products of fatty acid breakdown accumulate. Buildup of ketones causes blood pH to fall. What is this condition called?
Ketoacidosis
164
Most often occurs in obese people who are over age 35.
Type 2 diabetes
165
Most often results when a diabetic injects too much insulin
Hyperinsulinism
166
Decreased blood glucose level, which occurs because the excess insulin stimulates too much uptake of glucose by body cells
Hypoglycemia
167
Shock due to an insulin overdoes
Insulin shock
168
Excessive development of mammary glands in a male
Gynecomastia
169
Presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern, especially in women
Hirsutism
170
Severe state of hyperthyroidism that can be life-threatening
Thyroid crisis(storm)
171
Tumor of the adrenal gland that liberates excessive androgens, causing virilism
Virilizing adenoma
172
Adrenal tumor cells liberate estrogens to the extent that a male patient develops gynecomastia
Feminizing adenoma
