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ANAPHY LEC > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What constitutes the Endocrine system?

A

Endocrine glands and hormone-secreting cells

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2
Q

A molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body

A

Hormones

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3
Q

Hormones delivered to tissues throughout the body by the blood

A

Mediator molecules characteristic of endocrine

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4
Q

Far from site of release; binds to receptors on or in target cells

A

Site of Mediator action characteristic of endocrine

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5
Q

Secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body.

A

Exocrine glands

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6
Q

Secrete their products into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather than into ducts

A

Endocrine glands

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7
Q

Science of the structure and function of the endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system

A

Endocrinology

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8
Q

Enumerate the endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pineal gland

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9
Q

The effect when a hormone is present in excess, and the number of target-cell receptors decreases; target cell becomes less sensitive to a hormone

A

Down-regulation

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10
Q

The effect when a hormone is deficient, and the number of receptors increase; target cells become more sensitive to a hormone

A

Up-regulation

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11
Q

Pass from the secretory cells that make them and released into the interstitial fluid, and then into the blood

A

Circulating hormones

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12
Q

Act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secreted them without entering the bloodstream

A

Local hormones

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13
Q

Local hormones that act on neighboring cells

A

Paracrines

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14
Q

Local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

A

Autocrines

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15
Q

Derived from cholesterol; each is unique due to the presence of different chemical groups attached to various sites on the 4 rings at the core of its structure

A

Steroid hormones

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16
Q

Synthesized by attaching iodine to the amino acid thyroxine. Has only 2 types: T3 and T4

A

Thyroid hormones

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17
Q

Most of these hormone molecules circulate in the blood/watery blood plasma in a “free” form

A

Water-soluble hormone

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18
Q

Most of these hormone molecules are bound to transport proteins

A

Lipid-soluble hormone

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19
Q

Synthesized by the cells in the liver. They make lipid soluble hormones temporarily water-soluble, thus increasing their solubility in blood

A

Transport proteins

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20
Q

A mechanism of hormone action wherein a free lipid-soluble hormone molecule diffuses from the blood, through the interstitial fluid, and through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, then into the cell.

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

A mechanism of hormone action wherein the activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression

A

Transcription

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22
Q

Types of water-soluble hormones

A

Amine Hormones
Peptide and protein hormones
Eicosanoid hormones

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23
Q

Integral transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane

A

Receptors

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24
Q

A water-soluble hormone that binds to its receptor at the outer surface of the plasma membrane; it causes production of the second messenger inside the cell

A

First messenger

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25
Q

This is where specific hormone stimulated responses take place

A

Second messenger

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26
Q

Are the parathyroid glands posterior or anterior to the thyroid glands

A

Posterior

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27
Q

Are synthesized by decarboxylating and otherwise modifying certain amino acids

A

Amine hormones

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28
Q

Amino acid polymers

A

Peptide hormones and protein hormones

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29
Q

Protein hormones that have attached to carbohydrate groups

A

Glycoprotein hormones

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30
Q

Derived from arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon fatty acid.

A

Eicosanoid hormones

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31
Q

0.1-10% of the molecules of a lipid-soluble hormone that are not bound to a transport protein.

A

Free fraction

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32
Q

The hormone-receptor complex activates a membrane protein called?

A

G protein

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33
Q

The activated G protein activates what

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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34
Q

An enzyme that phosphorylates other cellular proteins

A

Protein kinase

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35
Q

An enzyme that inactivates cAMP(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

A

Phosphodiesterase

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36
Q

A target cell responds more vigorously when the level of a hormone rises or when it has more receptors. In addition, the actions of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone.

A

Permissive effect

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37
Q

When the effect of two hormones acting together is greater than the sum of their individual effects, the two hormones are said to have a

A

Synergistic effect

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38
Q

When one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone, the two hormones are said to have

A

Antagonistic effects

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39
Q

Was called the “master” endocrine gland because it secretes several hormones that control other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

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40
Q

This small region of the brain below the thalamus is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

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41
Q

Secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily activities, from growth to reproduction

A

Anterior pituitary(anterior lobe)

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42
Q

Larger portion of the anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis

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43
Q

Forms a sheath around the infundibulum

A

Pars tuberalis

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44
Q

Does not synthesize hormones. Stores and releases two hormones. Consists of axons and axon terminals of more than 10000 hyopthalamic neurosecretory cells.

A

Posterior pituitary

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45
Q

Secrete growth hormone also known as human growth hormone

A

Somatotrophs

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46
Q

Secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone, also known as thryotropin

A

Thyrotrophs

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47
Q

In men, they stimulate the testes to produce sperm and to secrete testosterone. In women, they stimulate the ovaries to mature oocytes and to secrete estrogens and progesterone.

A

Gonadotrophs

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48
Q

Secrete prolactin which initiates milk production in the mammary glands

A

Lactotrophs

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49
Q

Secrete adrenocorticotropic hormones which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol

A

Corticotrophs

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50
Q

Also known as growth hormone-releasing hormone, stimulates secretion of growth hormone

A

Somatocrinin

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51
Q

Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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52
Q

Stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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53
Q

Stimulates secretion of prolactin

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone

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54
Q

Stimulates secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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55
Q

Also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, suppresses secretion of growth hormone

A

Somatostatin

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56
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, suppresses secretion of prolactin

A

Dopamine

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57
Q

In this system, blood flows from capillaries in the hypothalamus into portal veins that carry blood to capillaries of the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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58
Q

Branches of the internal carotid arteries, bring blood into the hypothalamus

A

Superior hypophyseal arteries

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59
Q

In the anterior pituitary, the hypophyseal portal veins divide again and form another capillary network

A

Secondary plexus of the hypophyseal portal system

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60
Q

Drain blood from the anterior pituitary

A

Hypophyseal veins

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61
Q

They synthesize the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones in their cell bodies and package the hormones inside vesicles, which reach the axon terminals by fast axonal transport

A

Neurosecretory cells

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62
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones that act on other endocrine glands

A

Tropic hormones or tropin

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63
Q

Growth hormones exert their growth-promoting effects indirectly through small protein hormones called

A

Insulin-like growth factors or somatomedins

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64
Q

Increases skin pigmentation in amphibians by stimulating the dispersion of melanin granules in melanocytes

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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65
Q

In females, stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum. In males, stimulates testes to produce testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone

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66
Q

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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67
Q

These cells have a supporting role similar to that of astrocytes

A

Pituicytes

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68
Q

Blood is supplied to the posterior pituitary by what arteries

A

The inferior hypophyseal arteries

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69
Q

A capillary network that receives secreted oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

A

Capillary plexus of the infundibular process

70
Q

Is a substance that decreases urine production

A

Antidiuretic

71
Q

What neuron is capable of detecting high blood osmolarity.

A

Osmoreceptor

72
Q

Located just inferior to the larynx. It is composed of right and left lateral lobes, one on either side of the trachea

A

Thyroid gland

73
Q

Microscopic spherical sacs that make up most of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid follicles

74
Q

Cells that constitute the wall of each follicle

A

Follicular cells

75
Q

The follicular cells produce two hormones. Enumerate

A

Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine

76
Q

A few cells which lie between follicles. They produce the hormone calcitonin, which helps regulate calcium homeostasis

A

Parafollicular cells or C cells

77
Q

The thyroglobin with attached iodine atoms, a sticky material that accumulates and is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

78
Q

As cells produce and use more ATP, BMR increases, more heat is given off, and body temperature rises, what is this phenomenon called?

A

Calorigenic effect

79
Q

Can decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone extracellular matrix.

A

Calcitonin CT

80
Q

Partially embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. Several, small, round masses of tissue

A

Parathyroid glands

81
Q

Type of epithelial cell in the parathyroid gland. More numerous cells that produce parathyroid hormone.

A

Chief cells or principal cells

82
Q

Type of epithelial cell in the parathyroid gland.
Its presence helps to identify the parathyroid gland histologically due to its unique staining characteristics

A

Oxyphil cell

83
Q

Active form of vitamin D

A

Calcitriol

84
Q

Produces steroid hormones that are essential for life.

A

Adrenal cortex

85
Q

The outer zone, just deep to the connective tissue capsule, of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa

86
Q

The middle zone of the adrenal cortex. Widest of the three

A

Zona fasciculata

87
Q

The cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete what hormone

A

mineralocorticoids

88
Q

Inner zone of the adrenal cortex.

A

Zona reticularis

89
Q

What hormones do the cells of the zona reticularis synthesize

90
Q

What do the cells of the zona fasciculata secrete

A

Glucocorticoids

91
Q

The major mineralocorticoid. Regulates homeostasis of two mineral ions

A

Aldosterone

92
Q

Controls secretion of aldosterone

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

93
Q

Regulate metabolism and resistance to stress

A

Glucocorticoids

94
Q

The breakdown of triglycerides and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the blood

95
Q

Conversion of a substance other than glycogen or another monosaccharide into glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

96
Q

Promotes the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

97
Q

The major androgen secreted by the adrenal gland

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

98
Q

Genetic disorder in which one or more enzymes needed for synthesis of cortisol are absent

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

99
Q

The inner region of the adrenal gland. Modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system

A

Adrenal medulla

100
Q

Hormone-producing cells. Innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the ANS

A

Chromaffin cells

101
Q

Two major hormones synthesized by the adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

102
Q

Both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Endocrine controls blood sugar. Exocrine helps digestion.

103
Q

Produce digestive enzymes, which flow into the gastrointestinal tract through a network of ducts

104
Q

Tiny clusters of endocrine tissue scattered among the exocrine acini

A

Pancreatic islets

105
Q

Constitute about 17% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete glucagon

A

Alpha or A cells

106
Q

Constitute about 70% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete insulin

A

Beta or B cells

107
Q

Constitute about 7% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete somatostatin

A

Delta or D cells

108
Q

Constitute the remained of pancreatic islet cells and secrete pancreatic polypeptide

109
Q

The neurotransmitter liberated from axon terminals of parasympathetic vagus nerve fibers that innervate the pancreatic islets

A

Acetylcholine

110
Q

Organs that produce gametes

111
Q

Paired oval bodies located in the female pelvic cavity; produce several steroid hormones

112
Q

A protein hormone that inhibits secretion of FSH. Produced by ovaries

113
Q

Peptide hormone which increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy and helps dilate the uterine cervix during labor and delivery

114
Q

Oval glands that lie in the scrotum

115
Q

Stimulates descent of the testes before birth, regulates production of sperm, and stimulates the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.

A

Testosterone

116
Q

Small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline.

A

Pineal gland

117
Q

An amine hormone derived from serotonin. Secretion of pineal gland

118
Q

A type of depression that afflicts some people during the winter months, when day length is short.

A

Seasonal affective disorder

119
Q

Located behind the sternum between the lungs. Produces thymosin, thymic humoral factor, etc

120
Q

Hormone that plays a role in the synthesis of calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol

121
Q

A modified PG that constricts blood vessels and promotes platelet activation

A

Thromboxane

122
Q

Hormone that promotes secretion of gastric juice

123
Q

Hormone that stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide(GIP)

124
Q

Hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile

125
Q

Hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice; regulates release of bile from gallbladder

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

126
Q

Hormone that stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy

A

Human chorionic somatomammotropin

127
Q

Hormone that is a part of a reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone

128
Q

Hormone that increases rate of red blood cell formation

A

Erythropoietin

129
Q

Hormone that aids in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus

A

Calcitriol

130
Q

Hormone that decrease blood pressure

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)

131
Q

Hormone that suppresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity

132
Q

Hormones that play important roles in tissue development, growth, and repair. Are mitogenic

A

Growth factors

133
Q

Stress that prepares us to meet certain challenges and thus is helpful

134
Q

Harmful stress

135
Q

Any stimulus that produces a stress response is called

136
Q

First stage in stress response. Initiated by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, including the adrenal medulla, quickly mobilizes the body’s resources for immediate physical activity

A

Fight-or-flight response

137
Q

Second stage in stress response. Initiated in large part by hypothalamic releasing hormones and is a longer-lasting response

A

Resistance reaction

138
Q

The resources of the body may eventually become so depleted that they cannot sustain the resistance stage, and this ensues

A

Exhaustion

139
Q

Anxiety disorder that may develop in an individual who has experienced, witnessed, or learned about a physically or psychologically distressing event

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder

140
Q

An outgrowth of ectoderm where the posterior pituitary is derived from

A

Neurohypophyseal bud

141
Q

The anterior pituitary is derived from an outgrowth of ectoderm from the roof of the mouth cawlled

A

Hypophyseal pouch or Rathke’s pouch

142
Q

The thyroid gland develops during the fourth week as a midventral outgrowth of endoderm called the

A

Thyroid diverticulum

143
Q

The parathyroid glands develop during what week after fertilization

144
Q

Disorder of the endocrine system. Inadequate release of a hormone

A

Hyposecretion

145
Q

Disorder of the endocrine system. Excessive release of a hormone

A

Hypersecretion

146
Q

Hyposecretion of growth hormones during the growth years slows bone growth, and the epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached

A

Pituitary dwarfism

147
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormones during childhood causes an abnormal increase in the length of long bones

148
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormones during adulthood is called

A

Acromegaly

149
Q

This disorder is due to defects in antidiuretic hormone receptors or an inability to secrete ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus

150
Q

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones that is present at birth, has devastating consequences if not treated promptly

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

151
Q

Hypothyroidism during the adult years. A hallmark of this disorder is edema that causes the facial tissues to swell and look puffy

152
Q

An autoimmune disorder in which the person produces antibodies that mimic the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Graves disease

153
Q

Graves patients often have a peculiar edema behind the eyes which causes the eyes to protrude.

A

Exophthalmos

154
Q

Simply an enlarged thyroid gland

155
Q

normal secretion of thyroid hormone

A

Euthyroidism

156
Q

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

A

Addison’s disease

157
Q

Benign tumors of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Causes hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

A

Pheochromocytomas

158
Q

Too little parathyroid hormones. Causes neurons and muscle fibers to depolarize and produce action potentials spontaneously

A

Hypoparathyroidism

159
Q

Elevated level of parathyroid hormone, most often is due to a tumor of one of the parathyroid glands

A

Hyperparathyroidism

160
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex produces

A

Cusing’s syndrome

161
Q

Caused by an inability to produce or use insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus

162
Q

Occurs because the person’s immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells

A

Type 1 diabetes

163
Q

The by-products of fatty acid breakdown accumulate. Buildup of ketones causes blood pH to fall. What is this condition called?

A

Ketoacidosis

164
Q

Most often occurs in obese people who are over age 35.

A

Type 2 diabetes

165
Q

Most often results when a diabetic injects too much insulin

A

Hyperinsulinism

166
Q

Decreased blood glucose level, which occurs because the excess insulin stimulates too much uptake of glucose by body cells

A

Hypoglycemia

167
Q

Shock due to an insulin overdoes

A

Insulin shock

168
Q

Excessive development of mammary glands in a male

A

Gynecomastia

169
Q

Presence of excessive body and facial hair in a male pattern, especially in women

170
Q

Severe state of hyperthyroidism that can be life-threatening

A

Thyroid crisis(storm)

171
Q

Tumor of the adrenal gland that liberates excessive androgens, causing virilism

A

Virilizing adenoma

172
Q

Adrenal tumor cells liberate estrogens to the extent that a male patient develops gynecomastia

A

Feminizing adenoma

ANAPHY LEC (10 decks)

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