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ANAPHY LEC > WEEK 4.1 > Flashcards

WEEK 4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Group of cells that usually have a common origin in an embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities

A

Tissue

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2
Q

Science that deals with the study of tissues

A

Histology

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3
Q

Physician who examines cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnoses

A

Pathologist

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4
Q

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; forms glands

A

Epithelial Tissue

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5
Q

Protects and supports the body and its organs.

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Composed of cells specialized for contraction and generation of force

A

Muscular tissue

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7
Q

Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials

A

Nervous tissue

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8
Q

The removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination

A

Biopsy

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9
Q

Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

A

Cell junctions

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10
Q

Consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between adjacent cells

A

Tight Junctions

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11
Q

Contain plaque; a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

A

Adherens junctions

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12
Q

Transmembrane glycoproteins join the cells. Inserts into the plaque from the opposite side of the plasma membrane, partially crosses the intercellular space, and connects to others like it on an adjacent cell

A

Cadherins

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13
Q

Encircles the cell similar to the way a belt encircles your waist

A

Adhesion belts

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14
Q

contains plaque and transmembrane glycoproteins; unlike the adherens junction, the plaque of this does not attach to microfilaments

A

Desmosomes

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15
Q

Resembles desmosomes but do not link adjacent cells

A

Hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

Transmembrane glycoproteins of the hemidesmosomes

A

Integrins

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17
Q

At this junction, membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexions that connect neighboring cells

A

Gap Junction

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18
Q

This surface of the epithelial cell faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen of an internal organ, or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions

A

Apical(free) surface

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19
Q

Face the adjacent cells on either side, may contain tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and/or gap junctions

A

Lateral surface

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20
Q

The opposite of the apical surface; the deepest layer of epithelial cells

A

Basal surface

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21
Q

Thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers, the basal lamina and reticular lamina

A

Basement membrane

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22
Q

Closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells. Contains proteins such as laminin and collagen, as well as glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

Basal lamina

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23
Q

Closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains proteins such as collagen produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts

A

Reticular lamina

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24
Q

Without vessels. relying on the blood vessels of the adjacent connective tissue to bring nutrients and remove waste

A

Avascular

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25
Q

Tiny fluid-filled tunnels that connect neighboring cells

A

Connexons

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26
Q

Forms connexons

A

Connexins

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27
Q

Forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs. Also from inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, and the interior or many body systems

A

Surface epithelium/Covering and lining epithelium

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28
Q

Makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal, etc

A

Glandular epithelium

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29
Q

A single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption

A

Simple epithelium

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30
Q

Production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes

A

Secretion

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31
Q

The intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract

A

Absorption

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32
Q

Appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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33
Q

Consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear

A

Stratified epithelium

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34
Q

Thin cell shape which allows for the rapid passage of substances through them

A

Squamous cells

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35
Q

As tall as they are wide and are shaped like cubes or hexagons; may have microvilli at their apical surface and function in either secretion and absorption

A

Cuboidal cells

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36
Q

Much taller than they are wide and protect underlying tissues. their apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli, and they often are specialized for secretion and absorption

A

Columnar cells

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37
Q

Change shape, from squamous to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the urinary bladders stretch to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size

A

Transitional cells

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38
Q

Type of simple squamous epithelium which lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

A

Endothelium

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39
Q

Type of simple squamous epithelium which forms epithelial layer of serous membranes

A

Mesothelium

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40
Q

Types of simple epithelium

A

Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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41
Q

Types of stratified epithelium

A

Stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, transitional epithelium or urothelium

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42
Q

Single layer of flat cells that resembles a tiled floor when viewed from apical surface

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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43
Q

Single layer of cube-shaped cells

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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44
Q

Single layer of nonciliated columnlike cells with oval nuclei near base of cells

A

Nonciliated simple columnar epith

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45
Q

fingerlike cytoplasmic projections, increase surface area of plasma membrane

A

Microvilli

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46
Q

modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus at their apical surfaces

A

Goblet cells

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47
Q

Single layer of ciliated columnlike cells with oval nuclei near base of cells

A

Ciliated simple columnar epi

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48
Q

Appears to have several layers because the nuclei of the cells are at various levels. Contains cells without cilia and also lacks goblet cells

A

Nonciliated pseudostratified columnar epi

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49
Q

appears to have several layers because cell nuclei are at various levels. Contains cells that extend to surface and secrete mucus or bear cilia

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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50
Q

has two or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer and several layers deep to it are squamous

A

Stratified squamous epi

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51
Q

tough, fibrous intracellular protein that helps protect skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals

A

Keratin

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52
Q

two or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer are cube-shaped

A

Stratified cuboidal epi

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53
Q

Basal layers usually consist of shortened, irregularly shaped cells; only apical layer has columnar cells

A

Stratified columnar epi

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54
Q

Has a variable appearance. In relaxed or unstretched state, looks like stratified cuboidal epithelium, except apical layer cells tend to be large and rounded. As tissue is stretched, cells become flatter, giving the appearance of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Transitional epithelium(urothelium)

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55
Q

Also called a Pap test or Pap smear; involves collection and microscopic examination of epithelial cells that have been scraped off the apical layer of a tissue

A

Papanicolaou test

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56
Q

consists of epithelium that secretes substances into ducts, onto a surface, or eventually into the blood in the absence of ducts

A

Gland

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57
Q

The secretions of this type of gland enter the interstitial fluid and then diffuse into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct.

A

Endocrine glands

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58
Q

This type of gland secretes its products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium such as the skin surface or the lumen of a hollow organ

A

Exocrine gland

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59
Q

This type of exocrine gland are single-celled glands

A

Unicellular glands

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60
Q

Most exocrine glands are this type. Composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ

A

Multicellular gland

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61
Q

Type of gland where the duct of the gland does not branch

A

Simple gland

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62
Q

Type of gland where the duct branches

A

Compound gland

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63
Q

Type of gland with tubular secretory parts

A

Tubular glands

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64
Q

Type of simple gland with a tubular secretory part that is straight and attaches to a single unbranched duct

A

Simple tubular

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65
Q

Type of simple gland with a tubular secretory part that is branched and attaches to a single unbranched duct

A

Simple branched tubular

66
Q

Type of simple gland with a tubular secretory part that is coiled and attaches to a single unbranched duct

A

Simple coiled tubular

67
Q

Type of simple gland with a secretory portion that is rounded; attaches to single unbranched duct

A

Simple acinar

68
Q

Type of simple gland with a rounded secretory part that is branched and attaches to a single unbranched duct

A

Simple branched acinar

69
Q

Type of compound gland with a secretory portion that is tubular and attaches to a branched duct

A

Compound tubular

70
Q

Type of compound gland with a secretory portion that is rounded and attaches to a branched duct

A

Compound acinar

71
Q

Type of compound gland that resembles both tubular and acinar

A

Compound tubuloacinar

72
Q

The secretions of this type of gland are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi complex

A

Merocrine glands

73
Q

Accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell

A

Apocrine glands

74
Q

The cells of this type of gland accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol

A

Holocrine glands

75
Q

Material located between widely spaced cells. Consists of protein fibers and ground substance

A

Extracellular matrix

76
Q

Fat cells, connective tissue cells that store triglycerides(fats). Found deep in the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys

A

Adipocytes

77
Q

Found in many places in the body, but most reside in connective tissue

A

Plasma cells

78
Q

Involved in the inflammatory response, the body’s reaction to injury or infection and can also bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria

A

Mast cells

79
Q

Not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissues. However, in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissue

A

Leukocytes

80
Q

Phagocytes that develop from monocytes. A type of white blood cell.

A

Macrophages

81
Q

Macrophages that reside in a particular tissue

A

Fixed macrophages

82
Q

Macrophages that have the ability to move throughout the tissue and gather at sites of infection or inflammation to carry on phagocytosis

A

Wandering macrophages

83
Q

large, flat cells with branching processes. They are present in all the general connective tissues

A

Fibroblasts

84
Q

The collective term for polysaccharides

A

Glycosaminoglycans

85
Q

Except for hyaluronic acid, the glycosaminoglycans are associated with proteins called

A

Proteoglycans

86
Q

Viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs

A

Hyaluronic acid

87
Q

Provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels

A

Chondroitin sulfate

88
Q

Fun fact

The skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves contain dermatan sulfate

A

That is the truth

89
Q

Bone cartilage, and the cornea of the eye contain what sulfate

A

Keratan sulfate

90
Q

Present in the ground substance; responsible for linking components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells

A

Adhesion proteins

91
Q

The main adhesion protein of connective tissues; binds to both collagen fibers and ground substance, linking them together

A

Fibronectin

92
Q

Very strong and resist pulling or stretching, but are not stiff, which allow tissue flexibility

A

Collagen fibers

93
Q

A stretched or torn ligament caused by stress beyond the ligament’s normal capacity

94
Q

Smaller in diameter than collagen fibers, branch and join together to form a fibrous network within a connective tissue.

A

Elastic fibers

95
Q

Consisting of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues

A

Reticular fibers

96
Q

Refers to connective tissue present in an embryo or fetus

A

Embryonic connective tish

97
Q

Refers to connective tissue that is present at birth and persists throughout life

A

Mature connective tissue

98
Q

A category of mature connective tissue which is flexible and contains a viscous ground substance with abundant fibers

A

Connective tissue proper

99
Q

A category of mature connective tissue which protects and supports soft tissues of the body

A

Supporting connective tissue

100
Q

A category of mature connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix

A

Liquid connective tissue

101
Q

Type of embryonic connective tissue that is almost exclusively under skin and along developing bones of embryo; some in adult connective tissue, especially along blood vessels

A

Mesenchyme

102
Q

Type of embryonic connective tissue that has widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers

A

Mucous(mucoid) connective tissue

103
Q

Type of loose connective tissue that is one of the most widely distributed connective tissues; consists of fibers arranged randomly and several kinds of cells embedded in semifluid ground substance

A

Areolar connective tish

104
Q

Type of loose connective tissue that has cells derived from fibroblasts that are specialized for storage of triglycerides as a large, centrally located droplet.

A

Adipose tissue

105
Q

Surgical procedure that involves suctioning out small amounts of adipose tissue from various areas of the body.

A

Liposuction

106
Q

Type of loose connective tissue that is a fine interlacing network of reticular fibers and reticular cells

A

Reticular connective tissue

107
Q

Type of connective tissue proper where the fibers are loosely arranged between cells

A

Loose connective tissue

108
Q

Type of connective tissue proper that contains more fibers, which are thicker and more densely packed

A

Dense connective tissue

109
Q

Type of supporting connective tissue that consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance

110
Q

Type of dense connective tissue that forms a shiny white extracellular matrix; mainly collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts in rows between them

A

Dense regular connective tissue

111
Q

Type of dense connective tissue that is made up of collagen fibers; usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

112
Q

Type of dense connective tissue that contains predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts between them

A

Elastic connective tissue

113
Q

The cells of mature cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

114
Q

part of osteon; spaces where chondrocytes occur singly or in groups

115
Q

Covering of dense irregular connective tissue

A

Perichondrium

116
Q

Growth from within the tissue

A

Interstitial growth

117
Q

Growth at the outer surface of the tissue

A

Appositional growth

118
Q

Type of cartilage that contains a resilient gel as ground substance and appears in the body as a bluish-white, shiny substance

A

Hyaline cartilage

119
Q

Type of cartilage that has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within extracellular matrix; lacks perichondrium

A

Fibrocartilage

120
Q

Type of cartilage which has chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibers within extracellular matrix; perchondrium present

A

Elastic cartilage

121
Q

The basic unit of compact bone

A

Osteon/haversian system

122
Q

part of osteon; Concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers; responsible for the compact nature of this type of bone tissue

123
Q

Part of osteon;networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes

A

Canaliculi

124
Q

Part of an osteon which contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Central canal

125
Q

Bone that lacks osteons. Consists of columns of bone called trabeculae.

A

Spongy bone

126
Q

One of the liquid connective tissues that has a liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma and formed elements

A

Blood tissue

127
Q

Consists of osteons; functions as a support, protection, storage; houses blood-forming tissue; serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement

A

Compact bone tissue

128
Q

Extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels

129
Q

The majority of membranes consist of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer and are called:::

A

Epithelial membranes

130
Q

Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior

A

Mucous membrane

131
Q

The connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane is areolar connective tissue and is called the

A

Lamina propria

132
Q

Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior

A

Serous membrane/serosa

133
Q

The layer attached to and lining the cavity wall

A

Parietal layer

134
Q

The layer that covers and adheres to the organs within the cavity

A

Visceral layer

135
Q

A watery lubricant that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities

A

Serous fluid

136
Q

Covers the entire surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis

A

Cutaneous membrane/skin

137
Q

Line the cavities of freely movable joints

A

Synovial membranes

138
Q

Synovial membranes are composed of a discontinuous layer of cells called

A

Synoviocytes

139
Q

Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the join cavity

A

Synovial fluid

140
Q

Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use ATP to generate force

A

Muscular tissue

141
Q

Type of muscular tissue that consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers.

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

142
Q

Type of muscle tissue that consists of branched, striated fibers with usually only one centrally located nucleus

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

143
Q

Type of muscular tissue that consists of nonstriated fibers.

A

Smooth muscle tissue

144
Q

Consists of only two principal types of cells: neurons and neuroglia

A

Nervous tissue

145
Q

sensitive to various stimuli. Convert stimuli into electrical signals called nerve action potentials

146
Q

Tapering, highly branched, and usually short cell processes

147
Q

do not generate or conduct nerve impulses; have many important supportive functions

148
Q

The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials

A

Electrical excitability

149
Q

Cells that exhibit electrical excitability

A

Excitable cells

150
Q

cells that constitute the functioning part of the tissue or organ

A

Parenchyma

151
Q

new cells originate by cell division from this supporting connective tissue

152
Q

Immature and undifferentiated cells

A

Stem cells

153
Q

A process in which the fibroblasts synthesize collagen and other extracellular matrix materials that aggregate to form scar tissue

154
Q

Actively growing connective tissue

A

Granulation tissue

155
Q

A complication of surgery. The partial or complete separation of the other layers of a sutured incision

A

Wound dehiscence

156
Q

abnormal joining of tissues

157
Q

Diseases in which antibodies produced by the immune system fail to distinguish what is foreign from what is self and attack the body’s own tissues

A

Auto-immune diseases

158
Q

A chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue occurring mostly in nonwhite women during their childbearing years

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

159
Q

A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ

160
Q

Increase in the size of a tissue because its cells enlarge without undergoing cell division

A

Hypertrophy

161
Q

The replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ

A

Tissue transplantation

162
Q

The replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ with cells or tissues from an animal

A

Xenotransplantation

ANAPHY LEC (10 decks)

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