Week 4 (T) Flashcards
2 distinct categories of ethics
- deontology
- consequentialism
deontology
an approach that assume that universal moral rules should guide all of our actions
- actions are seen as either right or wring in all situations
- ends do not justify the means
***includes kant’s theory
Kant’s theory
believes before acting, we should consider what would happen if everyone did the action and whether the overall effect would be possible
consequentialism
states that the ends can justify the means, as long as good is maximized and harm is minimized
- doesn’t recognize universal moral laws
- under this, various ethical principles are considered and balanced
Nuremberg Trial
- after WW2, leading Nazis were put on trial and convicted
- in 1947 judges in those trials wrote a set of principles for conducting ethical medical research with human subjects to apply in their judgements (Nuremberg Code)
what helped develop the declaration of helsinki
ideas from the Nuremberg Code
declaration of helsinki
- named after Finnish city where the WMA help a meeting and adopted the declaration as a policy
- not a legal document, BUT has influenced legislation and policy in many countries, including Canada
informed consent
central concept in research ethics
- clinical research cannot be undertaken without this
2 components of informed consent
- a potential human research participant must be told about the study
- the participant needs to agree to participate without any undue influence on the part of the researcher or anyone else
what must the research participant be told about the study?
- who is conducting the research
- what the research is investigating
- what the participant would be required to do if they participate
- any potential risks or benefits to participating
2 examples of unethical research
- The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment in the US
- An Indigenous Child Nutrition Study in Canada
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment in the US
studied the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African-American men in Alabama
- participants told they were receiving free health care from US government
- researcher withheld effective health care like antibiotics from participants so they could track the course of untreated disease
An Indigenous Child Nutrition Study in Canada
studied nutrition among Indigenous children in residential schools in the 1940s
Canadas Food Guide - Indigenous Children Nutrition
- tests were done without informed consent or knowledge of the Indigenous people involved
- children were knowingly malnourished and federal bureaucrats and scientists saw this as a opportunity to test their scientific theories
- received no changes in their diets in order to act as controls in the experiments
fortified flour test and residential schools
- there was a federal ban on fortified flour at the time
- the fortified flour they used on children caused increased incidences of anemia among the students who were fed the flour
cause of health problems that impact indigenous people
canadian colonialism and canadian colonial policy
- NOT GENETICS
5 ethical principles
- autonomy
- beneficence
- non-maleficence
- justice
- honestly
autonomy
respect for the rights of individuals and their right to determine their lives
- suggests everyone should be able to make their own decision
- informed consent
beneficence
commitment to do actions that are of benefit to other people or “doing good”
- want a benefit
non-maleficence
obligation not to harm other people
- benefits must outweigh the harm
justice
obligation to act fairly when dealing with competing claims for resources or rights
honestly
commitment to always tell the truth
- can include lying by omission (with-holding the truth)
indigenous people and trust
Indigenous people are distrustful of government and medical officials
- when COVID-19 vaccination was introduced, we thought Indigenous wouldn’t get it due to mistrust (they thought it was another experiment)
ethical dilemma
occurs when it isn’t clear which of competing actions is the right or moral action because the ethical principles are in conflict with each other
typology of health promotion intervention methods along 2 axes
- focus of intervention being individual or collective
- mode of intervention being paternalism or participatory
conservative typology
individualist and paternalist
new right typology
individualist and participatory
marxist or socialist typology
collective and paternalist
new left typology
collective and partipatory
individual paternalist
believes people need help and support to take care of their health but health problems are an individual responsibility
(views everyone has having the same resources)
- advice
- information giving
- education
***may be viewed as victim blaming (you are responsible for poor health)
collective paternalist
believes the government needs to take responsibility for protecting public health and reducing inequalities
(takes into account socioeconomic status and culture)
- advocacy and legislation to redistribute power and resources in favour of the disadvantaged
- activism to increase wages and improve working conditions
individual participatory
believes everyone should have the opportunity to determine their own lives and health
- relationship between individual and health promoter
“there are no decisions about me, without me”
- counselling
- education
- group work
collective participatory
believes key factors are community, equality, responsibility and empowerment
- group work
- community development
- lobbying skills, sharing and training
ideology
set of ideas or beliefs which underlies and justifies the actions of government, corporations or religious groups, or attempts to undermine these entities
differing beliefs that give rise to ideology
- extent of personal responsibility
- role of government
- role of the economy, and whether or not it should be regulated by governments
- means to encourage choices and decisions
- nature of society and extent to which people are connected to each other
- extent to which inequalities should be reduced
political ideologies
influence which health promotion interventions a person or group supports
typology of 4 health and welfare ideologies
- Socialism
- Social Democracy
- Nationalist/Neoliberal
- Neoconservative
***all placed into either liberal or conservative
Liberal party
- centre to centre-left party
- social democratic health and welfare ideology
- most likely to support Collective and Individual Participatory (New Left)
Conservative party
- centre-right to right-wing
- neoliberal and neoconservative health and welfare ideology
- health promotion methods this party is most likely to support place is in the Individual Paternalist (Conservative) category
The New Democratic party
- centre-left to left-wing
- mostly socialist ideology
- strongly supports labour rights and is likely to support Collective Paternalist (Socialist)
Liberal Party views
- socialism, marxism, and social democracy
- context is more important than personal responsibility
- government legislation and intervention are good ways to influence social outcomes
- economy should be regulated to ensure equity
- government and collective actions are good ways to encourage choice and decisions
Liberal Party core values
- equality
- collective responsibility
- humanitarianism
- social harmony
- social justice
- collectivism
Liberal Party and health care
health care should be universally available and provided by government for free
Conservative Party views
- nationalism, neoliberalism, new rightism, and neoconservatism
- personal responsibility is more important than context
- government legislation and intervention should be minimized in favour of individual rights
- economy should not be regulates - free market will lead to best outcomes
- individuals should be free to make their own choices without government or collective interference
Conservative Party core values
- individualism
- freedom
- responsibility
- authority
- tradition
- self-discipline
- competition
Conservative Party and health care
health care in an individual responsibility best met though free market consumerism
free market
prices for good and services are determined by consumers rather than the government
Bloc Quebecois
promotes what is seen as the interests of Quebec and Quebeckers
- wants to make Quebec unique to the world
- oppose any policy having the effect of reframing the Quebec nation in a Canadian perspective, blurring its differences, reducing its influence or limiting their ability to make their own decisions
Green Party
supports policies contributing to environmental sustainability and reversing climate change
- net-zero economy and become a world leader in cleantech and renewable energy
Peoples Party
- far-right party
- anti-government and anti-immigration
- only welcome the right kind of immigrants (one’s with skills)
- prioritize Canada’s economic interests and does not jeopardize Canadian values
- lower number of immigrants and refugees Canada accepts
- make sure temporary foreign workers don’t compete unfairly with Canadian workers
New Democratic Party views
- protect health, safety and rights of all workers
- believe unity is the best ticket into the middle class
- protect rights and ensure fair working conditions
- oppose heavy-handed legislation that suspends the rights to bargain and to strike
goals of the Liberal Party
- make Canada a healthier, fairer and more prosperous society
- grow middle class
- improve health and raise the long-term economic growth
- achieve $10 a day child care and reduces fees by 50% next year for parents
- real plan to strengthen Canada’s universal public health care
- a real plan to help make homeownership a reality for more Canadians
what does the Conservative Party believe the role of the government is?
- protect lives and property of citizens
- ensure equality and opportunity
- foster an environment where individuals and private initiative can prosper
- ensure security of nations border and safety of citizens at home and abroad
- maintain and enhance national infrastructure
