week 4- skeletal system Flashcards
Functions of the skeletal system
Support
Storage of minerals
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage for movement
how many bones
206
divisions of skeletal system
axial and appendicular
axial skeleton
Composed of bones that form axis of body
and support structures/organs of head, neck
and trunk
Skull + ear bones
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column + rib cage
Vertebral column
supports the skull and trunk
* allows for their movement
* protects of spinal cord
* absorbs stress of walking, running, and lifting
* provides attachments for limbs thoracic cage, and
postural muscles
7c+12T+5L + sacrum+cocyx
Appendicular
Composed of upper and lower extremities
and girdles that attach extremities to axial
skeleton
1. Pectoral girdle: scapula and clavicle
2. Upper extremities(arm bones)
3. Pelvis bones
- Lower extremities (leg bones)
Compact Bone
(outer layer of all bones)
* Dense outer layer with specific organization
Strong along its length— provides support protection and movement
osteon
functional unit of compact bone
Spongy Bone
Located where bones not heavily stressed or in
many directions
contains red bone marrow and blood vessels
Makes bones lighter
- Red bone marrow:
produces blood cells
osteocyte
Mature bone cells that cannot divide
made from osteoblast buildup
osteoblast
Produce/secrete new bony matrix (osteogenesis
or ossification)
Required for: bone formation, bone growth, fracture
repair and remodeling
osteoclast
Break down bone: remove and remodel bone
matrix (fracture repair and release of calcium)
Release acids and proteolytic enzymes to
dissolve matrix and release stored minerals
(calcium and phosphate)
Bone matrix inorganic
Inorganic: Calcium phosphate salts
* Interacts with calcium hydroxide to
form crystals of hydroxyapatite salts
* Incorporates other salts and ions
Bone matrix (organic)
cells are surrounded by matrix
* Organic: Collagen fibers (proteins) and
carbohydrates
* Provide flexibility
Flat Bone
Thin, roughly parallel surfaces
• Examples: cranial bones, sternum
sutural Bone
Irregular bones formed between cranial bones
examples: coronal suture
Long Bone
Relatively long and slender
• Examples: most bones of the limbs(FEMUR)
Irregular Bones
Complex shapes usually with many areas for attachment of muscles
• Examples: vertebrae, bones of pelvis, facial bones
Semasoid Bone
Small, flat, and somewhat shaped like sesame seed
• Patella is found in everyone
Short Bone
small and boxy
* Examples: bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsal)
how many of each type of vertebrae
7-Cervical
12-Thoracic
5-Lumbar
4 natural curves of spine
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Endochondrial bone formation
Hyaline cartilage, used as a small model of skeleton, is replaced by bone, only leaving behind epiphyseal plate and articular cartilage
Intramembraneous bone formation
Begins as mesenchymal (stem) cells differentiate
into osteoblasts within mesenchymal
(embryonic) or fibrous connective tissue
Epiphyseal plates
where bones grow in length
POLB Diaphysis
shaft—long portion)
• Contains medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
• Lined with marrow
• Red bone marrow (blood cell production)
• Yellow bone marrow (adipose storage)
POLB epiphysis
(expanded ends of long bones)
• Consist largely of inner spongy bone (trabecular bone)
• Network of struts and plates
• Resists forces from various directions and directs body weight to
diaphysis and joints
• Spongy bone located here has red bone marrow
POLB articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage)
• Covers portions of epiphysis that form articulations/joints
POLB metaphysis
connects epiphysis to shaft
POLB epipyseal plate
Found between Diaphysis and Epiphysis
• Consists of hyaline cartilage
• Allows for growth in length.
POLB Periosteum
connective tissue that covers bone
Periosteum
Isolate bone from surrounding tissues
2. Route for blood and nervous supply
3. Actively participate in bone growth (width)
1-Foramen Magnum
Hole open in head that spine goes through
2-Occipital condyles
Outlining foramen magnum
3-Temporomadibular joint
Joint connecting jaw to temporal bone
4-external acoustic meatus
small divot by TMJ joint
5-mastoid process
Spikey part on temporal bone
7-Zygomatic bone
cheek bone
6-zygomatic process
connection between cheek and temporal bone
8-nasal bone
nose bone
9-palatine bone
Under jaw, flipped skull
10-sagittal suture
suture down skull
11-Coronal suture
suture across front of skull
12-lambdoid suture
suture across bottom of skull
13-sphenoid bone
on inside of skull, bat shaped piece
14-sella turcica
on inside of skull, where you fit pinky in, base of sephnoid bone
15-Spinous process
Part of spine that sticks out, you can feel it
16-vertebral body
big body part of spine, thick one
17-transvers process
part of spine that sticks out laterally
18-vertebral foramen
hole in every vertebrae, where stick goes in skeleton
19-intervertebral foramen
Small circular holes in spine, from the side
20-Sacral foramina
holes in sacrum
21-Iliac crest
top of pelvis
22-posterior superior iliac spine
from backend of pelvis, closest to sacrum
23-anterior superior iliac spine
from front, end of pelvis that is most stuck out
24-sacro iliac joint
Joines pelvis and spine
25-acteabelum
under pelvis where femur sits
26-ischial tuberosity
ishuim
27-pubic symphysis
pubis
28-manubruim
top of sternum
29-Body
body of sternum
30-Xiphoid process
very bottom of sternum
31-sternal notch
curve in manubrum of sternum
32-AC joint
connects clavicle to sternum
33-acromion
scapula part where ac joint connects
34-glenoid cavity
where the humerus sits
35-coracoid process
bone most stuck out on scapula from front
scapular spine
very back of scapula
