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gen. Anat > week 2. chemistry > Flashcards

week 2. chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical Elements

A

all forms of matter are
made up of these “building blocks”

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2
Q

Atoms

A

smallest units of matter that retain
the chemical characteristics and properties
of an element

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3
Q

Ions

A

an atom that has a positive or
negative charge due to an unequal
amount of protons and electrons

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4
Q

Molecules

A

when 2 or more atoms share
electrons (i.e. O2 or H2O)

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5
Q

Compound

A

a substance that contains
atoms from 2 or more elements (i.e. NaCl,
H2O)

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6
Q

Chemical bonding creates

A

molecules and compounds

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7
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Created by electrical attraction between
cations and anions
– Involves the transfer of electrons from one
atom to another to achieve stability

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8
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

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9
Q

Single covalent bond

A

One electron contributed by each atom

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10
Q

Double covalent bond

A

Two electrons contributed by each atom

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabolism is the sum of all the cellular reactions
of the body at a given moment
– 2 types of reactions: Anabolism and Catabolism
– These reactions are controlled by enzymes

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12
Q

enzymes

A

protiens

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13
Q

Anabolism

A

larger molecules constructed from
smaller molecules. Requires energy (ATP).
These molecules will be used for cells to
function, repair and grow

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14
Q

Catabolism

A

larger molecules broken down into
smaller molecules. Creates energy (ATP). The
ATP generated from this reaction will be used for
the Anabolism reactions.

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15
Q

cellular respiration

A

breakdown of glucose

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16
Q

one glucose = _ ATP

A

36

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17
Q

Cellular respiration steps 1-4

A

glycolysis, formation of Acetyol Co-A, Citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

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18
Q

In a chemical reaction, there is two types…

A

Reactants
• Participants at reaction start
• Usually on the left
– Products
• Generated at end of reaction
• Usually on the right

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19
Q

Activation energy

A

Amount of energy to start a reaction

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20
Q

Enzymes

A

Special proteins that lower the activation
energy for a reaction
– They allow the reaction to occur

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21
Q

Catalysts

A

Compounds that accelerate reactions
without changing themselves
– Reactions continue until equilibrium is
reached
– Enzymes perform as catalysts

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22
Q

Metabolites

A

All molecules that can be synthesized or
decomposed in our bodies
– Processed by enzymatic reactions
– Nutrients

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23
Q

Organic metabolites

A

Always contain carbon and hydrogen
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, ATP, DNA, RNA

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24
Q

inorganic metabolites

A

Generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen
» Examples:water
• many salts
• Acids
• bases

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25
Q

Water

A

chemical reactions occur in water, and water
molecules are also participants in some reactions,

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26
Q

intracellular fluid:

A

found inside the cells (2/3 of body fluid)

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27
Q

extracellular fluid

A

found outside of cells—examples are blood and
fluids found between cells (1/3 of body fluid)

27
Q

extracellular fluid

A

found outside of cells—examples are blood and
fluids found between cells (1/3 of body fluid)

28
Q

Electrolytes

A

control the fluid balance of the body and are
important in muscle contraction, energy generation, and
almost every major biochemical reaction in the body.

29
Q

acid

A

proton donor

30
Q

base

A

proton acceptor

31
Q

pH

A

More H+ results in a LOWER pH (acid)
• Less H+ results in a HIGHER pH (alkaline/base)
• pH – a measure derived from the molarity of H+
– a pH of 7.0 is neutral pH
– a pH of less than 7 is acidic solution
– a pH of greater than 7 is basic solution

32
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbs can be
quickly metabolized to generate energy (ATP) for the cell

33
Q

Lipids

A

Found in all cell membranes (lipid bilayer)
– Used as a secondary source for ATP (lipid catabolism)—broken
down to generate ATP
– Form cholesterol and certain types of hormones
– Insulate organs

34
Q

Proteins

A

a molecule made of smaller units called amino acids,100,000 kimds

35
Q

ATP

A

body’s most important energy-transfer molecule

36
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

Provides instructions for synthesizing all of
the body’s proteins
• transfers hereditary information from cell to
cell and generation to generation

37
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

carries out genetic instruction for synthesizing
proteins (brings instructions from DNA to the cell’s
ribosomes)
• assembles amino acids in the right order to
produce proteins
• RNA is the molecule responsible for synthesizing
the proteins
• Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

38
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. Cells are building blocks of all plants and
    animals
  2. All new cells come from division of preexisting
    cells
  3. Cells are smallest unit that perform all vital
    physiological functions
39
Q

Cell division

A

Production of daughter cells from single cell
• Important in organism development and survival
• Cells divide because they wear out and need to be replaced, they are damaged, or more cells are needed for growth

40
Q

two types of cell division

A
  1. Mitosis (2 daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes)
  2. Meiosis (sex cells only, each with only 23 chromosomes
41
Q

Cancer

A

when cells divide out of control—resulting in
cells that do not work and take over normal tissue

42
Q

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

A

Separates cell contents from extracellular fluid (fluid found outside of cells)
• Selectively allows substances in and out of cells (membrane is
selectively permeable). The movement is between the intracellular fluid
(found inside cells) and the extracellular fluid (found outside of cell)

43
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material between cell membrane and nuclear membrane
• Colloid containing many proteins

44
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Mostly comprised of phospholipid molecules in
two layers
• Hydrophilic heads at membrane surface
• Hydrophobic tails on the inside
• Isolates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid

45
Q

organelles

A

Nonmembranous
• Not completely enclosed by membranes
• In direct contact with cytosol

Membranous
• Enclosed in a phospholipid membrane
• Isolated from cytosol

46
Q

Microvilli

A

increase surface area for absorption

47
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Strength and support
• Intracellular movement of structures and materials

48
Q

Ribosomes

A

site for the synthesis of proteins

49
Q

Peroxisome

A

Catabolism (breakdown) of fats/other organic
compounds
• Neutralization of toxic compounds

50
Q

Lysosome

A

Removal of damaged organelles or pathogens

51
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

storage, alteration, and packaging
of synthesized products

52
Q

Mitochondria

A

production of 95% of cellular ATP
(energy) via a process called CELLULAR
RESPIRATION

53
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

synthesis of secretory products, storage,
and transport

54
Q

Smooth ER

A

No attached ribosomes
• Synthesizes lipids and phospholipids (used in
cell membrane) and steroids (such as
hormones). Stores calcium in muscle cells

55
Q

rough er

A

Ribosomes are attached which give it a
“rough” appearance
• Produces and modifies proteins. Packages
them in vesicles for transport.

56
Q

Nucleus

A

Control of metabolism
• Storage/processing of genetic information
• Control of protein synthesis
Cells
25

57
Q

DNA parings

A

A-T, C-G

58
Q

Chromosome

A

tightly coiled DNA

59
Q

RNA pairings

A

A-U. T-A. C-G. G-C

60
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement across lipid
portion of membrane without a carrier
protein or any assistance (substances are
allowed to go through lipid bi-layer), HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION

61
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Hydrophilic or large molecules transported
across cell membrane by carrier proteins
(these are embedded in the cell membrane) HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRAION

62
Q

Active transport

A

Substances move from low to high
concentration so requires ATP
• Always facilitated: carrier/protein required

63
Q

Osmosis

A

Net diffusion of water across a membrane—water moves
from high concentration of water to low concentration of
water (

64
Q

Hypotonic

A

ECF (extracellular fluid) has a lower
concentration of salt/solutes than the cell
• Causes osmotic flow into cell
• Cell will burst

65
Q

Hypertonic

A

ECF has a higher concentration of salt/solutes
than the cell
• Causes osmotic flow out of cell
• Example: crenation of RBCs

66
Q

Why is cell membrane transport important?

A

Cells will die very quickly if they allow anything in and out

gen. Anat (13 decks)

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