week 13 digestive and urinary Flashcards
path of food through all structures of the GI tract
Mouth
Pharynx
esophagus
lower esophageal sphincter
Stomach
Pyloric sphincter
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
ileocecal valve
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal
anus
purpose of the digestive system?
system that processes food, extracts nutrients, and eliminates the residue
Why do we need nutrients?
Need for cellular metabolism
need for anabolism and catabolism
act as building blocks in cells/tissues
mucosa gi tract
innermost layer
Help with absorption of nutrients
Submucosa gi tract
second inner layer
contains blood and lymph vessels
Muscularis externa gi tract
inner circular layer of smooth muscle
outer longtitudal layer of smooth muscle
serosa gi tract
our protective layer that covers muscularis externa
processes of mechanical digestion
Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces
Cutting/grinding teeth
churning of stomach
exposes food to digestive enzymes
processes of chemical digestion
series of chemical reactions that breaks molecules into smaller molecules the body/cells can use
sugars into glucose
proteins into amino acids
fats into glycerol
nucleic acids into nucleotides
amylase
helps you digest carbohydrates
pepsin
breaks down proteins
lipase
break down fats in food
what occurs in absorption
broken down molecules molecules from GI tract into blood or lymph
mouth function
Begins digestion by breaking up food and mixing with saliva
salivary glands function
secrete saliva to start chemical digestion
stomach function
starts chemical digestion
receives food from esophagus
mixes food with chemicals
transports food to small intestine
stomach secretions
pepsinogen
gastric lipase
hydrochloric acid
mucus
small intestine function
Chemical digestion is completed in small intestine
most absolution of nutrients occurs in small intestine
large intestine function
Absorbs water and electrolytes
breakdown of remaining substances
forms and stores feces
pancreas function
-assist in chemical digestion
-pancreatic amylase-digest carbohydrates
-trypsin/chymotrypsin-digest proteins
-pancreatic lipase-digest fats
liver function
secretes bile that breaks down fats in small intestine
gallbladder function
temporarily stores bile
peritoneum
Protective and supportive structures for GI organs in abdimoplevic cavity
4 peritoneum structures
Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
Mesentry
mesocolon
mechanisms of swallowing
tongue pushes food to pharynx-voluntary
food goes from pharynx to esophagus to stomach-involuntaay
mechanisms of vomiting
medulla oblongata stimulated
squeezing of stomach between diaphragm and abdominal muscles
mechanisms of defacation
when material enters rectum, distention of rectal wall stimulates
stretch receptors which then trigger
defecation reflex
formation of urine function
cleans blood plasma of metabolic waste by filtration
what are the three primary
nitrogenous wastes
urea, uric acid, creatinine
control of blood volume function
by conserving or eliminating more fluid from blood
control of blood pressure function
by regulating blood volume and excreting renin
control of blood pH function
excreting hydrogen ions into
urine and conserving bicarbonate ions
purpose of the nephron
Form urine from filtered blood
where are nephrons located in the kidneys
found in cortex and medulla
What is urine formed from?
metabolic wastes in blood
process of filtration
remove toxins from blood
process of secretion
Substances from blood surrounding the tubule are directly added to the filtrate to be excreted as urine
process of reabsorption
substances that were filtered can be reabsorbed since they
need to move from the tubule BACK to the blood
excretion of urine
collecting ducts to
* Papillary ducts to
* Minor calyces to
* Major calyces to
* Renal pelvis to
* Ureters to
* Urinary bladder to
* Single urethra to
external urethral orifice
paratoid gland
1
sublingual gland
2
submandibular gland
3
pharynx
4
lower esophageal sphincter
5
esophagus
6
fundus of stomach
7
body of stomach
8
pyloric sphincter
9
duodenum
10
jejenum
11
ileum
12
ileocecal valve
13
cecum
14
appendix
15
ascending colon
16
transverse colon
17
descending colon
18
sigmoid colon
19
rectum
20
anal canal
21
anus
22
right lobe of liver
23
left lobe of liver
24
gallblader
26
common hepatic duct, cystic duct, common bile duct
paper
pancreas
pancreatic duct
29
30
kidneys
1
renal pyrmid
2
major calyx
3
minor calyx
4
renal pelvis
5
urethra
external urethral orifice
paper
Glomerular capsule
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron Loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
paper
