Week 4 - Skeletal System Flashcards
State six functions of the skeletal system
- Provide support by acting as a structural framework and a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments
- Protect the internal organs (brain, heart, lungs, etc)
- Assist body movements (in conjunction with muscles)
- Store and release calcium and phosphorus
- House the red bone marrow which produces blood cells
- Store triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
Name the two divisions of the skeleton
- Axial Division
- Appendicular Division
What is the specific function of the Axial division?
Provides support and protection
What is the specific function of the Appendicular division?
Provides mobility for manipulation and locomotion
What are some bones in the Axial ANTERIOR view of the skeleton?
- Mandible
- Sternum
- Ribs
What are some bones in the Axial POSTERIOR view of the skeleton?
- Skull
- Vertebral Column
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
What are some bones in the Appendicular ANTERIOR view of the skeleton?
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
What are some bones in the Appendicular POSTERIOR view of the skeleton?
- Pelvic Girdle
- Carpal Bones
- Metacarpal bones
- Femur
- Metatarsal bones
- Tarsal bones
Name the 5 types of bones
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
What is an example of a Long bone?
Humerus
What is an example of a short bone?
Carpals & Tarsals
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Patella
What is an example of a flat bone?
Ribs, sternum, skull bones
What is an example of an irregular bone?
Hip, vertebrae, facial bones
Name the cranial bones
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Frontal
What are the functions of the cranial bones?
- Enclose & protect the brain
- The outer surface of the cranial bones provides attachment for muscles that stabilise & move the head
Name the four major facial bones
- Nasal bone
- Zygomatic bone
- Maxilla bone
- Mandible
Name some features and functions of the facial bones
- Form the framework of the face
- Contain cavities for organs of sight, taste and smell
- Provide openings for air & food passages
- Secure the teeth
- Anchor the facial muscle of expression
State three functions of the paranasal sinuses
- Reduce the weight of the skull
- Help to resonate vocal sounds
- Are lined with mucous membranes that humidify & warm air
State three functions of the vertebral column
- Transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs
- Surrounds & protects the spinal cord
- Provides attachment points for the ribs and muscles of the back and neck
Name the five sections of the vertebral column
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccyx
How many vertebrae are in the Cervical section?
7 vertebrae
How many vertebrae are in the Thoracic section?
12 vertebrae
How many vertebrae are in the Lumbar section?
5 vertebrae
How many vertebrae are in the Sacral section?
5 fused vertebrae
How many vertebrae are in the Coccyx section?
3-5 fussed vertebrae
Name the four normal curves of the vertebral column
- Cervical curvature
- Thoracic curvature
- Lumbar curvature
- Sacral curvature
Name three abnormalities of spinal curves
- Scoliosis
- Kyphosis
- Lordosis
Describe Scoliosis
- Lateral curvature of the thoracic region
- Occurs late childhood
- 8x more common in females
Describe Kyphosis
A dorsally exaggerated thoracic curve
When is Kyphosis most common?
Most common in older females with osteoporosis
Describe Lordosis
- Accentuated lumbar curve
- May be caused by increased weight in the anterior of the body
- To pressure the centre of gravity, the shoulders are automatically backwards
- Pregnancy
- “Potbelly”
What are the 5 structural features of a vertebrae?
- Lamina (vertical arch)
- Body
- Vertebral foramen
- Superior articular facet
- Transverse process
Function of the Lamina (vertical arch)
Provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord.
Function of the Body
Provide structure and enable fluid movement in many planes.
Function of the Vertebral foramen
Provides for the passage of the spinal cord and the meninges
Function of the superior articular facet
Allow flexion (bend forward), extension (bend backward), and twisting motion
Function of the Transverse process
Site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine as well as the point of articulation of the ribs (in the thoracic spine)
Within the vertebrae, there are several attachment sites for what?
- Muscles that move the vertebral column
- Ligaments that stabilise the vertebral column
Describe the difference between the vertebral foramen and the intervertebral foramen
The Vertebral foramen contains the spinal cord, whereas the intervertebral foramen provides the entry and exit for the spinal nerves
Where is the location of the intervertebral discs?
Located between adjacent vertebrae
What is the function of the Intervertebral discs?
- Absorb compressive force
- Permit movement of the vertebral column
What does the Thoracic Cage consist of?
- Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
- Ribs laterally
- Sternum
- Costal cartilages which secure ribs to sternum anteriorly
State three functions of the thoracic cage
- Protects heart, lungs and great blood vessels
- Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
- Provides attachment points for muscles of the neck, back, chest and shoulders
Label the landmarks of the sternum
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
- As well as the Suprasternal notch
- And the Sternal Angle (angle of louis)
Sate the number of ribs
12 pairs (24 ribs)
Explain the difference between true and floating ribs
- ‘True Ribs’ attach to the sternum via costal cartilages
- ‘False Ribs’ attach indirectly to costal cartilage
State the function of the clavicle
Transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk
State the function of the scapula
- Forms the shoulder joint with the humerus
- Provides points of attachment for muscles
Describe the function of the glenoid cavity
A shallow socket for the head of the humerus
In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the upper limb (arm)
- Humerus
- Upper arm - Una and Radius
- Forearm - Carpal bones
- Wrist - Metacarpal bones
- Palm - Phalanges
- Fingers
State the function of the pelvis
Provides strong/stable weight-bearing support
Label the bones of the pelvis
- Hip Bone § Ilium § Pubis § Ischium - Sacrum - Coccyx
What can the hip bone be broken up into (3 different bones)
- Ilium
- Pubis
- Ischium
Name the two joints of the pelvis
- Sacroiliac joint
- Pubic symphysis
Describe four differences between the male and female pelvis
- MALE:
- Larger and heavier, larger muscle attachments
- Pubic arch (Subpubic angle) less than 90 degrees
- Pelvic brim narrow and heart shaped
- Pelvis narrower and deeper
- FEMALE:
- Smaller and lighter
- Pubic arch (subpubic angle) more than 90 degrees
- Pelvic brim wider and more oval
- Pelvis wider and shallower
Why is the female pelvis wider and shallower than the male pelvis?
To allow for childbirth
In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the lower limb (leg)
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsal bones
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
State the location of the calcaneus bone
Located in the hindfoot with the talus and is the largest bone of the foot
What is the calcaneus bone commonly called?
The Heel
