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Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 1 > Week 4 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Week 4 - Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

State six functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Provide support by acting as a structural framework and a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments
  • Protect the internal organs (brain, heart, lungs, etc)
  • Assist body movements (in conjunction with muscles)
  • Store and release calcium and phosphorus
  • House the red bone marrow which produces blood cells
  • Store triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
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2
Q

Name the two divisions of the skeleton

A
  • Axial Division

- Appendicular Division

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3
Q

What is the specific function of the Axial division?

A

Provides support and protection

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4
Q

What is the specific function of the Appendicular division?

A

Provides mobility for manipulation and locomotion

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5
Q

What are some bones in the Axial ANTERIOR view of the skeleton?

A
  • Mandible
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
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6
Q

What are some bones in the Axial POSTERIOR view of the skeleton?

A
  • Skull
  • Vertebral Column
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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7
Q

What are some bones in the Appendicular ANTERIOR view of the skeleton?

A
  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
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8
Q

What are some bones in the Appendicular POSTERIOR view of the skeleton?

A
  • Pelvic Girdle
  • Carpal Bones
  • Metacarpal bones
  • Femur
  • Metatarsal bones
  • Tarsal bones
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9
Q

Name the 5 types of bones

A
  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Sesamoid bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
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10
Q

What is an example of a Long bone?

A

Humerus

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11
Q

What is an example of a short bone?

A

Carpals & Tarsals

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12
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

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13
Q

What is an example of a flat bone?

A

Ribs, sternum, skull bones

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14
Q

What is an example of an irregular bone?

A

Hip, vertebrae, facial bones

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15
Q

Name the cranial bones

A
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
  • Frontal
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16
Q

What are the functions of the cranial bones?

A
  • Enclose & protect the brain

- The outer surface of the cranial bones provides attachment for muscles that stabilise & move the head

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17
Q

Name the four major facial bones

A
  • Nasal bone
  • Zygomatic bone
  • Maxilla bone
  • Mandible
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18
Q

Name some features and functions of the facial bones

A
  • Form the framework of the face
  • Contain cavities for organs of sight, taste and smell
  • Provide openings for air & food passages
  • Secure the teeth
  • Anchor the facial muscle of expression
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19
Q

State three functions of the paranasal sinuses

A
  • Reduce the weight of the skull
  • Help to resonate vocal sounds
  • Are lined with mucous membranes that humidify & warm air
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20
Q

State three functions of the vertebral column

A
  • Transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs
  • Surrounds & protects the spinal cord
  • Provides attachment points for the ribs and muscles of the back and neck
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21
Q

Name the five sections of the vertebral column

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccyx
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22
Q

How many vertebrae are in the Cervical section?

A

7 vertebrae

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23
Q

How many vertebrae are in the Thoracic section?

A

12 vertebrae

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24
Q

How many vertebrae are in the Lumbar section?

A

5 vertebrae

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25
Q

How many vertebrae are in the Sacral section?

A

5 fused vertebrae

26
Q

How many vertebrae are in the Coccyx section?

A

3-5 fussed vertebrae

27
Q

Name the four normal curves of the vertebral column

A
  • Cervical curvature
  • Thoracic curvature
  • Lumbar curvature
  • Sacral curvature
28
Q

Name three abnormalities of spinal curves

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Kyphosis
  • Lordosis
29
Q

Describe Scoliosis

A
  • Lateral curvature of the thoracic region
  • Occurs late childhood
  • 8x more common in females
30
Q

Describe Kyphosis

A

A dorsally exaggerated thoracic curve

31
Q

When is Kyphosis most common?

A

Most common in older females with osteoporosis

32
Q

Describe Lordosis

A
  • Accentuated lumbar curve
  • May be caused by increased weight in the anterior of the body
  • To pressure the centre of gravity, the shoulders are automatically backwards
    - Pregnancy
    - “Potbelly”
33
Q

What are the 5 structural features of a vertebrae?

A
  • Lamina (vertical arch)
  • Body
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Superior articular facet
  • Transverse process
34
Q

Function of the Lamina (vertical arch)

A

Provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord.

35
Q

Function of the Body

A

Provide structure and enable fluid movement in many planes.

36
Q

Function of the Vertebral foramen

A

Provides for the passage of the spinal cord and the meninges

37
Q

Function of the superior articular facet

A

Allow flexion (bend forward), extension (bend backward), and twisting motion

38
Q

Function of the Transverse process

A

Site of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine as well as the point of articulation of the ribs (in the thoracic spine)

39
Q

Within the vertebrae, there are several attachment sites for what?

A
  • Muscles that move the vertebral column

- Ligaments that stabilise the vertebral column

40
Q

Describe the difference between the vertebral foramen and the intervertebral foramen

A

The Vertebral foramen contains the spinal cord, whereas the intervertebral foramen provides the entry and exit for the spinal nerves

41
Q

Where is the location of the intervertebral discs?

A

Located between adjacent vertebrae

42
Q

What is the function of the Intervertebral discs?

A
  • Absorb compressive force

- Permit movement of the vertebral column

43
Q

What does the Thoracic Cage consist of?

A
  • Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
  • Ribs laterally
  • Sternum
  • Costal cartilages which secure ribs to sternum anteriorly
44
Q

State three functions of the thoracic cage

A
  • Protects heart, lungs and great blood vessels
  • Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
  • Provides attachment points for muscles of the neck, back, chest and shoulders
45
Q

Label the landmarks of the sternum

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process
    - As well as the Suprasternal notch
    - And the Sternal Angle (angle of louis)
46
Q

Sate the number of ribs

A

12 pairs (24 ribs)

47
Q

Explain the difference between true and floating ribs

A
  • ‘True Ribs’ attach to the sternum via costal cartilages

- ‘False Ribs’ attach indirectly to costal cartilage

48
Q

State the function of the clavicle

A

Transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk

49
Q

State the function of the scapula

A
  • Forms the shoulder joint with the humerus

- Provides points of attachment for muscles

50
Q

Describe the function of the glenoid cavity

A

A shallow socket for the head of the humerus

51
Q

In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the upper limb (arm)

A
  • Humerus
    - Upper arm
  • Una and Radius
    - Forearm
  • Carpal bones
    - Wrist
  • Metacarpal bones
    - Palm
  • Phalanges
    - Fingers
52
Q

State the function of the pelvis

A

Provides strong/stable weight-bearing support

53
Q

Label the bones of the pelvis

A 
- Hip Bone
		§ Ilium
		§ Pubis
		§ Ischium
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
54
Q

What can the hip bone be broken up into (3 different bones)

A
  • Ilium
  • Pubis
  • Ischium
55
Q

Name the two joints of the pelvis

A
  • Sacroiliac joint

- Pubic symphysis

56
Q

Describe four differences between the male and female pelvis

A
  • MALE:
    • Larger and heavier, larger muscle attachments
    • Pubic arch (Subpubic angle) less than 90 degrees
    • Pelvic brim narrow and heart shaped
    • Pelvis narrower and deeper
  • FEMALE:
    • Smaller and lighter
    • Pubic arch (subpubic angle) more than 90 degrees
    • Pelvic brim wider and more oval
      • Pelvis wider and shallower
57
Q

Why is the female pelvis wider and shallower than the male pelvis?

A

To allow for childbirth

58
Q

In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the lower limb (leg)

A
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Tarsal bones
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
59
Q

State the location of the calcaneus bone

A

Located in the hindfoot with the talus and is the largest bone of the foot

60
Q

What is the calcaneus bone commonly called?

A

The Heel

Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 1 (15 decks)

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