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Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 1 > Week 4 - Muscle and Skeletal Tissue > Flashcards

Week 4 - Muscle and Skeletal Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe four functions of muscle tissue

A
  1. Produce movement
  2. Maintain posture and stabilise joints & body positions
  3. Storing and moving substances in the body
  4. Skeletal muscle contraction produces heat
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2
Q

What are three functional characteristics of muscle tissue?

A
  • Electrical excitability
  • Contractility
  • Extensibility
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3
Q

Describe ‘Electrical excitability’

A

The muscle receives & responds to a stimulus which causes muscle action potentials which in turn cause muscle contraction

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4
Q

Describe ‘Contractility’

A

The ability of the muscle to contract when stimulated

This enables tension to maintain a body position or causes the muscle to shorten to produce movement

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5
Q

Describe ‘Extensibility’

A

The ability of muscle to stretch without being damaged (within limits) and to return to its original shape after contraction or extension

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6
Q

Name the three types of muscle

A
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
  • Skeletal
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7
Q

Where is skeletal muscle located?

A

Attached to bones

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8
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscle?

A

Produce skeletal movement

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9
Q

Where is Cardiac muscle located?

A

the Heart

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10
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

Pump blood

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11
Q

Location of Smooth muscle?

A

Wall of blood vessels, GI tract, airways

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12
Q

Function of smooth muscle?

A

Regulates diameter of blood vessels and airways, propels food in GI (digestive) tract

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13
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Is a cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone e.g. Achilles tendon

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14
Q

What is every cell muscle fibre supplied with?

A

A nerve ending that controls its activity

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15
Q

Muscle cells are also called…

A

Muscle fibres

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16
Q

What type of tissue do skeletal muscles contain?

A

Connective Tissue

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17
Q

Explain the process when skeletal muscles contract

A
  • Shortens & pulls one of the articulating bones towards the other.
  • The proximal bone usually remains stationary (or near its original position)
  • The distal bone is pulled toward it
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18
Q

How does muscle contraction occur?

A

Through the movement of contractile proteins

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19
Q

What are the 2 contractile proteins?

A
  • Thin Actin Filaments

- Thick Myosin Filaments

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20
Q

What happens with the filaments when the muscles are at rest?

A

The filaments (contractile proteins) lie in a parallel arrangement with some overlap.

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21
Q

What happens with the filaments when the muscles contract?

A

Thin filaments are pulled past the thick filaments using ATP.

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22
Q

What is required to enable the binding of myosin to actin?

A

C02

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23
Q

What does muscle contraction require?

A

ATP

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24
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

When relaxed muscles are almost always slightly contracted

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25
Q

What is muscle tone caused by?

A

Spinal reflexes that activate one group of motor units then another & by motor neurons in the brain.

26
Q

What type of movement is skeletal muscles?

A

Voluntary

27
Q

What does muscle tone help?

A
  • Stabilise joints & maintain posture (e.g. keeping head upright
  • Tone of smooth muscles in walls of blood vessels maintains blood pressure
28
Q

What is Hypotonia?

A

When motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are damaged the muscle becomes flaccid or limp because muscle tone is lost.

29
Q

Define Muscle Atrophy

A

Muscles waste away. It’s usually caused by a lack of physical activity

30
Q

What is Hypertonia?

A

Increased muscle tone results from damage to the motor neurons that supply the muscle

31
Q

What is spasticity?

A

Stiffness of muscles with hyperreflexia that can result in spastic paralysis (e.g. cerebral palsy)

32
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Is the increase in the diameter of muscle fibres, from forceful and repetitive muscular activity

33
Q

What are the 4 abnormal muscle contractions?

A
  • Spasm
  • Cramp
  • Tremor
  • Tic
34
Q

What is a spasm?

A

Involuntary contraction of single muscle

35
Q

What is a Cramp?

A

A painful spasm

36
Q

What is a tremor?

A

Rhythmic, involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups

37
Q

What is a tic?

A

Involuntary, brief twitch of a motor unit visible under the skin - eyelid or facial muscles

38
Q

What are 6 aged related changes to muscles?

A
  • A slow, progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass
  • Skeletal muscle is replaced by fibrous connective tissue & fat
  • Decreased muscle strength (due to less muscle mass)
  • Decreased smooth muscle tone (think about digestive function & blood pressure)
  • Decreased muscle and postural flexibility (due to loss of extensibility of muscle tissue)
  • Decreased reflexes (due to slower neuron function)
39
Q

Where are IM injections most commonly given?

A
  • Gluteus medius (also called ventro-gluteal)
  • Lateral quadriceps (vastus lateralis)
  • Deltoid muscles
40
Q

What are lumbar muscles required for?

A

Maintaining Posture

41
Q

What are some important muscles within the body (anterior view)

A
  • Sternomastoid
  • Trapezius
  • Deltoid
  • Pectoralis major
  • Biceps
  • Abdominal muscles
  • Quadriceps
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Tibialis anterior
42
Q

What are some important muscles within the body (posterior view)

A
  • Triceps
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Hamstring
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
43
Q

What does the Masseter do?

A

Wraps around and elevates the mandible to enable the mouth to open

44
Q

Where does the Sternomastoid run from?

A

From the sternum & clavicle to the mastoid process of skull

45
Q

Function of the Sternomastoid

A
  • Contraction of both together - flexes the head at the neck
  • Contraction of one - rotates head/face in opposite direction
46
Q

Function of the abdominal muscles

A
  • Flexion & rotation of the trunk
  • Movement of the vertebral column
  • Forced expiration
47
Q

What happens when our diaphragm contracts?

A

Inhalation

48
Q

What happens when our diaphragm relaxes?

A

Exhalation

49
Q

2 functions of the pelvic floor muscles

A
  • Support the pelvic organs

- Act as sphincters of the urethra & rectum

50
Q

Function of the Trapezius?

A

Elevate the scapulae

51
Q

Function of Pectoralis major

A

Flexes the arm & adducts the arm anteriorly

52
Q

Function of Latissimus dorsi

A

Extend the arm & adduct the arm posteriorly, elevates the vertebral column & torso

53
Q

Function of Deltoid

A

Abducts the arm (at shoulder) & assists with flexion & extension of the forearm

54
Q

Function of Biceps?

A

Flexes arm at elbow

55
Q

Function of triceps?

A

Extends arm at elbow

56
Q

Function of Quadriceps

A

Extends the leg at knee & flexes the thigh

57
Q

Function of hamstrings

A

Flexes leg at knee

58
Q

How many muscles make up the hamstring?

A

3

59
Q

Function of Gastrocnemius

A

Plantarflexes foot at ankle (& flexes knee)

60
Q

Function of Tibialis anterior

A

Dorsiflexes ankle

Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 1 (15 decks)

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