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Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 1 > Week 1 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Week 1 - Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the four layers of the digestive tract in the correct sequence from innermost to outer layer.

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
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2
Q

Describe the function of the Mucosa

A

Absorption and secretion`

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3
Q

Describe the function of the submucosa

A

Loose connective tissue to allow the mucosa to move flexibly during peristalsis. Also contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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4
Q

Describe the function of the Muscularis

A

To aid in propelling nutrients in a uniform direction from the lumen to the submucosa.

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5
Q

Describe the function of the serosa

A

Provides a partition between the internal organs and the abdominal cavity. Cells of the serous layer secrete a serous fluid that provides lubrication to reduce friction

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6
Q

State the tissue type of the mucosa

A

Epithelium and supporting loose connective tissue

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7
Q

State the tissue type of the submucosa

A

Connective Tissue

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8
Q

State the tissue type of the muscularis

A

Smooth muscle

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9
Q

State the tissue type of the serosa

A

Epithelial layer and a thin connective tissue layer which reduces the friction from muscle movements

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10
Q

Name the 6 digestive processes

A
  • Ingestion
  • Motility (Propulsion)
  • Mechanical digestion
  • Chemical digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
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11
Q

Describe what happens during ingestion

A

Creating a bulk flow of nutrients from the outside world into your tissues (eating/drinking)

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12
Q

Describe what happens during Motility (Propulsion)

A

Mechanism of swallowing (voluntary action), then it’s quickly turned over to the involuntary process of Peristalsis
- The smooth muscles of the walls of the digestive organs take turns contracting and relaxing to squeeze food through the lumen of the alimentary tract. Waves of Peristalsis continue through the esophagus, stomach and intestines, and they’re strong

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13
Q

Describe what happens during mechanical digestion

A
  • More smooth muscle segments push the food back and forth to keep crumbling it up
  • The goal is to increase the surface area of that bite of food by breaking it down into increasingly tiny pieces, to prepare it to encounter more enzymes
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14
Q

Describe what happens during chemical digestion

A
  • Process of digestion only occurs when the main action becomes more chemical then mechanical
  • Liver, Pancreas and Gallbladder secrete enzymes into the alimentary canal, where they ambush the food and break it down into its most basic chemical building blocks
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15
Q

Describe what happens during absorption

A
  • Digestion allows for absorption for those nutrients (fatty acids, sugars, amino acids) as they pass from the small intestine into the blood, by both active and passive transport
  • Once those nutrients are absorbed by our cells, we can use the energy inside of them, or use them to build new tissues :: ABSORPTION OF THE NUTRIENTS IS THE GOAL OF THE ENTIRE PROCESS
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16
Q

Describe what happens during defecation

A

Indigestible substances like fiber are escorted out of the body (pooping/defecation)

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17
Q

Name all 9 regions of the abdomen

A
  • Right hypochondriac
  • Right Lumbar
  • Right Iliac (Inguinal)
  • Epigastric
  • Hypogastric
  • Umbilical
  • Left hypochondriac
  • Left lumbar
  • Left Iliac
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18
Q

Name the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

A
  • Right upper (RUQ)
  • Right lower (RLQ)
  • Left Upper (LUQ)
  • Left Lower (LLQ)
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19
Q

Name the three layers of the peritoneum from deep to superficial

A
  • Visceral layer
  • Peritoneal cavity
  • Parietal layer
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20
Q

What does the visceral layer cover?

A

Organs

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21
Q

What does the Peritoneal cavity contain?

A

Serous fluid

22
Q

What does the parietal layer line?

A

The abdominopelvic cavity

23
Q

State the 4 functions of the toungue

A
  • Taste
  • Manipulates food for chewing
  • Aids swallowing
  • Articulates speech
24
Q

State the health risks associated with tooth and gum disease

A

Plague accumulates forming a stony-hard, calcified deposit between the gum & teeth allowing a gap for bacteria to cause infection which in return could cause chronic inflammation which increases the risk of heart disease and stroke

25
Q

State two functions of saliva

A
  • Soften, moisten and dissolve food

- Clean mouth and teeth

26
Q

Name the 4 contents of saliva

A
  • Water
  • Salivary amylase
  • Mucus
  • Lysozyme
27
Q

What is the function of water in saliva?

A

Dissolves food to begin the digestive process and stimulates taste buds

28
Q

What is the function of the salivary amylase in saliva?

A

Digests starch to maltose

29
Q

What is the function of mucus in saliva

A

Lubricates the food for movement & swallowing

30
Q

What is the function of lysozyme in saliva?

A

Helps destroy bacteria

31
Q

Two situations that would reduce the production of saliva

A
  • Having a dry mouth

- Major salivary ducts being bloked

32
Q

What would happen if saliva was not produced?

A

Affect taste, make chewing and swallowing more difficult, and increase the risk for cavities, tooth loss, and infections in the mouth.

33
Q

Define Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums

34
Q

Define Halitosis

A

Bad breath

35
Q

Where is the epiglottis located?

A

At the entry of the larynx

36
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Prevent foods and drinks from falling down the airway

37
Q

Function of the oesophagus

A

Secretes mucus and transports the bolus (lump of food) to the stomach by peristalsis

38
Q

Define dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

39
Q

State the entry and exit structures of the stomach

A

The Pyloric Sphincter

40
Q

What is the function of the Pyloric Sphincter?

A

The part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). The pylorus is a valve that opens and closes during digestion. This allows partly digested food and other stomach contents to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.

41
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Acts as a temporary storage tank for food while it is being mixed with stomach enzymes

42
Q

What is the function of stomach juice?

A

Main function is to inactivate swallowed microorganisms, thereby inhibiting infectious agents from reaching the intestine.

43
Q

State the specific function of HCL (Hydrochloric acid) in the stomach

A

Kills microbes in food

44
Q

State the specific function of mucus in the stomach

A

Protects stomach wall from being damaged by the HCL

45
Q

What is the pH of the stomach

A

1.5-3.5

46
Q

Why should the pH of the stomach be acidic?

A

Ingested E. coli is inactivated, so maintaining normal stomach acid levels can prevent this bacteria from causing health problems, overall maintain digestive health

47
Q

Describe the homeostatic imbalances that can occur with prolonged or severe vomiting

A

Excess vomiting can cause dehydration & disrupt the electrolyte & pH balance. As acid is lost the blood becomes more alkaline.

48
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum (25cm)
  • Jejunum (1 m)
  • Ileum (2 m)
49
Q

How are Faeces formed?

A

In the colon more water is absorbed, the chyme becomes more solid (semisolid) and is called faeces

50
Q

Name all the organs in the digestive tract in the correct sequence from where food enters and exits the body

A
  • The mouth
  • The Pharynx
  • The Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine

Nursing Science 2 - EXAM 1 (15 decks)

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