Week 4 - peer and peer relationships Flashcards
What are similarities / equalities in peer development that are important?
- age
- abilities
- social power
- interests
THESE ARE LIKELY TO FASCILIATE:
+ Cooperation, communication, and negotiation
- competition and conflict
what are CHARACTERISTICS of friendships?
Emotional urgency:
- attachment / affiliation
- reciprocity and intimacy
- enjoymeny: smiling, laughing, talking
- criticism and conflict
Familiarity:
- understanding and anticipation
Support:
- Coorporation and help
- Conflict resolution : friends are chosen
- effective task performance
What happens in 6 month olds
- Show interest in peers
- Stare and touch
What do 14+ months do
Play side by side - ‘‘parallel play’’ (Parten, 1932)
What do 18+ months do:
- coordinated play: chasing, imitation
- some show playmate preference
What do 3-4 year olds do
- prefer playing with peers than alone
- common activities, proximity
- coorporative, coordinted play, including pretence
- some have mutual friendships
what do 5-12 year olds do?
- mutual assistance, exchange of favours
- number of reciprocal friends gradually increases
what do 13+ year olds do?
- Intimacy and stability
- Most have 2/3 reciprocal friends
What is the Group Socialization Theory
Harris, 1995; 1998; 2006
Siblings are very different, despired sharing genes, homes, parents. etc…
HENCE, children are strongly influenced by non-family members, especially peers.
culture is transmitted through peer groups
what are the stages of GENDER SEGREGATION?
La Freniere, 1984; Maccoby, 2002
10+ months: girls prefer girls
20+ months: boys prefer boys
By 5 years: strong gender segregation, esp by boys
By 8 years: almost all friendships are same sex
Leads to gender socialization:
- peers have majoy impact on development of gender roles and identity.
What are the GENDER differences in peer relations:
BOYS:
- Large friendship groups
- Wide area of play
- Emphasize competition and dominance
GIRLS:
- Small intimate groups
- Play indoors or near home
- Preference for emotion regulation
- Emphasize agreement, compliance, self-disclusure
WHAT IS PEER REJECTION
Rejected children are actively disliked and avoided by peers.
TWO TYPES:
1. Withdrawn / Rejected
2. Aggressive / Rejected
AGGRESSIVE / REJECTED STATUS PREDICTS LONG TERM BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS
- antisocial behaviour
- social incompetence
- poor school adjustment
Delinquency is a ‘team activity’ - Gold, 1970
Associating with deviant peers = best predictor of delinquency
* Dishion et al., 1994
HOW DOES DELINQUENCY OCCUR?
- Poor parental discipline and monitoring
- Rejection by normal peers
- Joins deviant peer group
= Deliquency, usually in late childhood / adolescence
What are COLLEGIAL and SPECIAL peers?
Collgial = friends in classroom / workplace
Special = friends in and beyond classroom / workplace
WHAT IS BULLYING?
Repeated aggressive actions against a particular victim where victim does not feel in a position to retaliate effectively.
