week 4 lecture Flashcards
what are osteoblasts? what are their functions in bone metabolism?
-Function: bone deposition
-Effect: controls the amount of calcium and minerals stored in bone
mnemonic: build
what are osteoclasts? what are their functions in bone metabolism?
-Function: bone resorption (loss)
-Effect: controls amount of calcium released into the bloodstream
mnemonic: crush
what are osteocytes?
mature bone cell; incorporated into bone
what is bone modeling?
refers to initial formation of bone during development (growth/shape change)
what is bone remodeling?
refers to renewal of bone tissue
-disuse results in the loss of bone mass
geriatric considerations: changes in skeletal & muscular system
-bone resorption (breakdown) exceeds bone formation
-increased thoracic curve which causes kyphosis
-bone mass decreases
-muscle cells decrease
-muscle mass decreases
-reduced muscle strength
what is an intervention that can help reduce loss of muscle mass?
encourage weigh-bearing exercises: walking, running, weight-lifting → applying stress and pressure to maintain bone and muscle mass
soft tissue injuries include damage to the? (4)
-muscles
-cartilage
-tendons
-ligaments
which of the soft tissue injuries are difficult to heal? why?
cartilage, tendons, & ligaments because of decreased blood supply
what is the recommended treatment for soft tissue injuries?
*first: rule out fracture with an x-ray or expert physical assessment
R = rest
I = ice
C = compression
E = elevate
POLICE acronym
P = protection
O = optimal
L = loading
I = ice
C = compression
E = elevation
what are the two primary goals of fracture treatment?
reduction & immobilization
fracture treatment: reduction & when should it be done?
restoring limb to normal anatomic position (correct alignment) as possible
-be done if there are any concerns for neurovascular compromise or potential ischemia to distal limb
fracture treatment: immobilization & example?
maintain proper alignment of the reduced fracture
ex: sprinting to prevent movement (also cast, internal fixation, external fixation)
treatment method: cast
hard around the entire fracture (applied when swelling has subsided)
avoid cast initially to prevent compression injury
treatment method: splint
used first immediately after the fracture which is just fiberglass on one side
treatment method: surgery internal fixation
plates and screws attached to bone or intramedullary nails placed within long bones (ORIF)
treatment method: surgery external fixation
external devices applied temporarily →pins and metal cage
treatment method: bone grafting
filling in bone to areas that will not heal well
treatment method: prophylaxis treatement (2)
-antibiotic prophylaxis (open fractures)
-tetanus prophylaxis (anytime there is a break in the skin)
five stages of bone healing
- hematoma formation
- fibrocartilage formation
- callus formation
- ossification
- consolidation/remodeling
transverse break
across, perpendicular
longitudinal break
along bone (think geographical lines of longitude)
oblique break
diagonal
spiral break
spiral shaped → often related to twisting injury
comminuted break
more than one fracture line & more than two bone fragment
impacted break
drives one fragment into another or telescopes
greenstick break
incomplete break
stress break
hairline fracture; repeated mechanical injury overtime
avulsion break
small chunk of bone gets pulled away ex: ankle, patella
complete vs incomplete break
complete = two separate pieces
incomplete = pieces still attached
open (compound) vs closed (simple) break
open = breaks through the skin which is a high risk for infection
closed = no breaks in the skin
which type of fracture might you expect to see in a long distance runner?
stress fractures
bone and joint trauma complications
-delayed healing and malunion (deformity)
-neurovascualr injury
-avascular necrosis
-compartment syndrome
-osteomyelitis
-DVT & pulmonary embolus
-fat emboli syndrome
bone and joint trauma complications
-delayed healing and malunion (deformity)
-neurovascualr injury
-avascular necrosis
-compartment syndrome
-osteomyelitis
-DVT & pulmonary embolus
-fat emboli syndrome
