week 4 lecture

Question 1

what are osteoblasts? what are their functions in bone metabolism?

Answer 1

-Function: bone deposition
-Effect: controls the amount of calcium and minerals stored in bone
mnemonic: build

Question 2

what are osteoclasts? what are their functions in bone metabolism?

Answer 2

-Function: bone resorption (loss)
-Effect: controls amount of calcium released into the bloodstream
mnemonic: crush

Question 3

what are osteocytes?

Answer 3

mature bone cell; incorporated into bone

Question 4

what is bone modeling?

Answer 4

refers to initial formation of bone during development (growth/shape change)

Question 5

what is bone remodeling?

Answer 5

refers to renewal of bone tissue
-disuse results in the loss of bone mass

Question 6

geriatric considerations: changes in skeletal & muscular system

Answer 6

-bone resorption (breakdown) exceeds bone formation
-increased thoracic curve which causes kyphosis
-bone mass decreases
-muscle cells decrease
-muscle mass decreases
-reduced muscle strength

Question 7

what is an intervention that can help reduce loss of muscle mass?

Answer 7

encourage weigh-bearing exercises: walking, running, weight-lifting → applying stress and pressure to maintain bone and muscle mass

Question 8

soft tissue injuries include damage to the? (4)

Answer 8

-muscles
-cartilage
-tendons
-ligaments

Question 9

which of the soft tissue injuries are difficult to heal? why?

Answer 9

cartilage, tendons, & ligaments because of decreased blood supply

Question 10

what is the recommended treatment for soft tissue injuries?

Answer 10

*first: rule out fracture with an x-ray or expert physical assessment
R = rest
I = ice
C = compression
E = elevate

Question 11

POLICE acronym

Answer 11

P = protection
O = optimal
L = loading
I = ice
C = compression
E = elevation

Question 12

what are the two primary goals of fracture treatment?

Answer 12

reduction & immobilization

Question 13

fracture treatment: reduction & when should it be done?

Answer 13

restoring limb to normal anatomic position (correct alignment) as possible
-be done if there are any concerns for neurovascular compromise or potential ischemia to distal limb

Question 14

fracture treatment: immobilization & example?

Answer 14

maintain proper alignment of the reduced fracture
ex: sprinting to prevent movement (also cast, internal fixation, external fixation)

Question 15

treatment method: cast

Answer 15

hard around the entire fracture (applied when swelling has subsided)
avoid cast initially to prevent compression injury

Question 16

treatment method: splint

Answer 16

used first immediately after the fracture which is just fiberglass on one side

Question 17

treatment method: surgery internal fixation

Answer 17

plates and screws attached to bone or intramedullary nails placed within long bones (ORIF)

Question 18

treatment method: surgery external fixation

Answer 18

external devices applied temporarily →pins and metal cage

Question 19

treatment method: bone grafting

Answer 19

filling in bone to areas that will not heal well

Question 20

treatment method: prophylaxis treatement (2)

Answer 20

-antibiotic prophylaxis (open fractures)
-tetanus prophylaxis (anytime there is a break in the skin)

Question 21

five stages of bone healing

Answer 21

1. hematoma formation
2. fibrocartilage formation
3. callus formation
4. ossification
5. consolidation/remodeling

Question 22

transverse break

Answer 22

across, perpendicular

Question 23

longitudinal break

Answer 23

along bone (think geographical lines of longitude)

Question 24

oblique break

Answer 24

diagonal

Question 25

spiral break

Answer 25

spiral shaped → often related to twisting injury

Question 26

comminuted break

Answer 26

more than one fracture line & more than two bone fragment

Question 27

impacted break

Answer 27

drives one fragment into another or telescopes

Question 28

greenstick break

Answer 28

incomplete break

Question 29

stress break

Answer 29

hairline fracture; repeated mechanical injury overtime

Question 30

avulsion break

Answer 30

small chunk of bone gets pulled away ex: ankle, patella

Question 31

complete vs incomplete break

Answer 31

complete = two separate pieces
incomplete = pieces still attached

Question 32

open (compound) vs closed (simple) break

Answer 32

open = breaks through the skin which is a high risk for infection
closed = no breaks in the skin

Question 33

which type of fracture might you expect to see in a long distance runner?

Answer 33

stress fractures

Question 34

bone and joint trauma complications

Answer 34

-delayed healing and malunion (deformity)
-neurovascualr injury
-avascular necrosis
-compartment syndrome
-osteomyelitis
-DVT & pulmonary embolus
-fat emboli syndrome

Question 34

bone and joint trauma complications

Answer 34

-delayed healing and malunion (deformity)
-neurovascualr injury
-avascular necrosis
-compartment syndrome
-osteomyelitis
-DVT & pulmonary embolus
-fat emboli syndrome