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nurs 220: patho > week 1 lecture > Flashcards

week 1 lecture Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

study of disordered physiological processes associated with disease and injury

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2
Q

define etiology

A

study of causes or reasons
identifies causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury

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3
Q

define pathogenesis

A

the development and evolution of the disease

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4
Q

define idiopathic

A

cause unknown

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5
Q

define iatrogenic

A

cause resulting from unintended or unwanted diagnostic or therapeutic procedure/treatment AKA its caused by healthcare
ex: pneumothorax= nicking the lung

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6
Q

define congenital

A

something you are born with

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7
Q

define multifactorial

A

involving or dependent on a number of factors or causes
ex: poor diet which can lead to diabetes

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8
Q

define risk factors

A

presence increases the likelihood of risks
ex: smoking leads to heart attack but does not directly cause it

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9
Q

define clinical manifestations

A

the physical result of some type of illness or infection

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10
Q

sign vs symptom

A

sign: objective AKA observed
ex: vital signs, weight, lab results
symptoms: subjective feeling of abnormality
pain, nausea, fatigue

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11
Q

define syndrome

A

group of co-occurring signs and symptoms with unknown etiology
ex: SIDS

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12
Q

treatment: curative

A

actually fights directly against the cause of the disease

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13
Q

treatment: supportive

A

any care that helps facilitate normal bodily functions, AKA maintaining physiology
ex: no meds for a virus

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14
Q

treatment: palliative

A

comfort focused care, mostly but not limited to end of life care
ex: treat nausea for cancer pts

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15
Q

latent period

A

between a pts exposure to infectious agents & the time you develop first signs & symptoms

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16
Q

prodromal period

A

when you develop the first signs & symptoms
-usually vague symptoms

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17
Q

subclinical stage

A

disease is developing in your body & you don’t know
ex: cancer

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18
Q

actue clinical course

A

disease develops quickly and goes away quickly
ex: influenza

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19
Q

chronic clinical course

A

disease develops slowly & goes away slowly
ex: hypertension

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20
Q

exacerbation

A

worsening of symptoms

21
Q

remission

A

symptoms are getting better

22
Q

convalescence

A

period of rest or recovery after a period of disease/injury/surgery

23
Q

sequela

A

the residual effects of a disease or injury that occur for a long period of time
ex: scar from surgery

24
Q

complication

A

unanticipated core outcome related to an illness or injury
ex: surgery that leads to a surgical wound getting infected

25
Q

diagnostic test: reliability & example

A

test’s ability to give the same results in repeated measurements
ex: scale weighing

26
Q

diagnostic test: validity

A

degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure (accuracy)

27
Q

diagnostic test: predictive value & example

A

extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person’s condition
ex: OTC pregnancy test

28
Q

sensitivity vs specificity

A

sensitivity: tests ability to accurately detect positive results
specificity: test ability to accurately identify negative results

29
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

study of the patterns of disease involving populations

30
Q

endemic disease

A

native or normal for a particular time & place
ex: lyme disease

31
Q

epidemic disease

A

actively spreading in a particular region

32
Q

pandemic disease

A

an epidemic but spreads across regions

33
Q

what are five factors that affect patterns of disease?

A

-Age
-Sex/Gender
-Socioeconomic Status/Lifestyle Factors
-Geographic Location
-Race/Ethnic Groups (social difference)

34
Q

levels of prevention: primary prevention & example

A

targets the well population
ex: promoting immunizations and promoting wearing seatbelts

35
Q

levels of prevention: secondary prevention & example

A

targets people at risk of a health problem
ex: cancer screening

36
Q

levels of prevention: tertiary prevention & example

A

targets people with a health problem
ex: stroke pt going to speech therapy

37
Q

homeostasis vs allostasis

A

homeostasis: a state in which all body systems are in perfect balance at an ideal “set point”
allostasis: ability to successfully adapt to challenges in our everyday lives
ex of allostasis: sitting down in lecture & you stand up after a while & you feel dizzy but your body adjusts very quickly & heart rate adjusts

38
Q

what kinds of agents can produce stress and danger to homeostasis?

A

-External
-Physical
-Chemical
-Emotional
-Biological
-Social
-Cultural

39
Q

what is the general adaptation syndrome?

A

describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative

40
Q

what are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

A
  1. alarm reaction
  2. stage of resistance (adaptation)
  3. stage of exhaustion
41
Q
  1. alarm reaction phase and what gets activated?
A

-fight or flight response due to stressful stimulus
-hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activated

42
Q
  1. stage of resistance (adaptation) phase
A

increased activity of the nervous system and the endocrine systems to return the body to homeostasis

43
Q

what is allostatic state?

A

the activity of various systems in attempting to restore homeostasis

44
Q
  1. stage of exhaustion phase
A

point of where the body can no longer return to homeostasis

45
Q

what is allostatic overload?

A

-“cost” of body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response
-“wear and tear” on body

46
Q

define distress

A

perceived inability to cope with a stressor

47
Q

define coping

A

behavioral adaptive response

48
Q

define adaptation

A

biophysical change in response to new circumstance

nurs 220: patho (13 decks)

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