week 1 lecture Flashcards
what is pathophysiology?
study of disordered physiological processes associated with disease and injury
define etiology
study of causes or reasons
identifies causal factors that provoke a particular disease or injury
define pathogenesis
the development and evolution of the disease
define idiopathic
cause unknown
define iatrogenic
cause resulting from unintended or unwanted diagnostic or therapeutic procedure/treatment AKA its caused by healthcare
ex: pneumothorax= nicking the lung
define congenital
something you are born with
define multifactorial
involving or dependent on a number of factors or causes
ex: poor diet which can lead to diabetes
define risk factors
presence increases the likelihood of risks
ex: smoking leads to heart attack but does not directly cause it
define clinical manifestations
the physical result of some type of illness or infection
sign vs symptom
sign: objective AKA observed
ex: vital signs, weight, lab results
symptoms: subjective feeling of abnormality
pain, nausea, fatigue
define syndrome
group of co-occurring signs and symptoms with unknown etiology
ex: SIDS
treatment: curative
actually fights directly against the cause of the disease
treatment: supportive
any care that helps facilitate normal bodily functions, AKA maintaining physiology
ex: no meds for a virus
treatment: palliative
comfort focused care, mostly but not limited to end of life care
ex: treat nausea for cancer pts
latent period
between a pts exposure to infectious agents & the time you develop first signs & symptoms
prodromal period
when you develop the first signs & symptoms
-usually vague symptoms
subclinical stage
disease is developing in your body & you don’t know
ex: cancer
actue clinical course
disease develops quickly and goes away quickly
ex: influenza
chronic clinical course
disease develops slowly & goes away slowly
ex: hypertension
exacerbation
worsening of symptoms
remission
symptoms are getting better
convalescence
period of rest or recovery after a period of disease/injury/surgery
sequela
the residual effects of a disease or injury that occur for a long period of time
ex: scar from surgery
complication
unanticipated core outcome related to an illness or injury
ex: surgery that leads to a surgical wound getting infected
diagnostic test: reliability & example
test’s ability to give the same results in repeated measurements
ex: scale weighing
diagnostic test: validity
degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends to measure (accuracy)
diagnostic test: predictive value & example
extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person’s condition
ex: OTC pregnancy test
sensitivity vs specificity
sensitivity: tests ability to accurately detect positive results
specificity: test ability to accurately identify negative results
what is epidemiology?
study of the patterns of disease involving populations
endemic disease
native or normal for a particular time & place
ex: lyme disease
epidemic disease
actively spreading in a particular region
pandemic disease
an epidemic but spreads across regions
what are five factors that affect patterns of disease?
-Age
-Sex/Gender
-Socioeconomic Status/Lifestyle Factors
-Geographic Location
-Race/Ethnic Groups (social difference)
levels of prevention: primary prevention & example
targets the well population
ex: promoting immunizations and promoting wearing seatbelts
levels of prevention: secondary prevention & example
targets people at risk of a health problem
ex: cancer screening
levels of prevention: tertiary prevention & example
targets people with a health problem
ex: stroke pt going to speech therapy
homeostasis vs allostasis
homeostasis: a state in which all body systems are in perfect balance at an ideal “set point”
allostasis: ability to successfully adapt to challenges in our everyday lives
ex of allostasis: sitting down in lecture & you stand up after a while & you feel dizzy but your body adjusts very quickly & heart rate adjusts
what kinds of agents can produce stress and danger to homeostasis?
-External
-Physical
-Chemical
-Emotional
-Biological
-Social
-Cultural
what is the general adaptation syndrome?
describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative
what are the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome?
- alarm reaction
- stage of resistance (adaptation)
- stage of exhaustion
- alarm reaction phase and what gets activated?
-fight or flight response due to stressful stimulus
-hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activated
- stage of resistance (adaptation) phase
increased activity of the nervous system and the endocrine systems to return the body to homeostasis
what is allostatic state?
the activity of various systems in attempting to restore homeostasis
- stage of exhaustion phase
point of where the body can no longer return to homeostasis
what is allostatic overload?
-“cost” of body’s organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response
-“wear and tear” on body
define distress
perceived inability to cope with a stressor
define coping
behavioral adaptive response
define adaptation
biophysical change in response to new circumstance
