Week 4 - Ideological, Social, and economic Influences Flashcards by Christine Wilson

What is the term to describe the set of ideas and values of an individual or a group of people as desirable social aspirations.

ideology

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What is the set of beliefs forms the basis of political, economic, or other type of systems

ideology

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T/F - ideology does not fundamentally affect the choice of social policy

false

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T/F - Ideology provides normative justifications to social actions

true

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T/F - When most people in a society think alike about major social issues, without looking or even thinking for alternatives, they arrive at a Hegemony

true
Some ideology may be good, but if we all think the same way then that ideology really isn’t that good – we need to think about alternatives

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the following concepts are often used in ideological descriptions:

*Individualism
*Collectivism
*Egalitarianism
*“Elitism

Which one is - emphasizes the individual’s freedom, worth, and self determination in the political, social, and economic spheres.

Individualism

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the following concepts are often used in ideological descriptions:

*Individualism
*Collectivism
*Egalitarianism
*“Elitism

Which one is - places the rights and the welfare of the group or society above those of any and all individuals. The country’s interests are more important

Collectivism

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the following concepts are often used in ideological descriptions:

*Individualism
*Collectivism
*Egalitarianism
*“Elitism

Which one is - the belief that all people should have equal (economic) end. It means in the end everyone has the same thing

Egalitarianism

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the following concepts are often used in ideological descriptions:

*Individualism
*Collectivism
*Egalitarianism
*Elitism

Which one is - is the organization of society around interrelated but unequal functional groups, usually with those in the political or economic leadership group

Elitism

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In the political spectrum of major political ideologies - Put them in order from left to right.

Liberalism, Fascism, Communism, Neo-conservatism, Social Democracy, Toryism

Left to right

Communism, Social Democracy, Toryism, Liberalism, Neo-conservatism, Fascism

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T/F - Due to the complexity of ideology and politics, two or more dimensional distributions would be more appropriate.

true, a circle rather than a straight line

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What is both the theory and the political practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Communism

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As per WHAT - liberty could not be achieved in the capitalist society because the distribution was in favor of the few who controlled the means of production (factories)

communism

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T/F - The focus of communism is collectivism

true —that is, social ownership and control of lands as well as the means of production (the land, labour, and capital used by a society to produce material goods)

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T/F - the public control of the “means of production” is essential for Marxism

true
(He believed that if this point was achieved other things would be automatic. He did not pay attention to how to select the leader and how to limit totality.)

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According to Marx, there are two stages following the overthrow of capitalist society:
1-first stage (socialist society)
2-second stage (communist society)

which stage is - From each according to his abilities, to each, according to his work

1-first stage (socialist society)

Everyone tries their best to contribute based on each person’s abilities.

How much people get depends on how much work each person has done then you get a share and this is a public decision.

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According to Marx, there are two stages following the overthrow of capitalist society:
1-first stage (socialist society)
2-second stage (communist society)

which stage is - From each according to his abilities, to each, according to his need

2-second stage (communist society)

Everyone tries their best (the first part remains the same), the second part means they get what they need.

Karl Marx believed people try to do good for others and that their productivity would improve – but this is hard to be achieved

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T/F - In 1917, the first communist country Soviet Union established (they called this country “socialism”, the first stage of Marx’s theory).

true
More countries became communist (socialist) countries (East European, Asia and other continents) after the WWII

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Explain the role of the government in Communist countries

-these countries were ruled by dictators
-Governments in communist (socialist) countries control almost everything
-The governments control industries and work units – they had collective farms and then people would get a share but productivity was very low

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T/F - In the later decades of the communist countries, efficiency was high, corruption was low, and productivity was very high.

false on all 3 points!

Eventually, most of these courtiers are either under reform to a market economy or a more radical change in the system – economic reform (to become capitalist system)

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Any political practice or theory that is based on an interpretation of the works of Marx and Engels may be called WHAT?

Marxism

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WHAT is a political ideology that emerged since the late 19th century out of the socialist movement.

Social democracy

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WHAT is a political ideology says that the free-market economy cannot ensure the efficiency and effective allocation of economic resources to meet the needs of all the citizens

Social democracy

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T/F - Modern Social Democracy is unlike socialism in the Marxist sense because Marxism aims to replace the capitalist system entirely by revolution

true

Instead, social democrats aim to reform capitalism democratically through state regulation and the creation of state sponsored programs and organizations

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T/F - social democrats limit the extent of state control to that determined by a democratic election process, and temper capitalism with egalitarianism through government legislation and regulation

true

Which political ideology supports the following policies -A mixed economy consisting private sectors and government owned or subsidized programs of education and healthcare. -Government regulates the private sectors in the interests of workers, consumers and fair competition. -An extensive social security system with stated goal of poverty reduction.

Social Democracy Examples of social democratic countries are the Scandinavian countries

Which political ideology supports: *promote environment protection *support for immigration, diversity and multiculturalism *support human rights, social rights, civil right and civil liberties *support the rights of gay marriage and abortion.

Social Democracy

In the 18th century, WHAT was a movement to counter the liberalization of traditional ideals and the growing egalitarian ideologies, both of which threatened the status quo.

Tory conservatism

A “tory” conservative ideology contrasts with American expressions of conservatism because it retains its British roots.

true

Which political ideology sees itself as collectivist because the ideal of social & economic hierarchies contributes to economic security and social stability.

Tory conservatism

Which political ideology of social “Law and Order” perspective contrasts with liberalism’s individual liberty and freedom orientation.

Toryism (Tory conservatism)

T/F - Although some conservatives are still Tory, but many Conservatives these days are liberal or neoconservative in ideology

true

Which political ideology evolved in the 18th & 19th centuries as a change-oriented perspective that emphasized individual development in a social, political, and economic order unencumbered by government constraints

liberalism

Freedom and individualism are the fundamental social values of which political ideology

the liberalism

T/F - Nineteenth-century liberalism in economic matters was often referred to as laissez-faire, which called for no government interference in the marketplace

true

The Liberalism value of freedom means absence of WHAT

coercion Coercion “eliminates an individual as a thinking and a valuing person and makes him a bare tool in the achievement of the ends of another” People cannot use you without your permission – another way to think about freedom, rich people can donate money rather than the government forcing them to give money – that is freedom

The Liberalism value of individualism - without it there is no WHAT

freedom - the other value

T/F - Because of individualism - liberal ideology called for no government interference in the marketplace

true modern liberalism recognizes that some government interference is needed to facilitate equality of opportunity

Which political ideology refers to the “new right”— the rejection collectivism in favor of laissez-faire economics which advocates less government and less intervention towards social and economic affairs.

Neo-Conservatism

Which political ideology is considered “individualist conservatives”, sharing much in common with liberal ideology

Neo-Conservatism

Which political ideology refers to a governmental system or political philosophy that is typical total power and nationalism.

Fascism

Which political ideology is led by a dictator has complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition, regimenting all industry, commerce. etc., and emphasizes an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

Fascism

T/F - Fascism places the interest of the nation or groups within the nation ahead of any particular class or individual

true

Mussolini’s Italy, Hitler’s Germany, and Japan in the mid 20th century operated based on which political ideology

Fascism

Which ideology supports racist assertions of nationality

Fascism

T/F - Values common to all Canadian political parties regardless of their ideology: – The inherent right of all citizens to self WHAT – Belief in WHAT and the democratic process –Commitment to a range of regulated forms of industrial capitalism (degree of regulation depends on the political ideology)

Self-determination Democracy

T/F - in the current political climate, egalitarianism is strengthening, as liberal tenets of individualism gain greater power

false - egalitarianism is weakening

The major political parties of Canada include: 1-Liberal Party 2-Conservative Party 3-New Democratic Party (NDP) 4-Bloc Quebecois which one says - Business (economic right) liberalism & welfare liberalism (human rights above economics).

Liberal Party

The major political parties of Canada include: 1-Liberal Party 2-Conservative Party 3-New Democratic Party (NDP) 4-Bloc Quebecois which one has a wide range of views from awareness of the interdependence of socio-economic classes & open to some government intervention to more staunch advocates of the free market & individualism.

2-Conservative Party

The major political parties of Canada include: 1-Liberal Party 2-Conservative Party 3-New Democratic Party (NDP) 4-Bloc Quebecois which one is Collectivist & egalitarian: Legal equality & equality of opportunity, supports universal programs, higher corporate tax, workers’ unions.

3-New Democratic Party (NDP) The NDP has ideological roots in welfare liberalism

The major political parties of Canada include: 1-Liberal Party 2-Conservative Party 3-New Democratic Party (NDP) 4-Bloc Quebecois which one has the central mandate to promote Quebec sovereignty, has been supported by various groups in Quebec society including trade unions

4-Bloc Quebecois

There are Eight theoretical approaches to social welfare: 1.Social democratic perspective 2.Marxist thought 3.Feminist theorists 4.Anti-racist critique of the welfare state 5.A Green critique 6.Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment 7.The Market State 8.The Third Way Which one - assumes that the welfare state emerged out of democratic political pressures from social institutions such as trade unions & political parties.

1.Social democratic perspective

2.Marxist thought

There are Eight theoretical approaches to social welfare: 1.Social democratic perspective 2.Marxist thought 3.Feminist theorists 4.Anti-racist critique of the welfare state 5.A Green critique 6.Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment 7.The Market State 8.The Third Way Which one - call for greater support of women in the workplace expanding childcare and income security that reflects the needs of women.

3.Feminist theorists

There are Eight theoretical approaches to social welfare: 1.Social democratic perspective 2.Marxist thought 3.Feminist theorists 4.Anti-racist critique of the welfare state 5.A Green critique 6.Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment 7.The Market State 8.The Third Way Which one - criticizes in the welfare state systematically treats the disadvantaged group less favorably than majority.

4.Anti-racist critique of the welfare state

There are Eight theoretical approaches to social welfare: 1.Social democratic perspective 2.Marxist thought 3.Feminist theorists 4.Anti-racist critique of the welfare state 5.A Green critique 6.Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment 7.The Market State 8.The Third Way Which one - The welfare state is rooted in the industrial order where the economy is based on growth that is no longer sustainable. For sustainable development.

5.A Green critique

There are Eight theoretical approaches to social welfare: 1.Social democratic perspective 2.Marxist thought 3.Feminist theorists 4.Anti-racist critique of the welfare state 5.A Green critique 6.Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment 7.The Market State 8.The Third Way Which one - Rather than emphasizing individual deficits and providing a community standard such as a poverty line, empowerment social welfare assumes that all people require help in order to develop.

6.Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment

7.The Market State

There are Eight theoretical approaches to social welfare: 1.Social democratic perspective 2.Marxist thought 3.Feminist theorists 4.Anti-racist critique of the welfare state 5.A Green critique 6.Calls for a shift from compensation to one of empowerment 7.The Market State 8.The Third Way Which one - attempts to combine market state principles with social democratic ones, suggests the best solution is for social services to offer choice to users & encourage competition amongst the providers. Emphasizes the third sector, or the voluntary sector, as increasingly important

8.The Third Way

Social welfare as a response to need - there are 4 kinds of needs *Felt needs *Expressed needs *Normative needs *Comparative needs which one is - defined on a personal and subjective level

*Felt needs

Social welfare as a response to need - there are 4 kinds of needs *Felt needs *Expressed needs *Normative needs *Comparative needs which one is - felt needs that are communicated to others.

*Expressed needs

Social welfare as a response to need - there are 4 kinds of needs *Felt needs *Expressed needs *Normative needs *Comparative needs which one is - determined by someone other than the individual by applying a benchmark or standard to the individual case (poverty line).

*Normative needs

Social welfare as a response to need - there are 4 kinds of needs *Felt needs *Expressed needs *Normative needs *Comparative needs which one is - determined by comparing one individual or group to another (poverty experienced by lone-parent families compared to two-parent families).

*Comparative needs

T/F - Measuring well-being includes: *GDP (Gross Domestic Production in $) *Unemployment Levels *New immigrants, racialized groups, and women are overrepresented in precarious *Conditions related to precarious employment: – Job insecurity – Excessive work hours – Work-life conflict – Effort-reward imbalance – Job strain – Work related determinants of health

true

WHAT can be understood as a condition in which a person or family is deprived of, and or lacks the essentials for a minimum standard of well-being and life.

poverty

WHAT can be understood as lack of income and wealth.

poverty

T/F - Poverty in a country or region is often measured by Poverty Rate, the percentage of population below the poverty line, e.g. 60% below the median income (the European standard).

true

T/f - In developing countries, poverty is often used as an absolute sense (absolute poverty) what you really need and anything below you will die. For example, the World Bank uses a global indicator of incomes of $1 or $2 a day.

true

T/F - Absolute poverty (destitution model): maintaining minimum needs.

true

T/F - Relative poverty (inequality): based on social values (what is compared with others) rather than the absolute need

true *Predetermine a relative standard of living (can be subjective) and then decide the level below this standard that is intolerable to society. *60% below the medium income is the poverty line, if you don’t have a job you are in poverty. In Canada we use LICO

T/F - Conceptualizing and Defining Poverty - Low-income cut-off (LICO)- distinguishes low-income families from average income families

true

T/F - Market Basket Measure (MBM) – use this to measure basic needs, but not used much now

TRUE - MBM is different because it creates a measure of poverty that is based on the actual calculated market costs of housing, food, clothing and footwear, transportations and other goods and services such as hygiene products and furniture for living a decent life and is calculated to a specific community

In the Gini coefficient, 0 indicates WHAT and a score of 1 represents WHAT

0 indicates perfect equality of income, where every Canadian receives the same amount of money. 1 = inequality, where one person gets all the income and everyone else receives nothing

T/F - Recent patterns of social spending have been dependent not on need but government economic priority of fiscal restraint in order to reduce deficit spending

true

T/F - The state of the economy determines which social programs are needed for example, in times of high unemployment the demand for social services like social assistance, mental and physical health care and child welfare increases

true

Social policy often lags behind economic situation and economic policy. Why?

Because when economics is good there are no programs, policy change they needs some time

Describe Equal Right

you have the right if you can do it, but there is differences in abilities

Describe Equal End

(everyone has the same thing in the end) – you can’t have equal end with equal right due to inequalities Individual differences mean you can’t have equal end. I.e. the professor gives us the same mark, but doing that with equal right would make that unfair as others would have worked harder.