Week 3 - Contemporary Social Policy Structures Flashcards
Despite of significant welfare state retrenchment in the latter 20th century, do governments continue to design, fund and deliver social policies in Canada?
yes, BUT non-governmental sectors also play a role
There are 7 types of programs & services provided by government or non-government structure:
1). Cash programs
2). Fiscal measures
3). Goods and services measures
4). Employment measures
5). Occupational welfare measures
6). Family care programs
7). Voluntary/charitable programs
which one includes Old Age Security and postsecondary student loans
Cash programs
There are 7 types of programs & services provided by government or non-government structure:
1). Cash programs
2). Fiscal measures
3). Goods and services measures
4). Employment measures
5). Occupational welfare measures
6). Family care programs
7). Voluntary/charitable programs
which one includes tax deductions: tuition fees, child-care and RRSP exemptions
Fiscal measures
There are 7 types of programs & services provided by government or non-government structure:
1). Cash programs
2). Fiscal measures
3). Goods and services measures
4). Employment measures
5). Occupational welfare measures
6). Family care programs
7). Voluntary/charitable programs
Which one includes hospital insurance and education.
Goods and services measures
There are 7 types of programs & services provided by government or non-government structure:
1). Cash programs
2). Fiscal measures
3). Goods and services measures
4). Employment measures
5). Occupational welfare measures
6). Family care programs
7). Voluntary/charitable programs
Which one includes minimum wage legislation and employment equity programs
Employment measures
There are 7 types of programs & services provided by government or non-government structure:
1). Cash programs
2). Fiscal measures
3). Goods and services measures
4). Employment measures
5). Occupational welfare measures
6). Family care programs
7). Voluntary/charitable programs
Which one includes pension and insurance plans
Occupational welfare measures
There are 7 types of programs & services provided by government or non-government structure:
1). Cash programs
2). Fiscal measures
3). Goods and services measures
4). Employment measures
5). Occupational welfare measures
6). Family care programs
7). Voluntary/charitable programs
Which one includes home-care provisions
Family care programs
There are 7 types of programs & services provided by government or non-government structure:
1). Cash programs
2). Fiscal measures
3). Goods and services measures
4). Employment measures
5). Occupational welfare measures
6). Family care programs
7). Voluntary/charitable programs
Which one includes shelters and food banks
Voluntary/charitable programs
What is the sector or part of society that includes - Voluntary civic and social orgs and institutions that fall between the private and public sectors
The third sector or civil society (between the governments and private sectors)
What is the sector or part of society that is known as non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
The third sector or civil society (between the governments and private sectors)
What is the sector or part of society that contains advocacy and interest groups
The third sector or civil society (between the governments and private sectors)
What is the sector or part of society that includes non-profit and for-profit organizations
The third sector or civil society (between the governments and private sectors)
What is the sector or part of society that includes self-help & volunteer organizations
The third sector or civil society (between the governments and private sectors)
What is the sector or part of society that includes internet-based social media
The third sector or civil society (between the governments and private sectors)
What is the sector or part of society that includes supporting social movements (presidential elections, international democracy movement, and environment conservation)
The third sector or civil society (between the governments and private sectors)
Canada is a federal state where political power is divided HOW
between federal and provincial levels.
WHAT is the term to describe a political concept in which a group of members are bound together with a governing representative authority. This system is based upon democratic rules and institutions of sharing power between national and provincial governments.
Federalism
the following countries have what in common - United States, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, Australia and India.
they are examples of the federation or federal state
T/F - The European Union is the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, the federal union of states.
true
Which Act from 1867 (although not entirely clear) defined social welfare divisions of that time.
In Canada, the British North America Act 1867
Was it the Provincial or Federal government who was responsible for: quarantine (a strict isolation imposed to prevent the spread of disease), marine hospitals, penitentiaries and Aboriginal peoples.
Federal
Was it the Provincial or Federal government who deals with: hospitals, asylums, charities, reformatory prisons
Provincial
From 1867 to early 20th century was it the provinces and municipal governments OR the federal government who played major roles in social welfare.
provinces and municipal governments
Since the Great Depression (around 1929 – 1932/1933) was it the provinces and municipal governments OR the federal government
Federal government became more involved
Now, is it the federal government OR provinces and municipal governments who have more taxation powers
Federal - (most of the money goes to federal) over the provinces and municipalities.
Over the last few decades, the provinces and territories have had more financial responsibilities of social welfare (especially social assistance).
What are the 3 reasons why?
*Federal government was in debt so it was a way for them to cut costs
*Different provinces have different needs
*Competition between different provinces, provinces with less people go elsewhere
WHAT refers to the web of financial flows that link governments in a federal system
The Intergovernmental finance
T/F - Transfers refers to the transfer from federal to provinces; provincial to municipal and federal to municipal.
true, the government transfers because some provinces need more money
There are 7 types of transfers:
1 - Block grants (general purpose)
2 - Specific purpose grants
3 - Unconditional grants or equalization payments
3.1 - Horizontal fiscal imbalances
3.2 Vertical imbalances
4 - Conditional grants-
5 - One of the purposes for the inter-government transfers through equalization payments
Which one is cash transfer from one level of government to another, the amount not tied to the purpose of the grant.
1 - Block grants (general purpose)
There are 7 types of transfers:
1 - Block grants (general purpose)
2 - Specific purpose grants
3 - Unconditional grants or equalization payments
3.1 - Horizontal fiscal imbalances
3.2 Vertical imbalances
4 - Conditional grants-
5 - One of the purposes for the inter-government transfers through equalization payments
Which one is to equalize the provinces.
5 - One of the purposes for the inter-government transfers through equalization payments
There are 7 types of transfers:
1 - Block grants (general purpose)
2 - Specific purpose grants
3 - Unconditional grants or equalization payments
3.1 - Horizontal fiscal imbalances
3.2 Vertical imbalances
4 - Conditional grants-
5 - One of the purposes for the inter-government transfers through equalization payments
Which one is cash transfer, amount is tied to specific purpose. An example would be a matched or shared-cost program (federal government and provincial gov. pay a share).
2 - Specific purpose grants -
There are 7 types of transfers:
1 - Block grants (general purpose)
2 - Specific purpose grants
3 - Unconditional grants or equalization payments
3.1 - Horizontal fiscal imbalances
3.2 Vertical imbalances
4 - Conditional grants-
5 - One of the purposes for the inter-government transfers through equalization payments
Which one requires no particular commitment tired to an expected type of expenditure and includes two other types of transfers
Unconditional grants, or equalization payments
There are 7 types of transfers:
1 - Block grants (general purpose)
2 - Specific purpose grants
3 - Unconditional grants or equalization payments
3.1 - Horizontal fiscal imbalances
3.2 Vertical imbalances
4 - Conditional grants-
5 - One of the purposes for the inter-government transfers through equalization payments
Which one looks at imbalances between richer and poorer provinces. (This is done by transfer from Fed to a prov.)
3.1 - Horizontal fiscal imbalances
There are 7 types of transfers:
1 - Block grants (general purpose)
2 - Specific purpose grants
3 - Unconditional grants or equalization payments
3.1 - Horizontal fiscal imbalances
3.2 Vertical imbalances
4 - Conditional grants-
5 - One of the purposes for the inter-government transfers through equalization payments
Which one looks at imbalances between the fiscal capacities of the federal and provinces. (Compared with the EU?) EU may not have these
3.2 Vertical imbalances
There are 7 types of transfers:
1 - Block grants (general purpose)
2 - Specific purpose grants
3 - Unconditional grants or equalization payments
3.1 - Horizontal fiscal imbalances
3.2 Vertical imbalances
4 - Conditional grants-
5 - One of the purposes for the inter-government transfers through equalization payments
Which one is tied directly to an expected type of service delivery, such as Canada Assistant Plan (1966-1996) from federal to provincial for the purpose of health care, education and services.
4 - Conditional grants-
What are the 2 different kind of income security groups?
Selective/targeting programs AND Universal
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) is based on Elizabethan poor relief and were brought in Canada
Selective programs (targeting programs)
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) is when you access social assistance – when you don’t have anything, as a last resort
Selective programs (targeting programs)
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) targets people who are low income – not everyone gets it
Selective programs (targeting programs)
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) transfers money from a government to an eligible individual
Selective programs (targeting programs)
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) is critiqued for - They personalize the problems of poverty, rather than focusing attention on broader societal structure that creates the conditions for poverty
Selective programs (targeting programs)
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) is critiqued for stigmatizing the people who receive the payment.
Selective programs (targeting programs)
T/F - a critique of Universal income security groups/programs is costs of management is higher
False, it’s Selective programs (targeting programs)
Under Selective Programs (targeting programs) - Eligibility for UI/EI (unemployment insurance) is based on previous record of working and unemployment. Eligibility for social assistance is based on means tests that estimate what 2 things?
*Financial resources (income, assets, debts)
*Number of dependents, health status
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) says everyone gets it!
Universal
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) provides cash benefit to all individuals in a society who fall into a certain category. The rationale is that State is responsible to provide income security for all citizens, for solidarity.
Universal
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) says eligibility is the right of citizenship, no need for mean-test
Universal
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) has no stigma for recipients.
Universal
Which kind of income security groups (Selective/targeting programs OR Universal) came into the fore during WWII; but they have been eroded over the last 25 years
Universal
WHAT is the term for - a cash payment to an individual or family based on a demographic characteristic (usually age), as opposed to need, such as Old Age Security.
A demogrant
WHAT refers to selective income security programs that use a means or needs to determine eligibility. It is considered the last resort
Social assistance
What helps to improve the living standards of underprivileged groups but cannot be converted to money but confer a benefit
Is it cash benefits OR in-kind benefits
in-kind benefits
tax reduction of childcare, housing accommodation, gym memberships, tax-free saving account - Is it examples of cash benefits OR in-kind benefits
in-kind benefits
the government wants to target transfers to the needy for efficiency reasons, such as they cannot accurately identify the poor. So, this is called “self-targeting” property of public provision (government doesn’t know who needs it, but if they need it then use it)
Is it cash benefits OR in-kind benefits
in-kind benefits
WHAT is the term that describes income security programs in which eligibility for benefit is determined by previous record of contribution and on the occurrence of a particular contingency, such as unemployment, retirement, injury
Social insurance
Is social insurance free?
NO - It is not free, it’s a type of insurance (that premiums or contributions are required).
Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and EI are example of WHAT
social insurance
T/F - EI was UI (1940-1996) UI during welfare state
true
Is Money-in-kind program (for Child care expenses can be used as tax credit) and Child disability benefit a Federal or Provincial program
Federal
Is Canada Child Benefit (CCB), Veterans’ Pensions, Resettlement Assistance Program, and War Veterans’ Allowances
a Federal or Provincial program?
federal
Is Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS, 1966 -) and Spouse’s Allowance (SPA, 1976-)
a Federal or Provincial program?
federal
Is Canadian Pension Plan (CPP) /Quebec Pension plan (QPP) (1966-) AND Old Age Security (OAS, 1952-)
a Federal or Provincial program?
federal
Is EI a Federal or Provincial program?
federal
Is Worker’s compensation (WC, 1914-) AND Social Assistance
a Federal or Provincial program?
Provincial
What is the term for when governments reduce the standards or taxes in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions, when competition increases between geographic areas. It results in lower wages and worse environmental protections.
race to the bottom
What 5 things were the social economic conditions driving the shift from Institutional Approach (Welfare state) to Market-State through 1980s and 1990s in Canada
*There was high public debt
*There was high unemployment rate
*GDP went down Healthcare shift
*NAFTA (when US was lower it’s taxes Canada did same thing)
*Globalization
What 7 things does “Race to the Bottom” mean regarding interprovincial diversity and competition between geographic areas in Canada
*Increase private healthcare services from public to private
*Lower wages to attract businesses
*Taxes would be lowered
*Social services would be underfunded and therefore be overloaded
*Financial struggle for employees – could cause social problems i.e. homelessness
*Resentment between provinces could grow (interprovincial tensions)
*Union down and poverty rate would go up (business don’t want unions, but they protect workers)
