For Final - Policy Analysis and Models Flashcards
A policy can be defined as a deliberate system of princ? to guide deci? selected by a government/institution to achieve rational goa?
principles
decisions
goals
policy decisions are made:
-based on certain basic ?
-to achieve stated / intended?
-through the stated ? to achieve these goals.
principles / ideologies
goals
actions
WHAT examines what they say they are doing if they have achieved the goal
Policy analysis
WHAT is a technique used in public administration to enable civil servants, activists, and others to examine and evaluate the available options to implement the goals of laws and elected officials.
Policy analysis
Who does policy analysis?
-Gov? do policy analysis for the purpose of evaluation (they own the most information). However, they may highlight ? outcomes and hide ? outcomes of a policy.
-The ? parties may focus the ? outcomes.
-Independent organizations, individual researchers and individual citizens as stakeholders may do policy analysis for the sake of research interests and the interests of the public.
Governments & positive & negative
opposite & negative
T/F - Only decision makers can make policy, however everyone can do a policy analysis for different reasons
true
policy analysis focuses:
- Identification of the purp? of the policy,
-What is prom?, (Goals that reflect values),
-What is don?,
-What are the cons?,
-How the powerholders deal with the ? consequences
purpose
promised
done
consequences
negative
T/F - The process and models are different for different models of policy-making and policy analysis.
true
Which model - compares countries to each other based on social indicators such as poverty, the social equality of women, quality and availability of education, spending on health care as a percentage of GNP, criminal rates and correctional services, and child welfare, migration (more people immigrate to Canada)
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Comprehensive approach
T/F - With the Comprehensive approach:
These social indicators reflect how public policies, social institutions, social programs and social services actually work, and provide a comprehensive overview of a nation’s social policies.
true
With the Comprehensive approach:
T/F - analyses of these social indicators do not provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of various national social policies.
false - they do provide a comprehensive understanding
Which model ranks nations based on social indicators.
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Comprehensive approach
Which model begins with global objectives based on social values and then translates these values into comprehensive public policies, social institutions, social programs and social services.
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Comprehensive approach
The drawbacks of WHICH MODEL are that different countries have different social contexts (different combinations of demographic, historical, social, economic and political contexts and conditions). Applying this approach does not guarantee the same outcomes for a different country.
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Comprehensive approach
Which model is based on the idea of bounded rationality?
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Rational Model,
WHAT assumes that when people make decisions, their rationality is limited by:
the available information
the tractability of the decision problem
the cognitive limitations of their minds
the time available to make the decision.
Bounded rationality
Part of the Rational Model
*It is an alternative model for the mathematical modeling of decision-making which assumes full rationality
The Rational Model uses a sequence of tasks:
-identify and clarify a social ?
-identify and rank ? with respect to the problem
-develop ? to remedy the problems or accomplish the goals
-carefully examine all possible ?
-decide on which ? best achieves governmental/organizational goals
problem
goals
strategies
outcomes
policy
*this model recognizes the limitations of people’s information and the limitation to predict the outcomes, it assumes that the above-mentioned tasks can be achieved.
Limitations of rational-comprehensive models is that there must be :
- agreement on objec? (political feasibility)
- sufficient know? base (i.e. if we do this we’ll have this outcome, but we’ll never have enough information)
objectives & knowledge
Which model views policy-making as “muddling through” by making incremental adjustments (piece by piece) to already existing policies.
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Incremental Approaches
In stead, incremental model
T/F - Lindblom (1959) refers to the rational-comprehensive approach as the “root method” and the incremental approach as the “branch method.”
true
Describe the Branch Method as part of the Incremental Approach
the branch method continually builds on policy from the current landscape, branching out step-by-step and by small degrees.
Which model says - Policy-making and analysis are not created as a means-end approach, it is a consecutive approximation to a desired objective, or policy intent, in which the intent itself continues to change.
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Incremental Approaches
These Benefits are part of which model:
-Most likely to be understood and accepted.
-Steps can be made quickly because they are only incremental.
-By proceeding through a succession of incremental changes, serious lasting mistakes can be avoided.
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Incremental Approaches
Incrementation change is better than radical change where there is pushback from people and could cause big mistakes
Examples – Canadian government adding dental coverage to the health care policy. Like an Olympic running who increases their speed incrementally to be very fast and smooth
T/F - Weakness of which model?
-Limitation of analysis to a few somewhat familiar policy alternatives.
-It is a sequence of trials, errors, and revised trials.
-It explores only some, not all, of the important possible sequences of a considered alternative.
-Fragmentation of analytical work to many partisan participants in policy making, each attending to their piece of the overall problem domain.
-Preoccupied with resolving local or immediate issues stemming from social policy and do not pay attention to the causes of the problem in the first place.
incremental approach
Which model tries to bridge the gap of Rational and Incremental models
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Mixed Scanning Model
Which model - suggests that substantive political and social issues need to be addressed by rational decision-making; after that, adjustments need to be made to the policy to reflect unforeseen social realities and unintended consequences:
Policy agenda: priority manner,
Policy formulation: in acceptable ways,
Policy adaptation
Policy implementation
Policy evaluation.
Mixed Scanning Model
These are limitations to which model
-assumes that once a problem is identified, something will be done about it;
-ignores power and how it’s distributed;
-“does not assign social workers responsibility to bring about change”
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Mixed Scanning Model
*this model may be closer to what we are doing now generally.
Which model theorizes that social and public policies are a choice between competing values – known as the “input”
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Values Competition Model (Rein’s model)
**he describes the outcomes of social policy as the “output.”
Which model says - the consideration of various consequences (intended or unintended) is dependent on the values of those assessing policy.
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Values Competition Model (Rein)
When the debate about values is limited to ideology rather than the real world and the needs of real people, social policy suffers from WHAT
detached ideology
What is the term for - policy choices are made according to values without regard to the outcomes and consequences to others.
detached ideology
Residential schools and the Indian Act
Which model supports a comprehensive approach to social policy analysis as well as Rein’s value model.
and says - Social policies are guidelines for behaviors that have evolved through societal processes
Comprehensive approach, Rational Model, Incremental Approaches, Mixed Scanning Model, Values Competition Model (Rein), Social Justice Model (Gil’s), The Garbage Can Model.
Social Justice Model (Gil’s)
Which model says - Good social policies should be concerned not only with life-sustaining activities that ensure minimum basic needs, but also with life enhancing activities that stimulate human potentials
Social Justice Model (Gil’s)
Which model says - Social policies are potentially powerful instruments for planned comprehensive social change.
Social Justice Model (Gil’s)
Which model - disconnects problems, solutions and decision makers from each other. Decisions do not follow a rational order from problem to solution but outcomes of several relatively independent streams of events within the organization.
The Garbage Can Model
Which model describes three types of policy processes (these are separate)
Problems
Solutions
politics
The Garbage Can Model
Which model says - All people operate individually and independently until a crisis occurs that requires all three to come together resolving the crisis depends on:
how the public views the problem,
what the current political agenda is,
who the participants are
The Garbage Can Model
Which model does not state what should be, but just describe what is more likely the case in reality. It’s not an efficient model.
The Garbage Can Model
From which model do we know - We can plan everything in policy-making. However, the limitations of our knowledge and feasibility (including the agreement of the goals) prevent us to predict the outcomes and the consequences of the policy.
rational model approach
From which model do we know - We need to know the principles or values behind a policy. Otherwise, we cannot even evaluate a policy.
From Rein’s model
T/F - Many factors can derail the policymaking process.
true
There are four main types of pressure groups that can influence policy in Canada:
?groups, Canadian Manufacturers Association, and Business council on National Issues,
? groups, The Canadian Labour Congress,
?groups, CASW and Canadian Association of School of Social Work Education (CASSWE),
? groups, Canadian Council of Social Development, National Anti-Poverty Organization &The National Council on Welfare.
Business groups
Labour
Professional
Advocacy
T/F - The actual policy-making in practice may not follow any clear pattern. It can be irrational, arbitrary like the Garbage Can Model, and long-lasting.
true
